Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
Chemistry Page 101
TERPENOID COMPOUND FROM THE STEM OF MANGROVE PLANT
Avicennia marina
AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Staphylococcus aureus
AND
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sintia S. Hingkua
1
, Euis Julaeha
2
, Dikdik Kurnia
2
1
Department of Chemistry, F aculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Manado, Minahasa, Indonesia
2
Department of Chemistry, F aculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
stefanasintiagmail.com
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
has long been recognized as one of the most important bacteria that cause disease in humans. This is precisely why the field of medicine is in
desperate need of new treatment options. In the present study, the stems of mangrove plant
Avicennia marina
were selected for phytochemical and antimicrobial screening to justify the folklore uses of the plant parts in various microbial infections. Crude gradient extracts were obtained from three solvents
methanol,
n
-hexane and ethyl acetate with increasing solvent polarity using cold maceration technique. The
in vitro
antibacterial activity evaluation of gradient extracts and isolated compounds was done on pathogenic bacterial strains
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
using Kirby-Bauer test method. The results showed that antibacterial activities were comparable to each
other. But their activities were relatively weaker as compared to the reference compound ciprofloxacin. The chemical structure of the compound were found to be betulinic acid, based on
NMR data as well as literature reports. Mangrove plant
Avicennia marina
is a promising source of natural product. From the present study, preliminary phytochemical analysis concluded that due to the
presence of extra phytochemical in test extracts, they are beneficial one for its biological activity. The observed antibacterial activities of the isolated compound could justify the traditional use of the plant
for the treatment of different bacterial infections. Thus, further test is recommended on large number of bacterial strains to decide the potentials of the compounds as candidates in development of
antibacterial drugs.
Keywords:
Avicennia marina,
antibacterial, betulinic acid,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus.
1. Introduction
Throughout history, there has been a continual battle between humans and the multitude of microorganisms that cause infection and disease. Bubonic plague, tuberculosis, malaria, and
more recently, the human immunodeficiency virusacquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic, have affected substantial portions of the human population, causing significant
morbidity and mortality. Beginning around the middle of the 20
th
century, major advances in antibacterial drug development and other means of infection control helped turn the tide in
favor of humans. With respect to bacterial infections, the situation dramatically improved when penicillin became available for use in the early 1940s. However, the euphoria over the
potential conquest of infectious diseases was short lived. Almost as soon as antibacterial drugs were deployed, bacteria responded by manifesting various forms of resistance Krause,
1992.
Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
Chemistry Page 102
Resistant bacteria may also spread and become broaderinfection-control problems, not only within healthcare institutions, but in communities as well.
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
has long been recognized as one of the most important bacteria that cause disease in humans. Clinically important bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
MRSA are increasingly observed in the community Chambers, 1999.
P aeruginosa
is a major cause of opportunistic infections among immunocompromised individuals. The spread
of this organism in healthcare settings is often difficult to control due to the presence of multiple intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance Karlowsky
et al.,
2005. This is precisely why the field of medicine is in desperate need of new treatment options. An
impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from the floristic resources, many being tapped basing on their use in the treatises of traditional medicines. It is therefore,
essential to search for the efficacious plants of medicinal value for better manifestations.
During the last decade screening of mangroves for bioactive compounds, has received high interest as a potential bio resource for novel drug leads. Until now, more than 200 bioactive
metabolites have been isolated from true mangroves of tropical and subtropical population. According to their chemical structure, most of the isolated compounds belong to steroids,
triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenolics which having a wide range of therapeutic possibilities
Wu
et al
., 2008.
Avicennia marina
is one of the abundant components of mangrove ecosystems that mainly resident in the tropical and subtropical region
Fabricant Famsworth, 2001. Its bark, stem, leaves and fruit have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of skin disease,
rheumatism, small pox, ulcers and fodder for livestock Wu
et al
., 2008. The current study was planned to have more insight into the active metabolites of the gray mangrove
A. marina
. The chemical structures of the compounds were found to be betulinic acid, based on NMR
data as well as literature reports. Betulinic acid exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities and can be used as chemopreventive to avoid several diseases. So the main objective
of this study was to screen antibacterial activity of betulinic acid compound against
S. aureus
and
P. aeruginosa
.
2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Isolation
