process, the user is asked to submit an argument to ensure other users know the reason behind the adaptation process.
The KBS was programmed with a computer language called PROLOG Programming in Logic, which is a well-known language for Artificial Intelligence.
An environment, namely VISUAL PROLOG created by Prolog Development Center, Denmark, was used. Appendix 3 illustrates the screen show of the
implementation of KBS. The ultimate goal of KBS creation was combining and structuring knowledge. It was not aimed to distribute it widely, but to create a tool
to facilitate the combination of stakeholders’ knowledge on CI.
4.5. Artificial Society of Forest Actors
The common perceptions of SFM between Inhutani II and local communities became the foundation of collaboration in forest management.. To
seek scenarios of collaboration an artificial society was built and simulated. This part explains the process of building the artificial society of forest actors in the
area currently managed by Inhutani II. The developed model tested the second hypothesis of the research. Grant 1997 and Bousquet et al. 1999 described
the use of the simulation model for hypothesis testing.
4.5.1. Stakeholder Identification
Local communities definitely were important stakeholders in the research area. The Who Counts matrix Colfer et al. 1999, with a few modifications,
identified all relevant stakeholders. The actors of the simulation model were a subset of identified stakeholders.
The first step of this method was to create a two-dimensional matrix. Across the top were listed the stakeholders who were initially identified as
important. This was based on prior knowledge, interviews with some parties and
existing literature. Along the left-hand side were listed stakeholder characteristics as shown in Table 4.23. The second step after the stakeholders
had been listed across the top of the page was assigning a score for each one based on the degree to which each characteristic generally applied to them. The
score ranged from between one and five 1 = high, 2 = relatively high, 3 = medium, 4 = relatively low, 5 = low. The mean scores for each column were
computed across the bottom of each table. The cut-off point for our purposes of
defining Who Counts was a mean score of less than 3.
For the sake of simplicity, the research grouped stakeholders into eight groups: Inhutani II, Long Seturan Community, Long Loreh Community, Langap
Community, Central Government, Local Governments, NGOs and Coal Mining. Table 4.23 shows that the first six stakeholders, Inhutani II, Long Seturan
Community, Long Loreh Community, Langap Community, Central Government, and Local Governments had a score of less than 3., Thus they were involved in
the simulation.
Table 4.23. Stakeholder identification using “Who Counts” matrix
Stakeholder
Charac- teristic
Inhuta ni II
Long Setu
ran Com
munity Long
Loreh com
muni ty
La ngap
Com munity
Cen tral Go
vernm ents
Local Govern
ments NGOs
Coal Mining
Proximity 1
1 1
1 4
2 2
1 Pre-existing
right 5
1 1
1 5
5 5
5 Dependency
1 1
1 1
3 2
3 5
Knowledge on forest
management 1
1 1
1 2
3 2
5 Forestry
spirit 1
1 1
1 2
3 2
5 Daily activity
on site 1
1 1
1 3
3 2
1 Legal rights
1 5
5 5
1 1
5 1
Total 11
11 11
11 20
19 21
23 Mean
1.6 1.6
1.6 1.6
2.9 2.7
