Sources of Attitudes Appraisals as a Discourse System

2.4.4 Sources of Attitudes

According to Martin and Rose 2003: 39, source of attitudes is the analysis of who the evaluations are coming from? This is the way a writer has the responsibility of what she writes, whether it is herhis wordings or others’. There are two terms related to this point: monoglossia ‘single voice’ and heteroglossia ‘different voices’. Monoglossia refers to the source, which is simply the author, and heteroglossia refers to the source of an attitude, which is other than the author. For monoglossia, it relates to the author who makes a statement. The responsibility of the proposal or proposition she makes is on herhim. In heteroglossia, there are three ways of stating the source of attitudes: projection, modality, and concession. First, projection happens while people quote or report what people say or think in their speaking or writing. According to Martin and Rose 2003: 44 projection is the relation between people who say and what they say. Projections may quote the exact words that someone generally say or report. Martin and Rose 2003: 47 explain four ways in which the projection is used to attribute sources: as projecting clauses, as names for speech acts, as projecting within clauses, and as scare quotes. Examples of these are provided in the table below: Table 5 Ways for Projection Projecting clauses Then he says: He and three of our friends have been promoted. I know where everything began, the background. Names for ‘speech act’ I end with a few lines that I wasted vulture said to me. They broadcast substantial extracts. Projecting within clauses Many of those who have been come forward had previously been regarded as respectable. Such offices as it may deem necessary. Scare quotes ‘those at the top’ , the ‘clique’ and ‘our men’ Martin and Rose, 2003: 47 Second is modality. Halliday in Martin and Rose, 2003: 42 describes modality as a resource which set up a semantic space between yes and no- a cline running between positive and negative poles. There are two general kinds of modality, one for negotiating services, and the other for negotiating information. The last concession is the way in which people track readers’ expectation, adjusting them as our writings unfold. This can be done by stating something which attracts readers’ expectations; that there is something people want to say more. Consequently, concession is known as “counterexpectancy”.

2.5 Dialogues in Drama

Drama as one of literary work is simply called a play, which is written into a set of dialogues to be performed orally. Serayawati 2000: 1 says that a good dialogue is not only such a transcript of sentences, but it is a language that reveals characters. Therefore, it has a context describing times, places, and themes. According to Grolier Academic Encyclopedia 1983: 257, drama refers to actions or deeds meaning “to act” or “to do” as they are performed in a theatre setting. Actions in a drama take place in the world where the characters live, move, and have their beings so that it closely relates to human beings’ lives and characteristics. Drama is a kind of contextualized text that the dialogues draw a real life. This means that the dialogues in a drama can be regarded as near real- life conversation. According to International Encyclopedia of the Social Science vol. 3 1968: 210, in comedies of manners, the action is based on the observation of the ways of life of the characters in the play. The Importance of Being Earnest uses witty dialogues and much intrigue and plotting in the story. It is a comedy