A Comparison Of Hand Phone Primary Packaging By Using Pugh Method (Case Study).
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
A Comparison of Hand Phone Primary
Packaging By Using Pugh Method (Case Study)
Thesis submitted in accordance with the partial requirements of the
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for the
Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Design)
By
Nuranisha Binti Mat Ghani
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
May 2007
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
UTeM Library (Pind.l/2007)
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS*
JUDUL: A COMPARISON OF HAND PHONE PRIMARY PACKAGING BY USING PUGH
METHOD(CASESTUDY)
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2/2006-2007
NURANISHA BT MAT GHANI
Say a
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah) ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan (..../)
D
SULIT
D
TERHAD
[i]
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Disahkan oleh:
Ｈｔａｾ＠
PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap:
No 47, Rumah Keretapi,
Jalan Stesen,
16200, Tumpat, Kelantan.
Cop Rasmi:
Tarikh: 14 MEl 2007
Tarikh:
SURIATI BINTI AKMAL
Pensyolfah
Fakulti KeJuruteraan Pembuatan
Universitt Tekmkal Malaysta Melaka
Karung lerkunci 1200. Ayer Keroh
7f1450 Melaka
;) I
* Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau
disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM)
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan
､･ｮｾ｡＠
menvatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini oerlu dikelaskan ｳ･｢｡ｾｩ＠
SULIT atau TERHAD.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APPROVAL
This thesis submitted to the senate ofUTeM and has been accepted as partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering
(Manufacturing Design). The members of the supervisory committee are as follows:
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
11
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
DECLARATION
I hereby, declare this thesis entitled "A Comparison of Hand Phone Primary Packaging
by Using Pugh Method (Case Study)" is the result of my own research
except as cited in the references.
Signature
Author's Name
:NU
Date
: 14th MAY 2007
111
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRACT
In the market today, there are various method used by hand phone manufacturer to package their
hand phone product. This paperwork contains the report of a comparison of hand phone primary
packaging by using Pugh Method. The main purpose of this project is to propose a guideline of
hand phone primary packaging. In order to achieve the objective of this project, there are a
systematic methodology procedure has been presented in this report. At beginning of the project,
the problems, objectives and scopes have been identified to lead the researcher to achieve the
target efficiently. The project started by performing a market study. Then questionnaires were
distributed to the respondent to make a survey in order to gather information's. The existing
product in the market will study on their design of the product and material used based on the
survey result. A benchmarking on the six different types of the hand phone packaging box was
made. Then a Pugh method concept used to compare the products in order to choose the best
product based on the elements that have been studied. The result from the Pugh method was
used as a guide to develop a guideline for hand phone primary packaging. The best product will
be discussed from their strength elements. From this evaluation, the guideline ofthe hand phone
primary packaging was developed. And finally, the conclusion and future work was presented to
conclude the study that was done.
lV
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRAK
Dalam pasaran hari ini, terdapat berbagai-bagai cara yang digunakan oleh pengeluar untuk
pembungkusan produk telefon bimbit mereka. Kertas kerja ini mengandungi laporan
perbandingan teknik pembungkusan telefon bimbit dengan menggunakan kaedah Pugh. Tujuan
utama projek ini adalah untuk mencadangkan garis panduan untuk pembungkusan telefon
bimbit. Untuk mencapai objektif projek ini, satu langkah sistematik telah dibentangkan didalam
laporan ini. Di awal permulaan projek, permasalahan, objektif dan skop telah dikenalpasti
terlebih dahulu sebagai panduan kepada penyelidik untuk mencapai target dengan lebih efisien.
Projek dimulakan dengan kajian pasaran. Kemudian soal selidik telah diedarkan untuk
menjalankan survey bertujuan untuk mendapatkan maklumat. Berdasarkan dari kaji selidik,
kajian terperinci dijalankan keatas produk sedia ada dalam pasaran untuk mengenalpasti
rekabentuk dan bahan produk. Dari ini, 6 produk penanda berlainan telah dikenalpasti dan
kemudian dengan menggunakan teknik Pugh, perbandingan dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti
produk terbaik berdasarkan elemen kajian. Keputusan dari perbandingan akan digunakan untuk
menyediakan garis panduan untuk pembungkusan utama bagi telefon bimbit. Produk terbaik itu
akan dibincangkan berdasarkan elemen kekuatannya. Akhir sekali kesimpulan dan kajian masa
hadapan turut dimuatkan di dalam projek ini sebagai penutup kepada kajian yang telah
dijalankan.
v
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
DEDICATION
To my beloved parents;
Mat Ghani bin Abd. Rahman
Ruhani binti Harun
For your love and demonstration the values of education since I'm still a little kid.
To my siblings;
Hilman bin Mat Ghani
Hilmi bin Mat Ghani
Nurasma binti Mat Ghani
Hisyam bin Mat Ghani
For your love, encouragement, and support on this project was absolutely invaluable.
To my special person;
Shahridzuwal B. Md Jabarulla
For your patience whose always tested during writing this project. Your support and
understanding are vital part of this research.
Vl
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ｾ＠
)I ｾ＠
)I A..lll F.
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
All praises to the Almighty Allah, for giving me the strength, patience and guidance
throughout the process of completing this research study. I am grateful to have the
support and motivation from many people throughout completing this study and I would
love to take this opportunity to thank those who are either directly or indirectly involved
during the process of this study is conducted.
Most immediately, a special gratitude goes to my respective advisor, Miss Suriati Binti
Akmal for her precious advice, time, contribution, comments and guidance in every
stage of this study. And also my deep appreciation for my second examiner, Mr. Tauftk.
My utmost gratitude also goes out to all lecturers from the Faculty of Manufacturing
Engineering for being a very nice and effective lecturer to me and thus, making this
study easier to be completed.
My token of appreciation also goes to my beloved family members who never failed to
be there for their love, support and prayers. Last but not least, I would like to thank all
my friends, especially my classmates for their never ending supports. May ALLAH
bless to all of you. Thank you very much.
Nuranisha Mat Ghani
UTeMMelaka
May 2007
Vll
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Borang Pengesahan Status Tesis ....................... .. ......................................... .i
Approval ............................................................................................. .ii
Declaration ............ ................... .. ..... ... .. ..... .......................................... iii
Abstract .... ....... ............................ ...................................................... .iv
Dedication ........................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgement. ................................................................................ vii
Table of Contents ......................................................................... .... .... viii
List of Figures ....................................................................................... xi
List ofTable ... .................................................................................... xiii
List of Abbreviations ......................... ...................... ... ...... ..... ................. xiv
1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... l
1.1 Overview ........................................................... .. ......... .. ........ ..... 1
1.2 Problem statement ........... .. ........ ..................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of project ...................................................................... ... 2
1.4 Scopes of project ......................................... .. ................................ 2
2.0 LITERATURES REVIEW ...............................................................3
2.1 Definition of packaging ................................................ .................. .. .3
2.2 History of packaging ........................................................................ 3
2.3 Purpose of packaging ....................................................................... 4
2.4 Categories of Packaging ................................................................... 5
2.5 Packaging Material. .......................... .............................................. 7
2.5.1
Plastics ................................................................ ..... .... .. ... 9
2.5.2
Paperboard .......................................... ........................ ....... 10
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© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
2.6 Primary Packaging Box .................................................................. 12
2.6.1
External packaging ............................................................... 12
2.6.2
Internal packaging ................................................................ 14
2.6.2.1
Bubble wrap ............................................................ 15
2.6.2.2
Foam .................................................................... 16
2.6.2.3
Molded pulp tray ...................................................... 19
2.6.2.4
Plastics .................................................................. 20
2. 7 Material Characteristic for Electronics Product. ...................................... 21
2.8 Guideline for Design for Ease of Packaging .......................................... 22
2.9 Pugh Method Concepts ............... .................................................... 23
3.0 METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 26
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 26
3.2 Defme Objective and Scope ............................................................ 26
3.3 Literature review ......................................................................... 26
3.4 Market study ............................................................................... 28
3.5 Benchmarking .............................................................................. 28
3.6 Evaluate using Pugh Method ............................................................ 28
3. 7 Propose Guideline and Improvement ................................................... 29
4.0 MARKET STUDY .................................................................. 30
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 30
4.2 Market Study Method ..................................................................... 30
4.3 Benchmarking of Product ................................................................ 32
4.3.1
Product 1........................................................................... 32
4.3.2
Product 2 ........................................................................... 34
4.3.3
Product 3 ........................................................................... 37
4.3.4
Product 4 ........................................................................... 40
4.3.5
Product 5 ........................................................................... 43
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4.3.6
Product 6 ........................................................................... 45
5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION .................................................... 48
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 48
5.2 Pugh Method Result ..... ... ... . .... ...... ........ . ............. .. ........................ 48
5.3 Hand Phone Primary Packaging Guideline ............................................ 54
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................. 59
ｒｅｊｦｾｃｓ＠
............................................................................ 60
APPENDICES
A
Project Schedule (Gantt Chart) for PSM 1
B
Project Schedule (Gantt Chart) for PSM 2
c
Hand Phone Packaging Box Survey
D
Properties of Polyethylene
E
Properties of Polystyrene
F
Folding Carton Price
G
Polyethylene Antistatic Bag Price
H
Ziplock PE Antistatic Bag Price
I
Antistatic Bubble Wrap Price
J
Foam Price
X
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
Primary packaging (Sweet dispenser)
5
2.2
Secondary packaging (shrink wrapped water bottles)
6
2.3
Tertiary packaging
6
2.4
Weight of packaging material pie chart
8
2.5
Percentage of package goods
8
2.6
Single-faced board
11
2.7
Single-wall or double-faced board
11
2.8
Double-wall board
11
2.9
Triple-wall board
11
2.10
Folding carton dimensions
13
2.11
Types of folding carton
13
2.12
Bubble wrap
15
2.13
Polyurethane foam
17
2.14a Cell-Aire Foam
17
2.14b Cell-Aire Antistatic Foam
17
2.14c Corro-foam
18
2.15
Polystyrene foam
18
2.16
Molded pulp tray
19
2.17
Plastic packaging material
20
2.18
Surface resistivity rate
22
3.1
Steps of methodology
27
4.1
Transparency plastic view
32
4.2
Visi Grip packaging method
33
4.3
Polyethylene antistatic bag
33
4.4
Folding carton box for Nokia E65 hand phone
34
XI
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
4.5
Bottom layer of foam tray
35
4.6
Top layer of foam tray
35
4.7
Schematic diagram stacks
36
4.8
Ziplock polyethylene antistatic bag
36
4.9
Molded foam tray pulp
37
4.10
Folding carton box 02 XDA hand phone
38
4.11
First folding box
38
4.12
Battery charger inside first folding box
39
4.13
Second and third folding box
39
4.14
Schematic diagram stacks
39
4.15
Folding carton box for Treo 700w hand phone
40
4.16
Treo 700w packaging method
41
4.17
Schematic diagram stacks
41
4.18
Plastic tray
42
4.19
Antistatic bubble wrap
42
4.20
Folding carton box White Helio Drift hand phone
43
4.21
White Helio Drift Packaging method
43
4.22
Schematic diagram stacks
44
4.23
Folding carton box for Newgen n720 hand phone
45
4.24
Newgen n720 packaging method
45
4.25
Schematic diagram stacks
46
4.26
Packaging material
46
5.1
Rigid folding carton
54
5.2
Schematic drawing of the cushioning material condition
55
5.3
Separated compartment for hand phone packaging
55
5.4
Wrapped item schematic drawing
56
5.5
Antistatic bubble wrap
56
5.6
Safe comer for packaging
57
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© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Types of plastics
2.2
Pugh method concept screening matrix
25
2.3
Pugh method concept screening matrix
25
2.4
Rating reference table
25
4.1
Summarization of survey results
31
4.2
Properties of Polystyrene
47
5.1
Pugh method concept result
50
5.2
Strength of products
53
9
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© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PE
Polyethylene
PET
Polyethylene terephthalate
pp
Polypropylene
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride
PS
Polystyrene
HDPE
High density polyethylene
LDPB
Low density polyethylene
RTE
Reverse-Tuck-End
STE
Straight-Tuck-End
ESD
Electrostatics Discharge
SD
Static dissipative
PSM
Projek Srujana Muda
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Overview
Hand phone can be described as a radio transmitter and receiver. It is designed and
manufactured not to exceed the limits for exposure to radio frequency recommended
by international guidelines. In this era of globalization, hand phone utilization is very
important as a necessity for people to support them in daily communication.
Hand phone is a very sensitive electronic product. It is a product of superior design
craftsmanship and should be treated with care. Thus, hand phone need a good
protection especially in their packaging. Packaging can be defined as a sealed box,
bag or container that is used to store or transport the product that requires a
protection from tampering. In the market today, most of the current hand phone
packaging box design are varies and complicated. In this project, a study will be
done on the hand phone primary packaging design. The existing product in the
market will study on their design of the product and material used. Then a Pugh
method concept will be use to compare the products in order to choose the best
product based on the elements that has been studied. The result from the Pugh
method will be act as a guide to propose a guideline for hand phone primary
packaging. The best product will be discussed from their strength elements. From
this evaluation, the guideline of the hand phone primary packaging will be
developed. And fmally, the conclusion and future work will be present to conclude
the study that was done.
1
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1.2
Problem Statement
In the market today, there are some various method used by packaging department of
hand phone manufacturer to package their hand phone. There are no standard or
guidelines in producing the hand phone packaging box whether in their design,
material and manufacturing process. Because of the various types and complicated
method of this packaging box, a study will be done on the hand phone primary
packaging design. A study will be done on the existing product in the market based
on the important element such as design of the product and material used. A
comparison will be done by using a Pugh method concept in order to choose the best
packaging box for hand phone thus make it as a guide to propose a guideline.
1.3
Objectives of Project
The objectives of this project have been identified and it should be achieved to
produce a successful product. The objective is to develop guidelines of hand phone
primary packaging.
1.4
Scopes of Project
In order to achieve the objective, the scopes are required to assist and set direction of
the project development. These scopes should identifY and planned appropriately.
The scopes are:
a) Literature review of the project.
b) Study of the current hand phone packaging.
c) Evaluation of the product using Pugh method.
d) Suggestion of guideline for the project.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Definition of Packaging
To most people 'packaging' means the carton, sachet, jar etc. which enables a
product to be handled and used. It also means the bag or box to carry goods to the
home or office. Packaging is the enclosing of a physical object, typically a product
that requires protection from tampering. Packaging can be define as a sealed box,
cardboard box, bag or container that is used to store or transport good materials.
However, to industry and retailers, the term 'packaging' also covers the whole range
packaging products used to protect, transport and distribute goods such as corrugated
cases, multi-wrap and pallets [I].
2.2
History of Packaging
The history of the packaging was begun over centuries that have undergone an
evolution. The very first people to roam the earth have sought to find the way on how
to keep the surplus food collecting after they were hunting and fishing. When
containers were needed, nature provided gourds, shells and leaves. Later, containers
were fashioned from natural materials such as hollowed logs, woven grasses, and
even animal organs. Chinese people have invented the cardboard in 1600's but the
first commercial cardboard box was produced in England in 1817. Corrugated paper
appeared in the 1850's [2].
3
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At the beginning of the 20th Century goods were delivered in bulk and weighed out
by the shopkeeper. This led to unscrupulous suppliers to bulk out products with
other cheaper substances or short weigh quantities to make larger profits. In the later
half of the century pre-packaging became more common and was welcomed by
shopkeepers as it makes the manufacturer rather than the retailer, responsible for
quality, quantity and hygiene of the product. It also reduced the time it took to serve
customers weighing and wrapping loose goods [2].
Paper and paperboard packaging increased in popularity well into the 20th Century.
With the boom in packaging came huge advertising campaigns which sold the
products before customers even stepped into the store. The image of the product
itselfbecame familiar and was easily recognized on the top shelf or back of the
store. Then, the first packaged branded product was launched in 1746 when Dr
Robert James sold his 'Fever Powder' in a box. A few years later, Yardley of London
began selling its famous lavender water in glass bottles, and Crosse & Blackwell
began selling olive oil and mustard in jars. A. F. Pears, also in England, launched
what was to become one of the most consistently prosperous industries in the world
when he established the first packaged Soap Company [2].
2.3
Purpose of Packaging
Packaging method has such a purpose. This function of packaging can bring a lot of
benefit to us either as a product manufacturer, retailer or consumer. First, packaging
can be as a physical protection of the products. The product that enclosed in the
package can be protected from damage that caused by physical force, rain, heat,
sunlight, cold, pressure, airborne contamination and automated handling devices.
Secondly, an agglomeration can be done with a packaging. Small objects are
typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency. For example, a
single box of 1000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1000 single pencils.
Alternatively, bulk commodities such as salt can be divided into packages that are a
more suitable size for individual households. Thirdly, packaging can give us an
information transmission.
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The information on how to use, transport, or dispose of the product is often contained
on the package or label. An example is pharmaceutical products, where some types
of information are required by governments. Next, packaging is used for marketing
purpose. The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential
buyers to purchase the product. Finally, packaging can reduce theft. It is important to
product manufacturer and retailer to save their product from that. So some packages
are made larger than they need to be so as to make theft more difficult. An example
is software packages that typically contain only a single disc even though they are
large enough to contain dozens of discs.
2.4
Categories of Packaging
There are three categories of packaging such as primary packaging, secondary
packaging and tertiary packaging. Primary packaging is referring to sales packaging.
This involves all packaging that is in direct contact with the product. Hence primary
packaging could be soft drink bottles or sweet wrappers. Primary packaging can also
be described as part of the product. For example if sweets come with a sweet
dispenser that pops the sweets into the hand, that sweet dispenser would be known as
primary packaging. On the other hand it can be describing products that will be
received by customer [3]. The Figure 2.1 shows the example of primary packaging.
Figure 2.1: Primary packaging (Sweet dispenser)
(Source: http://www .sustainpack.com/aap_packaging.html)
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© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
While a group packaging is in secondary types of packaging. This is designed to
collate primary packaging so that it can be handled manually. Hence a box,
containing many soft drinks, or shrink wrap would be secondary packaging.
Secondary packaging is used so that goods can be transported more easily, saving
energy and costs [3]. The Figure 2.2 shows the example of secondary packaging.
Figure 2.2: Secondary packaging (shrink wrapped water bottles)
(Source: http://www .sustainpack.com/aap_packaging.html)
The tertiary packaging is referring to transport packaging. It has been designed to
prevent damage during the handling and transportation of products. This is used to
transport products in large numbers [3]. Hence a crate or pallet containing many
small shrink wraps is tertiary packaging. The Figure 2.3 shows the tertiary
packaging.
Shrink-wrap
and pallet
'
Figure 2.3: Tertiary packaging
(Source: http://www .sustainpack.com/aap_packaging.html)
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© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
2.5
Packaging Material
Material for packaging has a wide variety in the manufacturing world. Generally the
selection of material for packaging commonly selected due to manufacturing cost.
An essential function of the product package is to protect the product as it makes its
hazardous journey from the production line-with transfers and layovers at storage
points-to the customer's premises. A package that affords too little protection
invariably leads to unacceptably high losses, and one that is overprotective, to high
purchase, transportation, and storage costs. Once it leaves its place of origin, the
typical product is exposed to multiple hazards:
i)
damage from shocks and vibrations during normal handling, storage and
transportation.
ii)
deterioration or contamination from foreign matter such as fungi , insects,
bacteria, dirt, chemicals, water, and corrosive gases.
iii)
losses from pilferage or unauthorized package openings.
iv)
contamination
from
unanticipated
chemical
interactions
between
packaging materials and product ingredients.
v)
damage from environmental factors such as high temperature, freezing,
high-altitude, excessive humidity, and sunlight.
vi)
creation of surface imperfections such as mars, dents, scratches, finish
discoloration, and loss of gloss or shine.
The Figure 2.4 shows the weight of packaging material pie chart and Figure 2.5
shows the percentage of package goods. The most common types of material used
for packaging such as:
i)
Plastics
ii)
Paperboard
iii)
Bottle or cans (aluminium)
iv)
Wood
v)
Glass
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Weight mpackaging mlterial %
Mixed
materials
4%
Paper/board
43%
Plastics
20%
Figure 2.4: Weight of packaging material pie chart
Source: INCPEN, Towards greener households, June 2001
(http://www .wasteonline.org.uk/resourcesllnformationSheets/Packaging.htm# 1)
Mixed
materials
Ｕｾ＠
Paper/board
ＲＵｾ＠
Plastics
ＵＳｾ＠
Figure 2.5: Percentage of package goods
Source: INCPEN, Towards greener households, June 2001
(http://www. wasteonline.org.uk/resourcesllnformationSheets/Packaging.htm# 1)
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© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
2.5.1
Plastics
There are about 50 different groups of plastics, with hundreds of different varieties.
All types of plastic are recyclable. To make sorting and thus recycling easier, the
American Society of Plastics Industry developed a standard marking code to help
consumers identify and sort the main types of plastic. These types and their most
common uses are shown as in Table 2.1 [4]:
Table 2.1: Types of plastics
(Source: http://www. wasteonl ine.org. uk/resources/InformationSheets/Plastics.htm)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - Fizzy drink bottles and
PET
Ｘｾ＠
oven-ready meal trays. Protective packaging for electronic
goods and toys.
8::,
HDPE
"'::,
PVC
8::,
8::,
8::,
LDPE
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)- Bottles for milk and
washing-up liquids.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)- Food trays, cling film, bottles for
L;
squash, mineral water and shampoo.
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) - Carrier bags and bin
liners
pp
Polypropylene (PP)- Margarine tubs, microwaveable meal
trays.
PS
Polystyrene (PS) - Yoghurt pots, foam meat or fish trays,
hamburger boxes and egg cartons, vending cups, plastic
cutlery, protective packaging for electronic goods and toys.
8::,
OTHER
Any other plastics that do not fall into any of the above
categories. - An example is melamine, which is often used in
plastic plates and cups.
9
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
A Comparison of Hand Phone Primary
Packaging By Using Pugh Method (Case Study)
Thesis submitted in accordance with the partial requirements of the
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for the
Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Design)
By
Nuranisha Binti Mat Ghani
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
May 2007
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
UTeM Library (Pind.l/2007)
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS*
JUDUL: A COMPARISON OF HAND PHONE PRIMARY PACKAGING BY USING PUGH
METHOD(CASESTUDY)
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2/2006-2007
NURANISHA BT MAT GHANI
Say a
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah) ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan (..../)
D
SULIT
D
TERHAD
[i]
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Disahkan oleh:
Ｈｔａｾ＠
PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap:
No 47, Rumah Keretapi,
Jalan Stesen,
16200, Tumpat, Kelantan.
Cop Rasmi:
Tarikh: 14 MEl 2007
Tarikh:
SURIATI BINTI AKMAL
Pensyolfah
Fakulti KeJuruteraan Pembuatan
Universitt Tekmkal Malaysta Melaka
Karung lerkunci 1200. Ayer Keroh
7f1450 Melaka
;) I
* Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau
disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM)
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan
､･ｮｾ｡＠
menvatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini oerlu dikelaskan ｳ･｢｡ｾｩ＠
SULIT atau TERHAD.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APPROVAL
This thesis submitted to the senate ofUTeM and has been accepted as partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering
(Manufacturing Design). The members of the supervisory committee are as follows:
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
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DECLARATION
I hereby, declare this thesis entitled "A Comparison of Hand Phone Primary Packaging
by Using Pugh Method (Case Study)" is the result of my own research
except as cited in the references.
Signature
Author's Name
:NU
Date
: 14th MAY 2007
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© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRACT
In the market today, there are various method used by hand phone manufacturer to package their
hand phone product. This paperwork contains the report of a comparison of hand phone primary
packaging by using Pugh Method. The main purpose of this project is to propose a guideline of
hand phone primary packaging. In order to achieve the objective of this project, there are a
systematic methodology procedure has been presented in this report. At beginning of the project,
the problems, objectives and scopes have been identified to lead the researcher to achieve the
target efficiently. The project started by performing a market study. Then questionnaires were
distributed to the respondent to make a survey in order to gather information's. The existing
product in the market will study on their design of the product and material used based on the
survey result. A benchmarking on the six different types of the hand phone packaging box was
made. Then a Pugh method concept used to compare the products in order to choose the best
product based on the elements that have been studied. The result from the Pugh method was
used as a guide to develop a guideline for hand phone primary packaging. The best product will
be discussed from their strength elements. From this evaluation, the guideline ofthe hand phone
primary packaging was developed. And finally, the conclusion and future work was presented to
conclude the study that was done.
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© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRAK
Dalam pasaran hari ini, terdapat berbagai-bagai cara yang digunakan oleh pengeluar untuk
pembungkusan produk telefon bimbit mereka. Kertas kerja ini mengandungi laporan
perbandingan teknik pembungkusan telefon bimbit dengan menggunakan kaedah Pugh. Tujuan
utama projek ini adalah untuk mencadangkan garis panduan untuk pembungkusan telefon
bimbit. Untuk mencapai objektif projek ini, satu langkah sistematik telah dibentangkan didalam
laporan ini. Di awal permulaan projek, permasalahan, objektif dan skop telah dikenalpasti
terlebih dahulu sebagai panduan kepada penyelidik untuk mencapai target dengan lebih efisien.
Projek dimulakan dengan kajian pasaran. Kemudian soal selidik telah diedarkan untuk
menjalankan survey bertujuan untuk mendapatkan maklumat. Berdasarkan dari kaji selidik,
kajian terperinci dijalankan keatas produk sedia ada dalam pasaran untuk mengenalpasti
rekabentuk dan bahan produk. Dari ini, 6 produk penanda berlainan telah dikenalpasti dan
kemudian dengan menggunakan teknik Pugh, perbandingan dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti
produk terbaik berdasarkan elemen kajian. Keputusan dari perbandingan akan digunakan untuk
menyediakan garis panduan untuk pembungkusan utama bagi telefon bimbit. Produk terbaik itu
akan dibincangkan berdasarkan elemen kekuatannya. Akhir sekali kesimpulan dan kajian masa
hadapan turut dimuatkan di dalam projek ini sebagai penutup kepada kajian yang telah
dijalankan.
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DEDICATION
To my beloved parents;
Mat Ghani bin Abd. Rahman
Ruhani binti Harun
For your love and demonstration the values of education since I'm still a little kid.
To my siblings;
Hilman bin Mat Ghani
Hilmi bin Mat Ghani
Nurasma binti Mat Ghani
Hisyam bin Mat Ghani
For your love, encouragement, and support on this project was absolutely invaluable.
To my special person;
Shahridzuwal B. Md Jabarulla
For your patience whose always tested during writing this project. Your support and
understanding are vital part of this research.
Vl
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ｾ＠
)I ｾ＠
)I A..lll F.
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
All praises to the Almighty Allah, for giving me the strength, patience and guidance
throughout the process of completing this research study. I am grateful to have the
support and motivation from many people throughout completing this study and I would
love to take this opportunity to thank those who are either directly or indirectly involved
during the process of this study is conducted.
Most immediately, a special gratitude goes to my respective advisor, Miss Suriati Binti
Akmal for her precious advice, time, contribution, comments and guidance in every
stage of this study. And also my deep appreciation for my second examiner, Mr. Tauftk.
My utmost gratitude also goes out to all lecturers from the Faculty of Manufacturing
Engineering for being a very nice and effective lecturer to me and thus, making this
study easier to be completed.
My token of appreciation also goes to my beloved family members who never failed to
be there for their love, support and prayers. Last but not least, I would like to thank all
my friends, especially my classmates for their never ending supports. May ALLAH
bless to all of you. Thank you very much.
Nuranisha Mat Ghani
UTeMMelaka
May 2007
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Borang Pengesahan Status Tesis ....................... .. ......................................... .i
Approval ............................................................................................. .ii
Declaration ............ ................... .. ..... ... .. ..... .......................................... iii
Abstract .... ....... ............................ ...................................................... .iv
Dedication ........................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgement. ................................................................................ vii
Table of Contents ......................................................................... .... .... viii
List of Figures ....................................................................................... xi
List ofTable ... .................................................................................... xiii
List of Abbreviations ......................... ...................... ... ...... ..... ................. xiv
1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... l
1.1 Overview ........................................................... .. ......... .. ........ ..... 1
1.2 Problem statement ........... .. ........ ..................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of project ...................................................................... ... 2
1.4 Scopes of project ......................................... .. ................................ 2
2.0 LITERATURES REVIEW ...............................................................3
2.1 Definition of packaging ................................................ .................. .. .3
2.2 History of packaging ........................................................................ 3
2.3 Purpose of packaging ....................................................................... 4
2.4 Categories of Packaging ................................................................... 5
2.5 Packaging Material. .......................... .............................................. 7
2.5.1
Plastics ................................................................ ..... .... .. ... 9
2.5.2
Paperboard .......................................... ........................ ....... 10
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2.6 Primary Packaging Box .................................................................. 12
2.6.1
External packaging ............................................................... 12
2.6.2
Internal packaging ................................................................ 14
2.6.2.1
Bubble wrap ............................................................ 15
2.6.2.2
Foam .................................................................... 16
2.6.2.3
Molded pulp tray ...................................................... 19
2.6.2.4
Plastics .................................................................. 20
2. 7 Material Characteristic for Electronics Product. ...................................... 21
2.8 Guideline for Design for Ease of Packaging .......................................... 22
2.9 Pugh Method Concepts ............... .................................................... 23
3.0 METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 26
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 26
3.2 Defme Objective and Scope ............................................................ 26
3.3 Literature review ......................................................................... 26
3.4 Market study ............................................................................... 28
3.5 Benchmarking .............................................................................. 28
3.6 Evaluate using Pugh Method ............................................................ 28
3. 7 Propose Guideline and Improvement ................................................... 29
4.0 MARKET STUDY .................................................................. 30
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 30
4.2 Market Study Method ..................................................................... 30
4.3 Benchmarking of Product ................................................................ 32
4.3.1
Product 1........................................................................... 32
4.3.2
Product 2 ........................................................................... 34
4.3.3
Product 3 ........................................................................... 37
4.3.4
Product 4 ........................................................................... 40
4.3.5
Product 5 ........................................................................... 43
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4.3.6
Product 6 ........................................................................... 45
5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION .................................................... 48
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 48
5.2 Pugh Method Result ..... ... ... . .... ...... ........ . ............. .. ........................ 48
5.3 Hand Phone Primary Packaging Guideline ............................................ 54
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................. 59
ｒｅｊｦｾｃｓ＠
............................................................................ 60
APPENDICES
A
Project Schedule (Gantt Chart) for PSM 1
B
Project Schedule (Gantt Chart) for PSM 2
c
Hand Phone Packaging Box Survey
D
Properties of Polyethylene
E
Properties of Polystyrene
F
Folding Carton Price
G
Polyethylene Antistatic Bag Price
H
Ziplock PE Antistatic Bag Price
I
Antistatic Bubble Wrap Price
J
Foam Price
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LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
Primary packaging (Sweet dispenser)
5
2.2
Secondary packaging (shrink wrapped water bottles)
6
2.3
Tertiary packaging
6
2.4
Weight of packaging material pie chart
8
2.5
Percentage of package goods
8
2.6
Single-faced board
11
2.7
Single-wall or double-faced board
11
2.8
Double-wall board
11
2.9
Triple-wall board
11
2.10
Folding carton dimensions
13
2.11
Types of folding carton
13
2.12
Bubble wrap
15
2.13
Polyurethane foam
17
2.14a Cell-Aire Foam
17
2.14b Cell-Aire Antistatic Foam
17
2.14c Corro-foam
18
2.15
Polystyrene foam
18
2.16
Molded pulp tray
19
2.17
Plastic packaging material
20
2.18
Surface resistivity rate
22
3.1
Steps of methodology
27
4.1
Transparency plastic view
32
4.2
Visi Grip packaging method
33
4.3
Polyethylene antistatic bag
33
4.4
Folding carton box for Nokia E65 hand phone
34
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4.5
Bottom layer of foam tray
35
4.6
Top layer of foam tray
35
4.7
Schematic diagram stacks
36
4.8
Ziplock polyethylene antistatic bag
36
4.9
Molded foam tray pulp
37
4.10
Folding carton box 02 XDA hand phone
38
4.11
First folding box
38
4.12
Battery charger inside first folding box
39
4.13
Second and third folding box
39
4.14
Schematic diagram stacks
39
4.15
Folding carton box for Treo 700w hand phone
40
4.16
Treo 700w packaging method
41
4.17
Schematic diagram stacks
41
4.18
Plastic tray
42
4.19
Antistatic bubble wrap
42
4.20
Folding carton box White Helio Drift hand phone
43
4.21
White Helio Drift Packaging method
43
4.22
Schematic diagram stacks
44
4.23
Folding carton box for Newgen n720 hand phone
45
4.24
Newgen n720 packaging method
45
4.25
Schematic diagram stacks
46
4.26
Packaging material
46
5.1
Rigid folding carton
54
5.2
Schematic drawing of the cushioning material condition
55
5.3
Separated compartment for hand phone packaging
55
5.4
Wrapped item schematic drawing
56
5.5
Antistatic bubble wrap
56
5.6
Safe comer for packaging
57
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LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Types of plastics
2.2
Pugh method concept screening matrix
25
2.3
Pugh method concept screening matrix
25
2.4
Rating reference table
25
4.1
Summarization of survey results
31
4.2
Properties of Polystyrene
47
5.1
Pugh method concept result
50
5.2
Strength of products
53
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PE
Polyethylene
PET
Polyethylene terephthalate
pp
Polypropylene
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride
PS
Polystyrene
HDPE
High density polyethylene
LDPB
Low density polyethylene
RTE
Reverse-Tuck-End
STE
Straight-Tuck-End
ESD
Electrostatics Discharge
SD
Static dissipative
PSM
Projek Srujana Muda
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Overview
Hand phone can be described as a radio transmitter and receiver. It is designed and
manufactured not to exceed the limits for exposure to radio frequency recommended
by international guidelines. In this era of globalization, hand phone utilization is very
important as a necessity for people to support them in daily communication.
Hand phone is a very sensitive electronic product. It is a product of superior design
craftsmanship and should be treated with care. Thus, hand phone need a good
protection especially in their packaging. Packaging can be defined as a sealed box,
bag or container that is used to store or transport the product that requires a
protection from tampering. In the market today, most of the current hand phone
packaging box design are varies and complicated. In this project, a study will be
done on the hand phone primary packaging design. The existing product in the
market will study on their design of the product and material used. Then a Pugh
method concept will be use to compare the products in order to choose the best
product based on the elements that has been studied. The result from the Pugh
method will be act as a guide to propose a guideline for hand phone primary
packaging. The best product will be discussed from their strength elements. From
this evaluation, the guideline of the hand phone primary packaging will be
developed. And fmally, the conclusion and future work will be present to conclude
the study that was done.
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1.2
Problem Statement
In the market today, there are some various method used by packaging department of
hand phone manufacturer to package their hand phone. There are no standard or
guidelines in producing the hand phone packaging box whether in their design,
material and manufacturing process. Because of the various types and complicated
method of this packaging box, a study will be done on the hand phone primary
packaging design. A study will be done on the existing product in the market based
on the important element such as design of the product and material used. A
comparison will be done by using a Pugh method concept in order to choose the best
packaging box for hand phone thus make it as a guide to propose a guideline.
1.3
Objectives of Project
The objectives of this project have been identified and it should be achieved to
produce a successful product. The objective is to develop guidelines of hand phone
primary packaging.
1.4
Scopes of Project
In order to achieve the objective, the scopes are required to assist and set direction of
the project development. These scopes should identifY and planned appropriately.
The scopes are:
a) Literature review of the project.
b) Study of the current hand phone packaging.
c) Evaluation of the product using Pugh method.
d) Suggestion of guideline for the project.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Definition of Packaging
To most people 'packaging' means the carton, sachet, jar etc. which enables a
product to be handled and used. It also means the bag or box to carry goods to the
home or office. Packaging is the enclosing of a physical object, typically a product
that requires protection from tampering. Packaging can be define as a sealed box,
cardboard box, bag or container that is used to store or transport good materials.
However, to industry and retailers, the term 'packaging' also covers the whole range
packaging products used to protect, transport and distribute goods such as corrugated
cases, multi-wrap and pallets [I].
2.2
History of Packaging
The history of the packaging was begun over centuries that have undergone an
evolution. The very first people to roam the earth have sought to find the way on how
to keep the surplus food collecting after they were hunting and fishing. When
containers were needed, nature provided gourds, shells and leaves. Later, containers
were fashioned from natural materials such as hollowed logs, woven grasses, and
even animal organs. Chinese people have invented the cardboard in 1600's but the
first commercial cardboard box was produced in England in 1817. Corrugated paper
appeared in the 1850's [2].
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At the beginning of the 20th Century goods were delivered in bulk and weighed out
by the shopkeeper. This led to unscrupulous suppliers to bulk out products with
other cheaper substances or short weigh quantities to make larger profits. In the later
half of the century pre-packaging became more common and was welcomed by
shopkeepers as it makes the manufacturer rather than the retailer, responsible for
quality, quantity and hygiene of the product. It also reduced the time it took to serve
customers weighing and wrapping loose goods [2].
Paper and paperboard packaging increased in popularity well into the 20th Century.
With the boom in packaging came huge advertising campaigns which sold the
products before customers even stepped into the store. The image of the product
itselfbecame familiar and was easily recognized on the top shelf or back of the
store. Then, the first packaged branded product was launched in 1746 when Dr
Robert James sold his 'Fever Powder' in a box. A few years later, Yardley of London
began selling its famous lavender water in glass bottles, and Crosse & Blackwell
began selling olive oil and mustard in jars. A. F. Pears, also in England, launched
what was to become one of the most consistently prosperous industries in the world
when he established the first packaged Soap Company [2].
2.3
Purpose of Packaging
Packaging method has such a purpose. This function of packaging can bring a lot of
benefit to us either as a product manufacturer, retailer or consumer. First, packaging
can be as a physical protection of the products. The product that enclosed in the
package can be protected from damage that caused by physical force, rain, heat,
sunlight, cold, pressure, airborne contamination and automated handling devices.
Secondly, an agglomeration can be done with a packaging. Small objects are
typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency. For example, a
single box of 1000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1000 single pencils.
Alternatively, bulk commodities such as salt can be divided into packages that are a
more suitable size for individual households. Thirdly, packaging can give us an
information transmission.
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The information on how to use, transport, or dispose of the product is often contained
on the package or label. An example is pharmaceutical products, where some types
of information are required by governments. Next, packaging is used for marketing
purpose. The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential
buyers to purchase the product. Finally, packaging can reduce theft. It is important to
product manufacturer and retailer to save their product from that. So some packages
are made larger than they need to be so as to make theft more difficult. An example
is software packages that typically contain only a single disc even though they are
large enough to contain dozens of discs.
2.4
Categories of Packaging
There are three categories of packaging such as primary packaging, secondary
packaging and tertiary packaging. Primary packaging is referring to sales packaging.
This involves all packaging that is in direct contact with the product. Hence primary
packaging could be soft drink bottles or sweet wrappers. Primary packaging can also
be described as part of the product. For example if sweets come with a sweet
dispenser that pops the sweets into the hand, that sweet dispenser would be known as
primary packaging. On the other hand it can be describing products that will be
received by customer [3]. The Figure 2.1 shows the example of primary packaging.
Figure 2.1: Primary packaging (Sweet dispenser)
(Source: http://www .sustainpack.com/aap_packaging.html)
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While a group packaging is in secondary types of packaging. This is designed to
collate primary packaging so that it can be handled manually. Hence a box,
containing many soft drinks, or shrink wrap would be secondary packaging.
Secondary packaging is used so that goods can be transported more easily, saving
energy and costs [3]. The Figure 2.2 shows the example of secondary packaging.
Figure 2.2: Secondary packaging (shrink wrapped water bottles)
(Source: http://www .sustainpack.com/aap_packaging.html)
The tertiary packaging is referring to transport packaging. It has been designed to
prevent damage during the handling and transportation of products. This is used to
transport products in large numbers [3]. Hence a crate or pallet containing many
small shrink wraps is tertiary packaging. The Figure 2.3 shows the tertiary
packaging.
Shrink-wrap
and pallet
'
Figure 2.3: Tertiary packaging
(Source: http://www .sustainpack.com/aap_packaging.html)
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2.5
Packaging Material
Material for packaging has a wide variety in the manufacturing world. Generally the
selection of material for packaging commonly selected due to manufacturing cost.
An essential function of the product package is to protect the product as it makes its
hazardous journey from the production line-with transfers and layovers at storage
points-to the customer's premises. A package that affords too little protection
invariably leads to unacceptably high losses, and one that is overprotective, to high
purchase, transportation, and storage costs. Once it leaves its place of origin, the
typical product is exposed to multiple hazards:
i)
damage from shocks and vibrations during normal handling, storage and
transportation.
ii)
deterioration or contamination from foreign matter such as fungi , insects,
bacteria, dirt, chemicals, water, and corrosive gases.
iii)
losses from pilferage or unauthorized package openings.
iv)
contamination
from
unanticipated
chemical
interactions
between
packaging materials and product ingredients.
v)
damage from environmental factors such as high temperature, freezing,
high-altitude, excessive humidity, and sunlight.
vi)
creation of surface imperfections such as mars, dents, scratches, finish
discoloration, and loss of gloss or shine.
The Figure 2.4 shows the weight of packaging material pie chart and Figure 2.5
shows the percentage of package goods. The most common types of material used
for packaging such as:
i)
Plastics
ii)
Paperboard
iii)
Bottle or cans (aluminium)
iv)
Wood
v)
Glass
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Weight mpackaging mlterial %
Mixed
materials
4%
Paper/board
43%
Plastics
20%
Figure 2.4: Weight of packaging material pie chart
Source: INCPEN, Towards greener households, June 2001
(http://www .wasteonline.org.uk/resourcesllnformationSheets/Packaging.htm# 1)
Mixed
materials
Ｕｾ＠
Paper/board
ＲＵｾ＠
Plastics
ＵＳｾ＠
Figure 2.5: Percentage of package goods
Source: INCPEN, Towards greener households, June 2001
(http://www. wasteonline.org.uk/resourcesllnformationSheets/Packaging.htm# 1)
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2.5.1
Plastics
There are about 50 different groups of plastics, with hundreds of different varieties.
All types of plastic are recyclable. To make sorting and thus recycling easier, the
American Society of Plastics Industry developed a standard marking code to help
consumers identify and sort the main types of plastic. These types and their most
common uses are shown as in Table 2.1 [4]:
Table 2.1: Types of plastics
(Source: http://www. wasteonl ine.org. uk/resources/InformationSheets/Plastics.htm)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - Fizzy drink bottles and
PET
Ｘｾ＠
oven-ready meal trays. Protective packaging for electronic
goods and toys.
8::,
HDPE
"'::,
PVC
8::,
8::,
8::,
LDPE
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)- Bottles for milk and
washing-up liquids.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)- Food trays, cling film, bottles for
L;
squash, mineral water and shampoo.
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) - Carrier bags and bin
liners
pp
Polypropylene (PP)- Margarine tubs, microwaveable meal
trays.
PS
Polystyrene (PS) - Yoghurt pots, foam meat or fish trays,
hamburger boxes and egg cartons, vending cups, plastic
cutlery, protective packaging for electronic goods and toys.
8::,
OTHER
Any other plastics that do not fall into any of the above
categories. - An example is melamine, which is often used in
plastic plates and cups.
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