The influence of mother`s personality on Chick Benetto`s personality development as seen o Mitch Albom`s For One More Day.

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Steva Stude

LANGUAG ENT OF L OF TEACH SANATA Y i  A THES ial Fulfillm

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ish Langua By anus Widuri ent Number: GE EDUCA ANGUAG HERS TRA DHARMA YOGYAKA 2010

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"I remember my mother's prayers and they have always followed me. They have clung to me all my life."- Abraham Lincoln

“Fortiter in Re, Suafiter in Modo.”

Dedicated to:

Life, Breath and the Source of My Life My Beloved Parents and Brothers

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In this page, I would like to thank those who so kindly have given me spirit and encouragement to finish every part of my thesis. First of all, my greatest praise goes to Lord Jesus Christ, the Almighty Merciful God for every blessings, loves and strengths so that I can struggle myself to conduct this study. Then, my gratitude goes to Mother Mary, The Holy Mother of God, who becomes the real mother for me in every single minute in my life. Her love enables me to dig out my potential and reminds me to be a more patience, religious and humble person.

My sincere gratitude goes to my sole sponsor, Bu Henny Herawati, S.Pd. M. Hum., who has generously spared her precious time among her busy days to guide me in writing this thesis. I am deeply grateful for her significant suggestion, advice, assistance, and criticism from time to time so that I can complete all the part of my thesis. Also, this deep gratitude is for all PBI Lecturers and Staff who have been into my life for the past four years of my student life in Sanata Dharma University. My gratitude also goes to Bu Mitha, Vembry and Olive for correcting my grammar and some suggestions for my thesis.

I would like to thank my family, my father Ignatius Sukemi and my beloved mother Anna Supariyem, my brothers Nanang and Wiga, Lek Yono and families, Cak As for their everlasting pure loves and unending assitances. They always support me with the prayer, advice and everything that I cannot mention one by one.

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I would like to thank Mas Jantri who is so kindly suggests the novel as the source for my thesis. Then I thank all of my friends in Bebek boarding house, my friends from KMPKS, PBI 2006, Synergy group and NTC’s Staff and students who always become good friends for me with your story, shares and jokes.

The last but not the least, my gratitude goes to everyone who always supports and prays for me. As all human beings are brothers therefore together we can develop good life now and in the future. God always bless you all.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ... i

PAGES OF APPROVAL ... ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

PAGE OF DEDICATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

ABSTRACT ... xiii

ABSTRAK ... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1B he Study ... 1

1.2Pr ackground of t oblem Formulation ... 5

bjectives o nefit of the Study ... 6

1.3O f the Study ... 5

1.4Be 1.5Definition of Terms ... 6

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CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 9

2.1Review of Related Theories ... 9

2.1.2 Theory of Critical Approaches ... 13

.1.3 Theory of P 2.1.3.1Theory of Personality ... 15

2.1.3.2Personality Pattern ... ... 17

2.1.3.4Theory of Pers 0 etical Framework 5 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGIES 3.1 udy ... 3.2 Study ... 3.3Metho . ... 29

CHAPTE YSIS ... 4.1 nality Traits ... 1

4.1.1 .1.2 Beautif 4.1.3 Secretive ... 37

4.1.5 Hardworking ... 41

2.1.1 Theory of Character and Characterization ... 9

2 sychology ... 14

... 15

2.1.3.3Theory of Psychosocial Development onality Development ... 2

2.1.3.5The influence of Family on Personality Development ... 21

2.2Theor ... 2

... 27

Object of the St ... 27

Approach of the ... 28

d of the Study ... ... R IV. ANAL 31 Mother’s Perso ... 3

Caring ... 32

4 ul and Charming ... 35

4.1.4 Wise ... 40

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4.1.6 Firm, D 3

... 45

.1.8 Brave .1.9 Econom 0 ... 50

4.2.1 Smart ... 52

.2.2 Introverted 4.3.2.2 Midd 0 ... 72

4.4 ality Development ... 73

Bei etermined and Perfectionist ... 4

4.1.7 Humorous ... 4 ... 47

4 ical ... 5

4.1.10 Helpful ... 4.2Chick Benetto’s Personality ... 51

4 ... 53

4.2.3 Obsessive ... 56

4.2.4 Indecisive ... 58

4.3Posey’s Influence on Chick Benetto ... 60

4.3.1 Posey’s Influence in Chick Benetto’s Childhood ... 60

4.3.1.1 One to Three Years ... 61

4.3.1.2 Three to Six Years ... 63

4.3.1.3 Six Years to Puberty ... 64

4.3.1.4 Puberty to Adulthood ... 66

4.3.2 Posey’s Influence in Chick Benetto’s Adulthood ... 69

4.3.2.1 Young Adulthood ... 69

le Adulthood ... 7

4.3.2.3 Old Age ... Chick Benetto’s Person 4.4.1 ng Aware and Regret His Mistake ... 73

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4.4.2 ing More Appreciative Life ... 74

4.4.3 Being More Open to Others Be ... 76

Be ER V CONCLUSIONS AND S 5.1 aracteristi enetto’s Infl 5.2 ... 6

5.2.1 ... 86

tion for Te 6 REFERENCES 89 APPENDICES ix 1 Summary of the Novel ... Appendix 3 Lesson Plan to Teach Advance Listening ... -9-

4.4.4 ing Aware of His Mother’s Love ... 78

CHAPT UGGESTIONS ... 81

Conclusions ... 81

5.1.1 Posey Benetto’s Personality Traits ... 81

5.1.2 The Ch c of Chick Benetto ... 83

5.1.3 Posey B uence on Chick’s Personality ... 83

5.1.4 Chick Benetto’s Personality Development ... 85

Suggestions . ... 8

Suggestion for Future Researchers ... 5.2.2 Sugges aching Listening Using Literature ... 8

... Append ... -1-

Appendix 2 Biography of Mitch Albom ... -4-

Appendix 4 Implementation ... -12-

Appendix 5 Picture of Mitch Albom ... -18-

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ABSTRACT

Chick Benetto’s Personality Development as Seen on Mitch Albom’s For One Nursusanto, Stevanus Widuri. (2010). The Influence of Mother’s Personality on

More Day. Y nt

of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, ogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Departme Sanata Dharma University.

This study discusses Mitch Albom’s Novel, For One More Day. I am interested in this novel because the story of the novel is gratifying and tells many lessons which make life become more meaningful. I am also interested in finding out the influence of mother figure on her son’s personality development as the novel mainly tells about the relationship between a son and a mother.

This thesis is aimed to answer the three problems formulated, namely: (1) how is Pauline “Posey” Benetto, the mother of Chick, portrayed in the novel? (2) how is arles “Chick” Benetto reflected in the novel? and (3) how do Pauline’ rsonality influence Charles Benetto’s development as an individual?

In solving the three problem

Ch es

s pe

s above, the writer applied the psychological approach, theory of character and characterization and Erikson’s theory of psychos

in this study namely the main source and the secondary sources. The main source is Mitch

ocial. This study used library research. There are two sources of data used Albom’s For One More Day. The secondary sources are books and some related articles on literature and psychology.

charming, secretive, wise, hardworking, firm, determined, perfectionist, and helpful person. Meanwhile, Charles “Chick” is described as

, indecisive, and longing for his father’s love. Posey during her life is showing her pure love to Chick although Chick does not appreciate her

made by his mother throughout his life. He condemns himself as being an gets comma then he experiences a personal encounter with his “dead” mother. Based on the analysis, Pauline “Posey” is portrayed as a caring, beautiful, humorous, brave

smart, introverted

since he just thinks about getting his father’s love. The story is changed upside down after the dead of Posey. Chick feels so sorry. He realizes the deep influence irresponsible child in the family. Finally, he tries to kill himself. However, he just This experience finally brings him to be a man who is aware of his mistake, more appreciative of life, more open to others and aware of his mother’s pure love.

This thesis provides some suggestions for other researchers who want to conduct a study on Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. The future researchers may analyze the family pattern and function based on the comparison of

socio-implementation of teaching Advance Listening using Mitch Albom’s For One cultural-historical context between American families in World War II and the modern American families. This thesis also provides some suggestions for the More Day.

xiii  

ABSTRAK

Nursusanto, Stevanus Widuri. (2010). The Influence of Mother’s Personality on Chick Benetto’s Personality Development as seen on Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini membahas tentang sebuah novel dari Mitch Albom yang berjudul For One More Day. Penulis tertarik pada novel ini karena cerita novel ini menyentuh hati dan menceritakan banyak pelajaran yang membuat hidup menjadi lebih berarti. Penulis juga tertarik untuk menemukan pengaruh dari sosok seorang ibu pada perkembangan kepribadian anaknya, karena novel ini secara umum

engis

ber data yang m ahkan tentang hubungan antara seorang anak dan ibu.

Skripsi ini ditujukan untuk menjawab tiga permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana Pauline “Posey” Benetto digambarkan dalam novel. Masalah kedua adalah bagaimana sosok Charles “Chick” Benetto dilukiskan dalam novel. Masalah ketiga adalah bagaimana kepribadian Pauline berpengaruh pada perkembangan kepribadian Charles Benetto sebagai individu.

Dalam menjawab ketiga masalah di atas, studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan penokohan dan teori psiko-sosial dari Erikson. Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua sum

digunakan dalam studi ini yaitu sumber utama dan sumber-sumber tambahan lainnya. Sumber utama dari studi ini adalah novel dari Mitch Albom yang berjudul For One More Day. Sedangkan sumber-sumber tambahan adalah buku-buku dan artikel-artikel yang berkaitan dengan sastra dan psikologi.

Berdasarkan analisis, Pauline “Posey” digambarkan sebagai seorang yang perhatian, cantik, mempesona, suka berahasia, bijak, pekerja keras, teguh, tabah, selalu ingin sempurna, humoris, berani dan suka membantu. Sedangkan, Charles “Chick” digambarkan sebagai pribadi yang pandai, introvert, plin-plan dan merindukan kasih sayang ayah. Posey selama hidupnya selalu menunjukkan cinta tulus pada Chick tetapi Chick tidak menghargainya karena dia hanya memikirkan bagaimana mendapatkan cinta dari ayahnya. Ceritanya berubah drastis ketika Posey meninggal. Chick merasa sangat bersalah. Dia menyadari adanya pengaruh dari ibunya sepanjang hidupnya. Dia mengutuk dirinya sebagai pribadi yang tidak bertanggung jawab pada keluarganya. Akhirnya dia mencoba bunuh diri. Akan tetapi dia hanya koma. Dalam keadaan koma dia bertemu kembali dengan ibunya yang telah meninggal. Pengalaman ini akhirnya membawanya menjadi pribadi yang sadar akan kesalahannya, lebih menghargai kehidupan, lebih terbuka pada orang lain, dan sadar akan cinta tulus dari ibunya.

Skripsi ini menyertakan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti yang hendak membuat studi dengan menggunakan novel dari Mitch Albom yang berjudul For

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ne More Day

O . Para peneliti selanjutnya bisa menganalisa susunan dan fungsi keluarga berdasarkan perbandingan dari konteks sosial-historis dan budaya antara keluarga Amerika dalam perang dunia kedua dan keluarga Amerika modern. Skripsi ini juga menyertakan beberapa saran untuk pengajaran Advance Listening dengan menggunakan novel For One More Day.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definitions of term. In the first part, the background of the study, I intend to describe the reasons why I choose the novel and the topic. In this area, I describe important information related to the topic discussed. The problem formulation gives the general idea in the form of questions that covers the problems being analyzed and discussed. The objectives of the study provide the expected answers for the problem formulated. The benefits of the study contain people who get the benefits by the completion of this study. Finally the last part, the definition of term, reveals the definitions of key terms which are important to know to avoid misconception in reading, learning and understanding this study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Throughout this part, I intend to elaborate why I am eager to choose the topic and the novel. The reasons are based on three main ideas. The first is the correlation between novels to life. The second is coming from the reflection from the story to human nature and the last is based on the experience of mother’s love

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in my life. Those three ideas bring me to analyze the novel entitled For One More Day.

We cannot disintegrate literature with life. Life has a different meaning to every person. It can be about idealism, pursuit of happiness, dreams, way of thinking and beliefs. Because of these different meanings, every person has his own perspectives about how he deals with life itself and how he maintains and manages his life for his own sake. How he deals with his life can be influenced by his social, intellectual, experience, and religion background.

Since literature is made by human being’s reflection of their life, there can be so many values which can be learned from it, namely ethics, social, moral, and all life values. We can learn how to deal with life values from the work of the authors. Therefore, reading literary work is a kind of interesting things to do, parallel with the advantages written above.

Moody states that literature can give more than just pleasure and enjoyment. Literature can give more understanding about knowledge whether it happens in us as a unique human being or in our social life with other people in our circumstances, race and world. Literature also makes better understanding of any possibilities on human life. The possibilities include the good side and also the bad side. From literature, human being can also understand how he comes to live in this world in a particular time and space. Human being can also learn about the pleasure and problem especially about the reasons behind them. Then, finally

we can determine a good decision for our life rather than make the wrong one (Moody 2-3).

For that reason, by reading literary works, we are brought to make our choices regarding our problems, to reveal what will happen. Daiches, based on Aristotle’s definition, also states that literature brings out its special, differentiates qualities, demonstrates its function and assesses value in terms of that function, and vindicates it against those who consider it useless or immoral (Daiches 4).

One of the literary works is novel. In a novel, the author may use human beings, plants, animals, and even supernatural beings such as spirits, ghosts, gods and goddess become the characters. These characters play such kind of roles to build the story. These characters are usually the representatives of the human being. Their experiences, conflicts, problems and achievements might represent what we, human beings, experience in our life. De Laar and Schoonderwoerd in their book, An Approach to English Literature, mention that “a novel is a work of art in so far as it introduces us into a living world in some respects resembling the world we live in (De Laar 163).” It means that novel is like a mirror in which we see our life. That is why sometimes when we read a literary work we can find that a character in literary work is just like us. A character might represents us in our life.

Mitch Albom’s novel entitled For One More Day is a novel that portrays the story of Charles “Chick” Benetto as he struggles to get a grip on his life. It tells a story of the dynamical life of the main character named Charles Benetto or

Chick Benetto regarding his experience to value his life among his choice and the influence of his parents. Growing up, Chick has always been contented with the dilemma of doing either what his father, Leonard Benetto (Len), wants or following his mother, Posey Benetto. Because Len has gone most of the time to make a living for his family, his son longs for his presence and approval. This longing is reinforced when Chick’s parents get divorced, which is a rare circumstance in those days. Being the daddy’s boy, Chick unconsciously blames his mother for driving his dad away. He does not care that his father already leaves the family, him, his sister and his mother by the divorce. He does not know the reason of the divorce. Chick just wants to be a daddy’s boy. As the result, Chick does everything to fulfill his father’s dream for him – to be a professional baseball player. Furthermore, he ignores his mother and makes her feels sad and lonely. Actually Chick loved his mother so much. This feeling is ignored just for reaching his dream to be a best baseball player. This becomes a kind of dilemma again. Much as Chick wants to please his dad, he also loves his mother. This is manifested in the focal point of the novel when Chick tried to take away his own life in his adulthood after being ignored and left by his wife and lovely daughter. In a bizarre turn of events, he ends up spending a day with his mother who has been dead for years. In this experience, he feels deep compassion and love from his mother again.

From this novel, it is interesting to discuss the influence of mother’s love which leads the main character to finally find the meaning of his life. Therefore, this study focuses on analyzing the influence made by one major character

(mother/Pauline/Posey) conveyed through another major character, Chick Benetto, in Albom’s For One More Day. I see that this is not just about love but it is also about personality and motivation. Therefore, the topic to be discussed in this study is the elaboration of the personality changes made by Charles Benetto caused by thedeep influence of his mother.

1.2 Problem Formulation

There are three problems that will be discussed in this study.

1. How is Pauline “Posey” Benetto, the mother of Chick, portrayed in the novel?

2. How is Charles “Chick” Benetto reflected in the novel?

3. How does Pauline’s personality influence Charles Benetto’s development as an individual?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are to answer the questions that are formulated in the problem formulation above. First of all, I intend to dig deeply about the characters in the novel especially the mother. How the author develops the characteristic of themother becomes a good start to answer this question. Second, I would like to find out the personality traits of Chick Benetto in order to answer

the third problem formulation about the changes on Chick Benetto’s personality because the influence of his mother’s personality.

1.4 Benefits of the Study

This study is expected to give some contributions to many people. First of all, this study may give some insights for students who want to explore more about literary works especially novel. The second, this study can enrich students’ knowledge and ability to observe novel.

Third, it may assist English teachers who want to use For One More Day as a study guide in the literature subject for students. It may also enrich the topic discussed in classroom concerning with the value of life, love, influence and personality development.

Finally, this study may give benefits for the general reader to give some understanding of the characters being discussed in the novel and influence general reader to give more respect to mother.

1.5 Definition of Terms

In this thesis, there are some terms that are needed to be clarified more in order to avoid misconceptions, they are:

1.5.1 Influence

Influence means the power to affects somebody’s actions, character or beliefs, especially by providing an example for them to follow, winning their admiration or making them afraid to disagree (Hornby 611).

Here, influence means the effect made by a figure of mother and her experiences which directly or indirectly admired, inspired, learned and followed by her son.

1.5.2 Personality

Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with and adaptations to the environment (Goets 1).

Personality also means the dynamic organization characteristics attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other individuals and it refers to the total individual and includes needs, motives, method of adjusting, temperament qualities, self concept, attitudes, role behaviors, values and abilities (Kalish 52)

In this study personality means the set of psychological traits that distinguish individual from others in the qualities of needs, motives, method of adjusting, temperament qualities, self-concept, attitudes, role behaviors, values and abilities.

1.5.3 Development

Development is the process by which individual learns, and thus becomes able to move and grow from past condition to the real condition (Martin 10).

In this study development means growth and progressive changes made by the main character as a result of maturation and learning from the experiences.

1.5.4 Personality Development

Personality development according to David Riesman on his paper Personality Development is all of the patterns of thought and emotions that change every time and cause us to do and say things in particular ways that expressed through our temperament or emotional tone(Riesman 3).

Here, personality development means the individual changes that are very unique and different from others as the result of the pattern of thoughts, values, emotions and experiences from others.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two main parts named review of related theories and theoretical framework. Review of related theories deal with the theories applied in conducting the study. Theoretical framework intends to explain the contribution of the theories and reviews in solving the problems. The theoretical framework is needed to synthesize in order to make the applicable answer for the problems.

2.1 Review of the Related Theories

I must consider the theory of literature to deal with the novel’s analysis process. Therefore, it will be beneficial to include theories that can be used as a means to answer the problems. These theories are the theory of character and characterization and the theory of critical approaches.

2.1.1 Theory of Character and Characterization

It is necessary for the novelist to present characters to be convincing and acceptable to the readers. Characterization is the way author reveals and develops the characters presented in the novel to the readers. Therefore, the theory of characterization in this study helps the readers to understand the

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process in which those characters are developed.

The characters presented in Mitch Albom’s For One More Day become alive and understandable for the readers through their actions, reactions to situations or to other characters, physical appearance, speech and gestures and expressions. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: The Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students stated that there are nine ways which enable an author to present the character in the story understandably and lively for the readers. The ways are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct comment, thought, and mannerism (Murphy 161-173).

The first is the personal description. Characters’ impression of personality is affected by their appearances. The author can depict characters through their clothes and appearances. For example, the way characters wear clothes are able to show their personality. Therefore, readers can recognize their characters from their images of appearances.

The second is through character as seen by another. The author tells readers by describing them through other characters’ opinions or comments. Other characters’ opinions and comments can be very helpful for the readers to understand a character better and deeper. Thus, the readers can determine a character’s characterization easily.

The third is through the speech. The readers can obtain the perception of characters in a novel through the characters’ speech and conversation to other

characters. Those speech and conversation give us clues of the characters’ characteristics. In other words, the characters’ speech implicitly shows their personality.

The fourth is by observing the character’s past lives. The author takes the reader to learn about characters’ past lives because characters’ past lives show significant clues to know more about characters. For this reason, it is important to show characters’ past lives within the story. This can be done by the author’s direct comment, through the person’s thoughts and through his conversation or the medium of another person. One’s past life also influences his or her personality and ways of thinking on solving problem and his or her behavior to socialize with other people. Therefore, by showing the characters’ past lives, the author can shape their personality more understandable.

The fifth is through the characters’ conversations of others. The author can give the ideas of understanding characters’ characteristic by showing their conversation between other characters. This is natural in our life that people do talk about other people. Based on their conversation, we can have our personal impression of other people. Therefore, conversation of others gives insight into characters’ talk about.

The sixth is from characters’ reaction. The author can give us clues about characters by letting us know how those characters react toward various situations and events. The certain reaction of character shows his or her characteristic in facing problems or situations.

The seventh is through character’s direct comments. It is possible for the author to describe or comment on a person’s character directly. Commonly, the author gives his or her opinion about the characters in the story. Therefore, the author’s opinion can give additional information about the characters in the story.

The eighth is from character’s personal thoughts. In real life, it is not possible for us to know people’s personality through their thoughts. In accordance, the author may give readers direct knowledge of characters’ thought in the story. In brief, the author can do what he cannot do in the real life. The author can tell what is in a person’s mind. As a result, the readers can understand characters’ personality.

The ninth is through character’s mannerism. The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies (mode of behavior), which are able to tell the readers something about his or her character. In the story, the author reveals characters’ habit or mannerism either positively or negatively. Therefore, the characters’ positive and negative habits help us to obtain more knowledge about their characteristics.

A character is one of internal aspects in the novel. The term character is used in two ways. First, Abrams states that character is individual who appears in the story and it shows distinctive type of person. The last refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and principles that make up each of these individuals. In the second definition, thus, character is synonymous with the word personality. Through these ways, the author is able to make the reader aware of the personalities and characters of his writing (Abrams 20).

2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches

In order to have reasonable judgments of the study, it is necessary to employ some theories. Therefore, the reasonable judgments enable me to reach further analysis of the novel and do more exploration. In brief, by employing the critical approaches, I can acquire the understanding both on how literature is formed and the values which can be revealed.

Rohberger and Woods in their book Reading and Writing about Literature determine five critical approaches. The first is called the formalist approach. This approach focuses on its total integrity of the literary works and becomes references to the understanding to the piece of literary work. Therefore, formalism seeks to emphasize the importance of the format elements of literature related to the language, form and content of literary text.

The second is called the biographical approach. A work of art can be a reflection of personality of its author. Therefore, this approach attempts to learn as much as it can be about the biography of the author. As a result, the biographical approach provides knowledge that can be useful for a better understanding and appreciation of his or her work.

The third is the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach insists the analysis of socio, cultural and historical background as the references to the further understanding of the story. This approach is used in analyzing the literary works by referring to the civilization or society in which the literary works are produced. Therefore, readers can understand the culture that produces literature.

The fourth is the mythopeic approach. This approach attempts to find the particular recurrent patterns of human thought that is used to find expression in significant works of art. In general, the patterns involve death, and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, or patterns of behavior basic to Christian technology. This approach shares same universal belief; myth or folk rights to certain community mind.

The fifth, the psychological approach involves theories of psychology to analyze characters in the story because the characters have a close relationship with human life. It draws on a different body of knowledge that is psychology. Various theories of psychology explain the character’s personality, motivation, and behavior pattern in a story.

To conduct this study, I use the psychological approach especially about theory of personality development and theory of psychosocial development as the guideline to analyze the character in the novel. By using psychological approach, each character’s attitudes can be compared to the psychology of human being. This approach involves the theory of psychology to analyze the characters in the story. Consequently, the characters’ thought, attitudes, behavior and personality can be marked more deeply.

2.1.2 Theory of Psychology

To analyze Posey’s and Chick’ personalities and self developments, it is worth to review the theory of psychology especially some theories on personality and personality development.

2.1.2.1 Theory of Personality

Many psychologists have their own perception to describe personality. They propose their theories on personality in an attempt to explain human behavior. Personality assessment is really important in many areas of psychology, and a variety of methods have been developed to measure personal characteristics accurately. The personality theories provide concepts to identify the factors that influence the development of personality and everyday behaviors in individual. It helps us understand why everyone is unique.

The word personality is defined as “the dynamic organization characteristics attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from others” and it refers to the total individual and includes “needs, motives, and methods of adjusting, temperament qualities, self concepts, role behaviors, attitudes, values and abilities (Kalish 51-52). This means that a dynamic person is forceful, always moving and filled with energy.

Personality can be defined as dynamic because human being is constantly changing. Each change affects the entire personality. No element of personality is isolated from any other element (Kalish 52). Therefore every single change in personality gives influence to the whole personality even affects others’ in a bigger circumstance.

2.1.2.2 The Personality Pattern

Personality is not inherited. Personality is a product of individual learning formed by the social relationships with people. As it is written in Hurlock’s

Personality Development, we could reiterate that there are three major factors that work to determine the development of personality pattern. Those factors are like following.

The first is from individual’s heredity gift. Physique, intelligence and temperament are the result of heredity. The personality pattern can be determined by and closely associated with the process of becoming mature from both of physical and mental characteristics. However, that factor cannot control self but just evolves within individual. Therefore, the personality pattern develops from the interaction with the environment.

The second factor is the early experiences within the family. This factor provides the understanding that an individual will be so affected with the length process of life in the family.

The third is the important events in later life outside the home environment. The personality pattern can be defined by the experiences with the environment whether it is close to the home or far away. Individual can choose whether he or she would like to imitate what he or she gets from environment or follows his or her own initiate.

Therefore, the personality pattern is not the product of learning or just from the heredity. Those factors can create individual’s personality pattern because the individual selects it from his environment about what fits to his needs and rejects what doesn’t. However, people are not totally free to choose and develop personality pattern they want, because people have a limitation which makes people different. This limitation comes from the heredity.

2.1.2.3 Theory of Psychosocial Development

Erikson (1902-1994) maintains that children develop in a predetermined order. Instead of focusing on cognitive development, he is interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development as it is read from Feist and Feist Theories of Personality, Diane Papalia, Olds and Feldman in their book Human Development and Bukatko in his book Child and Adolescent Development: A Chronological Approach has eight distinct stages which have two possible outcomes. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others. Failure to complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.

The first is basic trust versus mistrust. From the age after born up to the first year, children begin to learn the ability to trust others. If trust is developed successfully, children gain confidence and security in the world around them. Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear about the inconsistent world. It may result of the anxiety, insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.

The second is autonomy versus shame and doubt. Between the ages of one to three, children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like

to wear, to eat, etc. Children begin to explore and make choices in order to understand what is manageable and socially acceptable. Children in this stage need encouragements and supports to be independent. Therefore, they become more confident and secure in their own ability. Children will feel inadequate in their ability to survive if parents criticized them or do not give opportunity to assert themselves.

The third is initiative versus guilt. Between three years to six years, children assert themselves more frequently. They begin to plan activities, set goals, make up games, and initiate activities with others. Children will develop a sense of initiative if parents give the opportunity. However, if parents give criticism or over control, children will develop a sense of guilt. Therefore, they will become a lack initiative person.

The fourth is industry versus inferiority. Start from six years to puberty, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. They see the project from the completion and achievement. During this period, teachers have a big role in children development. Teacher should encourage and reinforce children, and then children will feel industrious and confident in their ability. If teachers ignore those treatments, the child will feel inferior. They feel doubting of his/her own abilities and therefore may not reach his potential.

The fifth is identity versus role confusion. During adolescence, children become more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. They explore possibilities and begin to form

their own identity. This sense of who they are can be caught up, which results in a sense of confusion about themselves and their role in the world.

The sixth is intimacy versus isolation. When children entered young adulthood stage, they begin to share their selves more intimately with others. They explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with someone. Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Failure on this stage can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression.

The seventh is generativity versus stagnation. During middle adulthood, people establish careers, settle down relationship, begin their own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. People give back to society through raising children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. Failure in fulfilling these roles, people become stagnant and feel unproductive.

The eighth is ego integrity versus despair. When the time to grow older comes as senior citizens, people tend to slow down productivity. It is the time to contemplate our accomplishments and our ability to develop integrity if we see ourselves have a successful life. However, if we see our lives unproductive we will feel guilt about our pasts. We become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness.

2.1.2.4 Theory of Personality Development

Almost all of human being is not completely satisfied with his or her personality. Therefore, some of us intend to change it (Hurlock 119). As a human being it is usual that through our experiences with our family, friends, co-workers, companions and the society, we find that one or some of our personalities are not accepted by them. Then, we want to change it.

Elizabeth Hurlock states that there are at least three major categories of personality changes named better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative and slow versus rapid changes. The changes on personality can be named better or worse depend on the kind of life adjustment the individual is making at the time. If the life adjustment is success in every stage like the improvement of self-concept, self-confidence and self-assurance, we can call it a better change. In contrast, if there is no life adjustment because of a sense of failure from self-expectation, inferiority and inadequacy which can be expressed in antagonism, defensive reaction, depression, distress and many others, we can name it worse changes.

Another type of personality change is quantitative versus qualitative. Quantitative personality change is the development of personality that can be easily seen from the increase of predominant modes of behavior as the person grows older. The examples of it are the characteristics that already present are being reinforced, strengthened or can be weakened. While, qualitative personality change is either the complete replacement of a desirable trait by undesirable one

or vice versa. Furthermore, qualitative changes do not normally occur even in the early years of life. Therefore, it is very rarely occurred.

Finally, we can differ that the personality changes can be slow versus rapid. The changes are regarded as slow if they are barely perceptible. It normally occurs in every human being that we grow slowly and gradually. Meanwhile rapid changes are the personality changes that are readily apparent to all. Here, rapid changes at any age are danger signals. Changes in short duration are usually due to some artificial stimulation which temporarily causes the person to forget his real self-concept and see himself as he would like to be.

2.1.2.5 The Influence of Family on Personality Development

Family is the smallest unit of the society. It contains a father, a mother and children. Each member of a family has his or her role. What is meant by parents’ role is the dynamic aspect of the status as parents (English 13).

Family could be in the first rank that influences personality development. The influence does not just happen in the time of childhood but also takes effect on the adulthood. As mentioned by Hurlock in Personality Development, we can summarize that family can influence individual directly or indirectly. We can say directly because family shapes the personality development by molding and communication. However, it can be indirectly if the influence comes from identification, unconscious imitation of attitudes and behavior patterns (Hurlock 352-353).

In every family, regardless of its size and composition, each member is expected to play a certain role. Each role is clearly defined by family members and contributes to a harmonious living arrangement for all family members (Hurlock 373). Role playing in family also influences personality development. We can define the influence in two majorities as following.

The first, role playing affects individual in his or her self concept on the individual feels of the role, the expectation and the well individual acts in the role. The expectation of other family members gives the standard on how individual act of the role and it can make individual assess his or her performance.

The second, the effect of role-playing comes from the influence on home atmosphere and from how family members and outsiders judge the success of individual on playing particular role in the family. When individual choose a certain role in family, it becomes a habit that must be brought outside home in the relationship with other people. Then finally, people judge the success on playing the role.

Parke and O’Neill formulate some parents’ role. Parents are instructor, educator, advisor, supervisor, facilitator and role-model. As an instructor, parents give the order and information to the children. Parents create and give some rules for the children to obey and to do something for their own good. As the educator, parents give knowledge of the things happening around them. Parents do not only focus on the intellect teaching but also the moral teaching, in order to bring the children into a deep understanding of the environment. As the advisor,

parents give some advises on what happens and what will happen to the children so the children can find the best way out of their condition. As the supervisor, parents keep an eye on the children. Therefore the children are under controlled. As the facilitator, parents provide some facilities like sports facilities, education facilities and many others, to support the children’s development. As the role model, parents give themselves to the children to be model they always look at. By doing so, the children have someone to rely on in his life (O’Neill 32-39).

Burke and Parke also give evidence in their research. The father’s social relationship is used as a model by the child (Burke 39). A father means different things for children at different stages of development. He plays the role as the leader in the family. For a grown up boy, he becomes the model to copy especially when he is perceived highly as an affectionate person (Payne and Mussen in Martin and Stendler 329).

Lidz states that the mother is the primary and major nurturing figure to the child, particularly small child. She is an expert in child-rearing techniques. The mother also needs the support from whom she can gain such physical and emotional nourishment in giving love and attention to the children (Lidz 56). Mother’s behavior in conducting her role affects the children so much. As the role of advisor, when the mother gives the children some advises but she does not try to solve the problem for them, the outcomes are positive. The children will feel that their mother is a good friend to share their problems. Mother gives a big contribution to the children’s development.

Family can also influence individual’s personality development in term of deviant family patterns. For example, in a culture where being different is widely regarded as being inferior, it is not surprising that people feel ashamed and embarrassed if their family patterns differ from those of the people with whom they associate (Hurlock 376). Here are some of deviants that influence personality development.

The first is solo families. Solo families are shown by the absence of one parent because of death, divorce, desertion, separation or some other causes. The solo home can be a source of embarrassment to all of the family members or can be a source of pride. For example, if the figure of father is absence because of divorce, it can be a source of embarrassment. However, if the absence due to some tasks as an army or employee to another country, it can be a source of pride.

Rather than becoming the source of embarrassment or the source of pride, solo families have some important factors to influence the personality development. The most important thing is the presence of fatherhood (masculine) or motherhood (feminine) figure in the family. Children are so demanding of the figures because their personality pattern is largely molded during the early years of life. Furthermore, the personality effect of solo families is not limited to children. It is also felt by parents as well as other family members (Hurlock 377).

The second is divorced families. Divorced families normally eliminate some of the friction so damaging to the home climate. In a society where divorced is not common, this pattern become a big stigma for the member of the

families. There are so many problems caused by divorce like the care of children, income, love and figure of masculinity and or femininity and of course the personality development of the divorcee and the member of families.

The third is widowhood. The status of widow or widower is not only deviant but also ambiguous in which the person is neither single nor a spouse. Widowhood almost always leads to poor self-evaluation. A widow or widower is lonely and faced many adjustments problems, personal, social and economic.

The fourth is disgraced family. Disgraced family is a family living in a society which is considered different from other families in the society. Strong disapproval of some kinds of deviant family patterns make the family members feel disgraced. Furthermore, the family members will feel more inferior to other families in the society because the society feels that they are not common.

2.2. Theoretical Framework

I usesome of the theories stated above in order to understand more about the characters’ personality and to help finding the answer of issues presence in problem formulated. Furthermore, I would like to present the reasons why those theories are needed and how I use those theories to understand and analyze the novel.

The first is theory of character and characterizations. These theories are used to reveal the characters in the novel. Furthermore, these theories are really applicable to describe and to explore characters through their actions, outlooks, deeds, impressions, thoughts, mannerisms and dialogues.

The second is critical approach. In this study, I use the psychological approach as the best considerations to dig deeper the characters’ personality. The theory of personality and the theory of personality development also help to analyze the characters’ personality changes and finally the development as seen on the Mitch Albom’s For One More Day.

The theory of family is used based on the understanding that family has a big influence on family members’ personality development. The influence can come from the situation on the family, parents’ relationship and the relationship between mother and children. The novel itself is telling about the relationship between mother and son. Children’s personality development can be seen from the relationship with parents especially with mother.

Additionally, to understand the influence made by mother to his son, I use the Eriksson’s theory of psychosocial. This theory will be beneficial to depict the influence made by his mother to the son in the right order from the childhood up to the adulthood.

Finally, to study the character changes as the result of mother’s influence in the major character’s life, I use the theory about personality development from Elizabeth Hurlock. It will be helpful to see whether the personality changes are better or worse, quantitative or qualitative and slow or rapid. Therefore, the three of the latest theories work together to reveal the personality changes on Charles Benetto which is influenced by his mother’s personality.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains three main parts namely object the study, approach and method of the study. In the object of the study, I reviewed the novel as the main source of the study. In the approach, I gave some reasons why I used particular approach to observe the novel. Whereas in the method of study, I explained briefly about the sources of the study including main source, secondary source and steps to do the study.

3. 1 Object of the Study

This study will analyze further one of Mitch Albom’s novels entitled For One More Day. It is the third novel written by Mitch Albom. Mitch Albom firstly wrote this novel in May 2006 then he published the novel in the United States of America in 2006 with the help of Hyperion Publisher. Afterward, the novel was published in Great Britain in 2006 with the help of Sphere Publisher. During 2006 up to 2008 those publishers have published the novel 5 times, 3 times in 2007 and 2 times in 2008. In order to conduct this study, I used one copy from the 2007 edition.

The novel contains 207 pages; 197 pages of which are the story. Mitch Albom divided the novel into four big chapters: Midnight, Morning, Noon and Afternoon. Those four contain many small topics such as Chick’s Story, Chick

Tries to End It All, Time My Mother Stands Up for Me, up to Chick’s Final Thought.

3. 1 Approaches

In conducting the study, I apply the theory of character and characterization and also psychological approach. The theory of character and characterization is applied to answer the first and second problem in the study. The theory is needed to understand the mother’s personality and also Chick Benetto’s personality. The application of psychological approach focuses in the theory of personality development as the main theory. It is the most appropriate tool to analyze the main character’s personality development caused by the influence of mother’s personality.

The psychological approach is applied to answer the third problem. “Psychological approach is an excellent tool for reading beneath the lines,” says Guerrin in his book A Handbook of Critical Approaches in Literature. He explains that the psychological theory is most commonly used as an interpretative tool by modern critics. The psychological theory shows interpretation model to enhance their understanding and appreciation of certain literature (Guerrin 120-121).

In this study, psychological approach is the most appropriate way to answer the problems. This approach suggests the influence of human psychology on literary work. Hence, character analysis can be traced by using theories of psychology. Furthermore, this approach is used in this study because the basis of the analysis places on the theory of personality development, which is one object in psychology. The personality development here refers to the development of main character’s

behavior, attitude, feeling, belief, thought, motivation and deed influenced by mother’s personality.

There is a deep relationship between literature and psychology. Rohberger and Woods in their work entitled Reading and Writing about Literature state that both literature and psychology discuss about people and human lives even though they stand in different point of view. While literature discusses human being and life which are expressed through language to gain some life values, psychology gives the main focus on the study of human life dealing to human mind and behavior (Rohberger and Woods 6-15). Furthermore, they state that psychological approach brings us to analyze the novel from the psychological point of view on a specific human being (Rohberger and Woods 13).

3.2 Method of Study

This study used the method of library research. There were two kinds of sources used in this study. The first or the main source was the novel entitled For One More Day. The second was the secondary sources which were taken from references found in the library and internet.

In order to analyze the novel, I conducted six steps. The first was I read and reread the novel. While reading the novel, I also took note of the main character development (Chick) and mother’s personality traits as seen from the way the characters speak, the way they think, their attitudes and their deeds that revealed implicitly or explicitly in the novel. To support the findings and give further

knowledge, I observed and gathered information from some references like Child Behavior and Development from William Martin and Celia Sendler, The Dynamic Psychology from Kelly, Child and Adolescent Development: A Chronological Approach written by Danuta Bukatko, Human Development from Diane E. Papalia, Olds and Feldman, Personality Development from Elizabeth B. Hurlock, Family Communication from Maureen Miller and A Handbook of Critical Approaches in Literature from Wilfried L. Guerrin.

The fourth step was to find out the mother’s personality from the novel compared and supported by the findings from the references. Then the fifth step was to find out Chick Benetto’s personality at the beginning of the story. The sixth step was to gather and judge the influence of mother’s personality on Chick Benetto. Therefore, I made the list of Chick Benetto’s personality development. This step was also combining the findings into a big main point as to find the theme of the story. Finally, I made the conclusion as the result of the analysis.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter presents the discussion of the answer of the problems. The discussion is divided into four main parts. The first part elaborates and discusses the personality of Pauline Benetto or well-known as Posey Benetto, the mother of Chick. The second part mainly discusses about the characteristic of Charles or Chick Benetto as depicted in the novel. The third part discusses the influence made by Posey to Charles Benetto during his childhood up to adulthood. Finally, the fourth part presents the personality development of Chick Benetto as the result of his mother’s influence during his life.

4.1 Mother’s Personality Traits

From the theory of character, in this part I depict Pauline’s character. I find out that Pauline (Posey) is a major and flat character. Henkle in his book Reading the Novel divides characters into two kinds which are major character and secondary character. A major character is the most important and complex in the novel, meanwhile the secondary character is a character that plays more limited function (Henkle 89). Posey and Chick Benetto are the major characters in the novel, because the novel entitled For One More Day puts Posey and Chick Benetto as the central of the story.

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She is a flat character because she does not change her personality from the beginning into the end of the story. According to Forster in Aspects of the Novel, characters can be a flat and round. A flat character is when the character considered as simple. The readers can easily recognize the character whenever and wherever he or she appears in the novel. Furthermore, the character is not changed by the circumstances or by the people around him or her (Forster 54).

There are some ways used by the author in order to make the character understandable to the reader. Graham Little in Approach to Literature explained that there are three ways to study character. They are namely physical appearance, social relationship and mental qualities.

Furthermore, Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: The Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students states that there are nine ways that enable an author to present the character in the story understandably and lively for the readers. The ways are from personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct comment, thought, and mannerism (Murphy 161-173). Pauline or Posey Benetto in Mitch Albom’s For One More Day is portrayed as:

4.1.1 Caring

Posey Benetto is a kind of person that always cares to family and other people. There are some evidences from the novel that can show this personality.

First is from Chick Benetto thought: “My mother, had she been alive, might have found a way through to me because she was always good at that,

taking my hand and saying, “Come on Charley, what’s the story (Albom 5)?” This part assumes that Posey Benetto is a kind of person that always takes care of the family. She will always ask Chick to tell some experiences that he faces during the day. She will find out if her son gets into trouble or faces some difficult assignment. She will become a good listener for the son and give advice to solve the problem. She also wants to know about the progress of Chick’s hobby, base ball, by telling this sentence. “What time is your game honey (Albom 23)?” This attitude also tells that Posey wants to listen to the son and support what his son does every day.

There are also evidences of the care and love from some letters and notes made by mother to Chick. “My mother was always writing me notes. She slipped them to me whenever she dropped me off somewhere (Albom 27).”

Here is one of the examples of the letter made by Posey for her son:

The letter usually tells about the advice for Chick to be brave, be a good boy and wants to strengthen Chick. The first letter is made when Chick enters the kindergarten in 1954. The second letter is on July 20th 1959 when Chick will have

Dear Charley-

Have lots of FUN in SCHOOL today!

I will see you at lunch time and we’ll get a milk shake

I love you every day!

Mom

an operation on his tonsils. This letter intends to support and strengthen him that operation of tonsils is a kind of usual thing for people and everything will be alright. Chick will just be fallen asleep and when he wakes up everything has been done. The third letter is on September 8, 1967 when Chick enters the university. This letter wants to show Posey’s proud on Chick because he is the first person in the family who enters university level. She also supports and advises him how to behave in the university. The fourth or the last letter is given in the Chick’s wedding day. Through this letter, Posey gives her support on Chick’s choice to get married and also some advices in a family life so Chick will not make the same fault as his father.

In Chick’s memory, when he wants to go to school in the first time he is crying. His mother strengthens him by wiping his tears and hugging him. Before leaving, Posey gives a letter to him. His mother of course will not hope that Chick will read the letter but she means that the letter can be a replacement of her presence.

She wiped my eyes with a tissue from her purse, then hugged me good-bye. I can still see her walking backward, blowing me kisses, her lips painted in red Revlon, her hair swept up above her ears. I waved good-bye with the letter. It didn’t occur to her, I guess, that I was just starting my school and didn’t know how to read. That was my mother. It was the thought that counted (Albom 28).

Kiss is a symbol of love and care. Posey does the same thing every night to tuck and rub Chick’s hair and also ask Chick to give her a kiss. “She tucked me every night, rubbing my hair and saying, “Give your mother a kiss” (Albom 33).” Posey also wants that Chick loves her as the way she loves him.

She loved me falling off a swing set. She loved me stepping on her floors with muddy shoes. She loved me through vomit and snot and bloody knees. She loved me coming and going, at my worst and at my best. She had a bottomless well of love for me. Her only flaw was that she didn’t make me work for it (Albom 33).

Here, Chick is also aware that his mother has an endless love for him. Posey loves her son very much. She loves the way when her son comes toward her with muddy shoes and bloody knees. Chiefly, she loves all of Chick deeds. Chick also feels gratitude for the way her mother loves him. He knows that her mother loves him truly in right or wrong, good or bad. However this does not work for Chick. Chick still cannot love his mother the way she loves him

4.1.2 Beautiful and Charming

Posey Benetto is also considered as beautiful and charming. This description comes from other characters’ thought and as seen by others. Here are some evidences that show the beauty and charm of Posey Benetto:

Chick personally thinks that his mother is a beautiful woman. It can be inferred from this passage. “My mother was a beautiful woman, but she didn’t look beautiful that morning (Albom 22).”

There is something happens at that morning which makes her mother who is actually beautiful does not look beautiful. Chick is just curious with it. Here, Posey is still in grieved because of the way her husband treats her. However, we can infer that actually Posey has a beautiful face. Furthermore, Posey’s beauty can be reflected from her posture description made by Chick like in this paragraph:

She had large, almond-shaped eyes, dark, sweeping hair that she often wore up, and a soft, creamy complexion. She reminded people of the actress Audrey Hepburn, and in our small town, there weren’t many women who fit that description. She loved wearing mascara, eyeliner, rouge, you name it – and while most people considered her “fun” or “perky”or, later, “eccentric” or “headstrong,” for most of my childhood I considered her a nag (Albom 29).

Audrey Hepburn, as written in Wikipedia and seen from her picture, is a very beautiful lady who was a well-known British actress and humanitarian around 1950 till 1990. Audrey Hepburn has a long straight black hair, beautiful-dark eyes, pointed nose, white complexion and slim body. If Posey reminds people about this actress then we can assume that Posey is very beautiful. Chick describes her mother as just likes Audrey Hepburn and many people in that small village accept that description. There are just little women in that village who are similar to that description. The beauty itself has two different impacts, the first it becomes a kind of proud for the owner, but it is also a kind of irritating thing for the other women (Albom 59).

Another proof derives from Chick’s memory. Chick remembers the time of somebody’s wedding ceremony. On that occasion his parents dance. His mother is wearing a shiny red dress. She looked happy. She was also a good dancer. Everybody could not move but watch her. The women there seemed to be jealous of her (Albom 58-59).

Posey Benetto also has a big sense of humor. It is either she makes the humor or listens to humors made by others. People think this sense of humor improves her beauty more. Because of her sense of humor, people think that she is so charming. That charming thing really makes other people want to be close to

her. Here is Chick’s description on her. “She loved jokes. She would push a hand into the shoulder of anyone who made her laugh. She was charming. That’s how people thought of her: Charming Posey (Albom 74).”

Sometimes, somebody who is beautiful, handsome or good-looking is still seen when the one is already getting old. That thing also happens to Posey. Although she grows older in her seventies, Chick still recognizes that his mother is beautiful. The wrinkles, eyeglasses and even white hair cannot hide her beauty.

She placed her hands together and touched her nose, hiding a small smile. “It is still nice to be thought about, you know.” I studied her face. There was no doubting her beauty even in her late seventies, when she had taken on a more wrinkled elegance, her eyes behind glasses, her hair – once the blue-back of midnight –now the silver of a cloudy afternoon sky (Albom 151).

4.1.3 Secretive

Being secretive is when somebody can hide his problem or other things. As a consequence, other people cannot know what actually happens. In other word, secretive is an attitude that likes to keep things secret or hide one’s thoughts and feelings in some purposes (Hornby 1061). Posey can be considered as secretive because she likes to hide her feeling especially her sadness in order not to make others feel the same thing or know her feelings. Sometimes, she uses this ability to avoid the children to know the real condition because she does not want the children feel hurt. There are some evidences that show this description:

“Why can’t daddy take me? I asked. “Daddy’s not here.”

“Where is he?” She didn’t answer.

“When’s he coming back?”

She squeezed the corn puffs and they crumbled into floury dust (Albom22).

This conversation happens on Saturday morning when Chick Benetto is still in the fifth grade year. Here, Posey has just got divorce from Len. She tries to keep the fact from her son. She thinks this is not a good time for him to know that she and his father just split. She wants to keep that first before telling to his son. She does not want to answer Chick’s question because it will either hurt her or her son. She keeps that anyway.

Another occasion comes when the time Len Benetto wants to come back to the house. Posey lets the children think that the “intruder” is a burglar then she borrows Chick’s baseball bat to chase the intruder. Posey hides the fact that the intruder actually her ex-husband, Chick’s father. She does not want him to disturb their life anymore. She also strengthens the children to stay calm and feel secure.

My mother’s voice precedes her. “It’s alright, it’s alright,” she is saying, no longer whispering, and she moves quickly into the room and rubs my head as she passes me to get my sister. She drops the bat and it clunks on the floor. My sister is crying. “It’s alright. It was nothing,” my mother says.

I slum against the wall. My mother hugs my sister. She exhales longer than I have ever heard anyone exhale before.

“Who was it?” I ask.

“Nothing, nobody, she says. But I know she is lying. I know who it was (Albom 93).

Those two proves above tell about the way Posey Benetto keeps her secret. She wants that the fact that she and her ex-husband, Len, are not together anymore at all ways. She does not want the children feel the shame, grieved, and hurt of being in incomplete family. Being a divorced family is considered as a shame at

that period. Many women feel irritated if their neighbor becomes a divorced woman. Moreover, it is really a problem if the divorced woman is still young and beautiful. This divorced woman is considered as a threat for other families’ unity because they think that a divorced woman will tempt their husbands.

On the other hand, Posey does not want to accept Len when he wants to be together again after long time break. She wants to prove that she can stand alone without husband to take care of the whole family. She wants her ex-husband does not give bad influence to the children. Then, finally she proves that she can take care of the family although she should work to clean the house after she works in the beauty parlor. This work is also a secret because her children don’t know about it.

My mother capped the moisturizer bottle and picked up a new jar. She undid the top, and dabbed a small sponge into its contents.

“What?” I said. “I don’t get it.”

She held up the sponge like an artist about to put brush to canvas. “We cleaned the house together, Charley,” she said.

Upon seeing the look on my face, she waved her fingers dismissively. “How do you think I put you, kids, through college (Albom 121)?”

Here, Posey Benetto tells the truth that she works to clean the houses together with Miss Thelma in order to put the children to college. This secret finally is revealed after long time. Chick does not know this truth until his mother tells it when he meets again with his “dead” mother.

Chick approves that his mother is a very secretive person especially if the conversation is about the reason why she commits to divorce from Len Benetto. Posey never tells the reason to the children, not even a word. She does not let the children know that their father has another wife and son. If at that time Chick and

his sister, Roberta, know that their father has another wife and son, their heart might be broken more than ever.

But my mother never spoke about the reason my father left. She never once took the bait Roberta and I dangled before her, looking for hate or bitterness. All she did was swallow. She swallowed the words, she swallowed the conversation. Whatever happened between them, she swallowed that too (Albom 124).

4.1.4 Wise

Posey is also described as a wise person because she likes to give advices to others to strengthen them. She will find a way to make others feel secure or re-think about any actions or decision already made. It can be seen from the dialogue and the mannerism that she does to make others strength. Here are some evidences of the personality:

“What’s the matter?” My mother asked. “Don’t go”

“I’ll be here when you come out.” “No”

“It’s ok. I’ll be here.” “What if I can’t find you?” “You will”

“What if I lose you?”

“You can’t lose your mother Charley” (Albom 191).

In other occasion, in the time when Chick decides that he quits from college to become a professional baseball player because of the force from his father, he makes a phone call to his mother. He wants to tell about the environment where he lives. His mother really does not expect that he will call her. She just talks with Chick with a flat voice. After the talk, Chick says like this:

“Mm-hmm.” Then silence.

“Mom, I can always go back to school.”

This time the silence was longer. She said only one more thing before we hung up:

“Going back to something is harder than you think.”

I don’t suppose I could have broken my mother’s heart any more if I tried (Albom 133).

Posey never agrees about the decision made by her son to leave college. Here Posey advises her son to continue school, Chick follows it at the first but then he ignores it just to play baseball. Chick wants to confirm his mother that he can always go back to school as easily as he drops out from it. By her wisdom and experience, Posey tells that to return into something is harder than just a thought. Posey is true on this advice because until Chick retires from baseball and continues to work he has never returned back to school again.

4.1.5 Hardworking

The novel tells clearly that Posey is a kind of hardworking person. This personality can be seen from her childhood that she comes from a poor family but she never blames that condition. She works hard to get her diploma then she continues her study in nursing school. She also believes that education is the best way to get a better life and just with it somebody can reach her or his dream. These kinds of personality also appear in her life later. Here are the evidences of the personalities:

Because she comes from poor family she should drop out of school in order to work so her family can survive. However, this situation does not make her gives up. With her struggle, she can get high school diploma and nursing

certificate. She has a very strong principle that everybody should get education because everybody’s future depends on it.

She’d been an only child, her family had been poor, and she’d had to drop out of school to work during the war. She earned her high school diploma at night, and did nursing school after that. In her mind, for me, there were only college and the gates they would open (Albom 45).

Posey, if she does her job, she will do a great thing. Her customers always ask her to take care of their hair and beauty. They will be pleased to wait although Posey is still working on somebody’s hair. They will refuse if the owner of the beauty parlor asks them to choose another beautician. She also does the same thing if she visits the customer in their house. The customers always feel satisfied with her works. Chick says that, “My mother kissed her on the cheek. I had to admit, she has done a nice job. Rose’s hair was shaped and styled and she looked years younger than we’d arrived (Albom 99).”

As already mentioned in the part of secretive, here I restate again the part to show that Posey is working very hard in order to support the family. She knows that the money she gets from being a beautician is not enough for the family. Actually, at first she has another job as a nurse in a small hospital in her town. However, she gets fired from the department because she does not want to make affair with a doctor there. She just accepts that wholeheartedly. Then, she finds another job to be a house cleaning woman with her friend, Miss Thelma. She is not ashamed to do that job because she believes that the job is good. Here is Posey’s statement to Chick. “We cleaned the house together, Charley,” she says.

Upon seeing the look on my face, she waves her fingers dismissively. “How do you think I put you, kids, through college (Albom 121)?”

4.1.6 Firm, determined and perfectionist

Here, I use three descriptions because these descriptions are interconnected one another. Posey can be described as a firm woman because she is not easy to change her thought and opinion. She is also so consistent with her thought, decision, attitudes and opinion. She is also a determined person because she is able to be strong in every condition even in the hardship of life. She can face the entire problem in life in a strong mind and attitudes. Then, I can say Posey as a perfectionist person because she will not be proud if something goes incorrectly. She is willing that every detail is perfect. Therefore, she manages herself strong and consistent. She wants others to be perfect as well. Here are some examples of her firmness and perfection:

She always corrected my grammar. “Me and Roberta are gonna -,” I’d start. “Roberta and I,” she would interrupt. “Me and Jimmy want to -,”

“Jimmy and I,” she would say (Albom 29-30).

Posey is very strict on the perfection of grammar used in the sentence. She does not get bored to correct all grammar mistakes made by her son. She wants that her son can make a right sentence from the beginning.

Moreover, Posey always asks that Chick should grow better than he was. Here is Chick’s thought on her. “Parents slot into postures in child’s mind, and my mother’s postures was a lipsticked woman leaning over, waging a finger,

20. I looked up at the highway. In the ________, I could make out the truck, like a big, hulking __________, the front cab bent as if its neck had been snapped.

21. Steam rose from the hood. One headlamp was still working, casting a lonely beam down the muddy hill that made twinkling diamonds out of the __________ glass.

22. Where was the driver? Was he alive? Hurt? Bleeding? Breathing? The ____________ thing, of course, would have been to climb up and check, but courage was not my strong suit at that moment. So I didn’t.

23. Instead, I put my hands down flat by my sides and I _______ south, walking back toward my old town.

24. I am not proud of this. But I was not in any way rational. I was a zombie, a robot, __________ of concern for anyone, myself included – myself, actually, at the top of the list.

25. I forgot about the car, the truck, the gun; I left it all behind. My shoes crunched on the ____________, and I heard the crickets laughing.

IV. Listen to the tape. Take notes or make summary of the story based on

these criteria:

1. Characters

- 17 -  3. Plot

4. Important events

Sources:

Albom, Mitch. 2007. For One More Day. London: Little Brown Book Group.

http://rapidshare.com/#!download|287|81817887|mitch_albom_-_for_one_more_day_unabridged.part1.rar|70000 accessed on August 12th, 2010 at 01.15 p.m.

http://rapidshare.com/#!download|378|81817027|mitch_albom_-_for_one_more_day_unabridged.part2.rar|54190 accessed on August 12th, 2010 at 01.30 p.m.

APPENDIX 5

ABSTRACT

Chick Benetto’s Personality Development as Seen on Mitch Albom’s For One

Nursusanto, Stevanus Widuri. (2010). The Influence of Mother’s Personality on

More Day. Y nt

of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, ogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Departme Sanata Dharma University.

This study discusses Mitch Albom’s Novel, For One More Day. I am interested in this novel because the story of the novel is gratifying and tells many lessons which make life become more meaningful. I am also interested in finding out the influence of mother figure on her son’s personality development as the novel mainly tells about the relationship between a son and a mother.

This thesis is aimed to answer the three problems formulated, namely: (1) how is Pauline “Posey” Benetto, the mother of Chick, portrayed in the novel? (2) how is arles “Chick” Benetto reflected in the novel? and (3) how do Pauline’ rsonality influence Charles Benetto’s development as an individual?

In solving the three problem

Ch es

s pe

s above, the writer applied the psychological approach, theory of character and characterization and Erikson’s theory of psychos

in this study namely the main source and the secondary sources. The main source is Mitch

ocial. This study used library research. There are two sources of data used Albom’s For One More Day. The secondary sources are books and some related articles on literature and psychology.

charming, secretive, wise, hardworking, firm, determined, perfectionist, and helpful person. Meanwhile, Charles “Chick” is described as

, indecisive, and longing for his father’s love. Posey during her life is showing her pure love to Chick although Chick does not appreciate her

made by his mother throughout his life. He condemns himself as being an gets comma then he experiences a personal encounter with his “dead” mother. Based on the analysis, Pauline “Posey” is portrayed as a caring, beautiful, humorous, brave

smart, introverted

since he just thinks about getting his father’s love. The story is changed upside down after the dead of Posey. Chick feels so sorry. He realizes the deep influence irresponsible child in the family. Finally, he tries to kill himself. However, he just This experience finally brings him to be a man who is aware of his mistake, more appreciative of life, more open to others and aware of his mother’s pure love.

This thesis provides some suggestions for other researchers who want to conduct a study on Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. The future researchers may analyze the family pattern and function based on the comparison of

socio-implementation of teaching Advance Listening using Mitch Albom’s For One cultural-historical context between American families in World War II and the modern American families. This thesis also provides some suggestions for the More Day.

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ABSTRAK

Nursusanto, Stevanus Widuri. (2010). The Influence of Mother’s Personality on Chick Benetto’s Personality Development as seen on Mitch Albom’s For One More Day. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini membahas tentang sebuah novel dari Mitch Albom yang berjudul For One More Day. Penulis tertarik pada novel ini karena cerita novel ini menyentuh hati dan menceritakan banyak pelajaran yang membuat hidup menjadi lebih berarti. Penulis juga tertarik untuk menemukan pengaruh dari sosok seorang ibu pada perkembangan kepribadian anaknya, karena novel ini secara umum

engis

ber data yang m ahkan tentang hubungan antara seorang anak dan ibu.

Skripsi ini ditujukan untuk menjawab tiga permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana Pauline “Posey” Benetto digambarkan dalam novel. Masalah kedua adalah bagaimana sosok Charles “Chick” Benetto dilukiskan dalam novel. Masalah ketiga adalah bagaimana kepribadian Pauline berpengaruh pada perkembangan kepribadian Charles Benetto sebagai individu.

Dalam menjawab ketiga masalah di atas, studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan penokohan dan teori psiko-sosial dari Erikson. Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua sum

digunakan dalam studi ini yaitu sumber utama dan sumber-sumber tambahan lainnya. Sumber utama dari studi ini adalah novel dari Mitch Albom yang berjudul For One More Day. Sedangkan sumber-sumber tambahan adalah buku-buku dan artikel-artikel yang berkaitan dengan sastra dan psikologi.

Berdasarkan analisis, Pauline “Posey” digambarkan sebagai seorang yang perhatian, cantik, mempesona, suka berahasia, bijak, pekerja keras, teguh, tabah, selalu ingin sempurna, humoris, berani dan suka membantu. Sedangkan, Charles “Chick” digambarkan sebagai pribadi yang pandai, introvert, plin-plan dan merindukan kasih sayang ayah. Posey selama hidupnya selalu menunjukkan cinta tulus pada Chick tetapi Chick tidak menghargainya karena dia hanya memikirkan bagaimana mendapatkan cinta dari ayahnya. Ceritanya berubah drastis ketika Posey meninggal. Chick merasa sangat bersalah. Dia menyadari adanya pengaruh dari ibunya sepanjang hidupnya. Dia mengutuk dirinya sebagai pribadi yang tidak bertanggung jawab pada keluarganya. Akhirnya dia mencoba bunuh diri. Akan tetapi dia hanya koma. Dalam keadaan koma dia bertemu kembali dengan ibunya yang telah meninggal. Pengalaman ini akhirnya membawanya menjadi pribadi yang sadar akan kesalahannya, lebih menghargai kehidupan, lebih terbuka pada orang lain, dan sadar akan cinta tulus dari ibunya.

Skripsi ini menyertakan beberapa saran bagi para peneliti yang hendak membuat studi dengan menggunakan novel dari Mitch Albom yang berjudul For

xv  

ne More Day

O . Para peneliti selanjutnya bisa menganalisa susunan dan fungsi keluarga berdasarkan perbandingan dari konteks sosial-historis dan budaya antara keluarga Amerika dalam perang dunia kedua dan keluarga Amerika modern. Skripsi ini juga menyertakan beberapa saran untuk pengajaran Advance Listening dengan menggunakan novel For One More Day.