Second is modality. Halliday in Martin and Rose, 2003: 42 describes modality as a resource which set up a semantic space between yes and no- a cline
running between positive and negative poles. There are two general kinds of modality, one for negotiating services, and the other for negotiating information.
The last concession is the way in which people track readers’ expectation, adjusting them as our writings unfold. This can be done by stating something
which attracts readers’ expectations; that there is something people want to say more. Consequently, concession is known as “counterexpectancy”.
2.5 Dialogues in Drama
Drama as one of literary work is simply called a play, which is written into a set of dialogues to be performed orally. Serayawati 2000: 1 says that a good
dialogue is not only such a transcript of sentences, but it is a language that reveals characters. Therefore, it has a context describing times, places, and themes.
According to Grolier Academic Encyclopedia 1983: 257, drama refers to actions or deeds meaning “to act” or “to do” as they are performed in a theatre
setting. Actions in a drama take place in the world where the characters live,
move, and have their beings so that it closely relates to human beings’ lives and characteristics. Drama is a kind of contextualized text that the dialogues draw a
real life. This means that the dialogues in a drama can be regarded as near real- life conversation. According to International Encyclopedia of the Social Science
vol. 3 1968: 210, in comedies of manners, the action is based on the observation of the ways of life of the characters in the play. The Importance of Being Earnest
uses witty dialogues and much intrigue and plotting in the story. It is a comedy
drama. It deals with the lighter side of life and is rooted more in events of our daily lives such as the way we live together in communities. Therefore, it
becomes interesting to be analyzed. Appraisal as a discourse system is often used in the real and natural
conversation. It also may be used in literary text. It basically could apply in any speech situation that involves the negotiating attitudes.
2.6 Theoretical Framework
An utterance could imply people’s attitudes. They may have intentions and motives to their addressee. They can even switch from referent to referent without
losing their meanings. Discourse symbolizes and encodes social activity. While communicating, people have to understand the context of a situation so that they
could negotiate well. People also use language in their social community to achieve specific goal. But sometimes interpersonal and non explicit negotiation in
an interchange cannot be captured by semantic meaning. Consequently, it is important for us to know the intentional use of language throughout negotiating
attitudes. The framework of this study is as the figure below: Dialogues
Problems Theories
Analysis Theoretical
Framework Sol
Conclusion
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
In this study I focused on the dialogues in which the characters communicate and interact to each other through their performances. Dialogues of
a drama may be adopted from real-life situation so that they have themes that are close with the situation that happened at that time. I use a qualitative research to
analyze data. According to Hammersley and Atkitson 1995 in Holloway, et al. 1996: 4 qualitative method focuses on every day life of people. It describes
people’s lives and feelings so that it does not relate to numerical data. Berg 1989: 2 says that qualitative term does not relate to the numeral data, but it relates to
the meanings, concepts, definitions, and description of things. So, the qualitative research is appropriate with my analysis that contains meanings, concepts, and
characteristics.
3.2 Source of the Data
The source of the data is all dialogues of Oscar Wilde’s drama “The Importance of Being Earnest”. It is one of the greatest English comedies written in 1895. It
contains three acts with three different scenes. The characters of this drama are Jack Worthing, Algernon Moncrief, Lady Bracknell, Gwendolen, Cecily, Dr.
Chasuble, Mrs. Prism, Merriman, and Lane.
