Reducing Methane (CH4) Emission of Sheep Fed a Diet Supplemeted With Coconut And Palm Oil
Reducing Methane (CH4) Emission of Sheep Fed a Diet
Supplemeted With Coconut And Palm Oil
Asep Sudarman1,*, Komang G. Wiryawan1, & Agung Purnomoadi2
1
Department of Nutritional Sciences and Feed Technology,
Bogor Agricultural University,,
2
Faculty of Animal Science,, Thee University of Diponegoro
*e-mail: a_sudarman@yahoo.com
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty
acids supplementation on the methane (CH4) production and performance of sheep.
Twenty sheep with the average body weight of 20 kg were used in this experiment.
The sheep were randomly divided into four groups and each group received different
ration. There were four treatments tested in this experiment i.e., R0 (basal ration
+ 3% coconut oil/saturated fatty acids); R1 (basal ration + 2% coconut oil + 1%
crude palm oil/unsaturated fatty acids); R2 (basal ration + 1% coconut oil + 2%
crude palm oil); R3 (basal ration + 3% crude palm oil). The basal ration consisted
of 50% grass + 50% concentrate with nutrient content of 14% crude protein,
5% fat and 70% TDN. Experimental results showed that the supplementation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids into the rations tend to reduce methane production in the
rumen. The supplementation also increased the body weight gain, and digestibility of
the rations, but it decreased feed consumption. It can be concluded that the addition
of polyunsaturated fatty acids into the ration could improve the efficiency of energy
utilization of sheep, and consequently improve the animal’s performances.
Keywords: coconut oil, methane, palm oil, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ruminants
Introducton
Methane as one of end-products of fermentaton process n the rumen s contnuously produced n the rumen by mcroorgansms such as Ruminococcus albus,
R. flavefaciens, Selenomonas ruminantium and by methanogenc speces from reducng CO2 (Yokoyama and Johnson, 1993). Hgh methane producton by anmal,
besdes contrbutng to potental global warmng, also ndcates that feed utlzaton
effcency s low. Rumnants lose 5-12% of the detary energy ngested as gases
(manly CH4) dependng on the type of dets and the level of ntake (Red et al.,
1980).
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
361
To nhbt the formaton of methane the addton of ol nto det seems to
be more prospectus wll not leave resdues n anmal products. Supplementaton
of unsaturated ol nto rumnant det perhaps wll reduce methane emsson from
anmals. Unsaturated ols may serve as an effectve H snk n the rumen by bndng
H (Byers and Schellng, 1993). Palm ol contans 50% unsaturated fatty acds
(APOC). Therefore t s a good source of unsaturated fatty acds. The objectve of
ths experment was to nvestgate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acds (palm
ol) supplementaton nto rumnant det on the rumnal methane emsson and the
performance of the sheep.
Materals and Methods
The experment was conducted in vivo usng twenty sheep wth average body
weght of 18.26 ± 1.94 kg. The anmals were randomly dvded nto four groups
consstng of fve anmals each group n completely randomzed desgn. Each group
of anmals receved dfferent raton, and the length of anmal experment was four
months.
The basal raton conssted of 50% grass + 50% concentrate wth nutrent content
of 14% crude proten, 5% fat and 70% TDN. Four levels of ol supplementaton
were tested n ths experment, .e., R0 (basal raton + 3% coconut ol/saturated fatty
acds); R1 (basal raton + 2% coconut ol + 1% crude palm ol/unsaturated fatty
acds); R2 (basal raton + 1% coconut ol + 2% crude palm ol); R3 (basal raton + 3%
crude palm ol). Parameters measured ncludng: rumen methane producton, rumen
fermentaton products, feed consumpton, body weght gan, feed converson and
nutrent dgestblty (dry matter, organc matter, and crude proten, crude fber).
Methane gas was determned usng a closed-crcut respraton chamber.
Meanwhle, nutrents dgestblty was determned usng total collecton method.
Concentraton of rumnal VFA was measured usng steam destlaton method, and
concentraton of rumnal NH3 was measured usng Conway mcro-dffuson method
(General Laboratory, 1966)
Data were subjected to ANOVA (Steel and Torre, 1980) usng SPSS computer
program.
Results and Dscusson
Feed Intake and Body Weight Gain
Addton of unsaturated fatty acds gave nconsstent results of feed (dry matter)
ntake of sheep (Fgure 1) and statstcally was not dfferent (P>0.05) among the
treatments. Sheep fed R2 had the hghest dry matter ntake. It s often reported that
unsaturated ol s more toxc to the mcrobal rumen than saturated ol (Henderson,
1973), and nhbts growth of mcrobes (Palmqust and Jenkns, 1980). Wachra et
362
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
al. (2002) reported that feedng unprotected fsh ol (unsaturated ol) to sheep caused
FA E:77B
53GE76 3
;@ 8776
;@F3=7
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93;@
wth
+:;Ethe
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I;F:results,
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a decrease
n675D73E7
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and body
weght
gan.I7;9:F
Ths agrees
present
D7EG>FE7EB75;3>>KI;F:F:7D7EG>FEA8E:77B876)
3@6)
especally wth the results of sheep fed R1 and R3.
(a)
3
(b) 4
Fgure 1. Effects of addtonal fat nto the dets on
dry matter ntake and4
(b) 4A6KI7;9:F93;@
body weght
" *'
8875FEA8366;F;A@3>83F;@FAF:76;7FEA@
3(a)
6DK?3FF7D;@F3=73@6
gan of
sheep.
(R0:
basal
+ 3% coconut
ol/saturated
fatty
acds;
R1:"
basal
!
"
raton
#"
!"# "
""$ !
!
A8 E:77B
#"
# # !"#
"""$!
!
" #"
raton + 2% coconut
ol + 1% crude
palm ol/unsaturated fatty
acds; R2: basal
raton
#
!
#
+ 1% coconut ol "
+ 2% crude palm
ol; R3: basal raton + 3% crude palm
66;F;A@ol).
A8 G@E3FGD3F76 83FFK 35;6E ;?BDAH76 4A6K I7;9:F 93;@ A8 E:77B ;9GD7
7H7@F:AG9:EF3F;EF;53>>KI3E@AF6;887D7@F
+:7:;9:7EF4A6KI7;9:F93;@I3E35:;7H764K3@;?3>E
Addton
of E3FGD3F76
unsaturated
fatty
mproved
body weght
gan
of sheep
876 )
3E3>
6;7F
A;>
acds
G@E3FGD3F76
A;> 8A>>AI76
4K )
) 3@6
)
A6K
I7;9:F93;@;E;@8>G7@5764K>7H7>A88776;@F3=73@65:3D35F7D;EF;5E
A88776
J57BFE:77B876)
(Fgure 1), eventhough statstcally was not dfferent. The hghest body weght gan
F:AE7 E:77B
876G@E3FGD3F76A;>)
3@6):36>AI7D8776;@F3=7F:3@F:AE7876E3FGD3F76A;>)
was acheved
by anmals fed R1 (Basal det + 2% saturated ol + 1% unsaturated
+:;E ?3K
;@6;53F76
F:3F
:;9:7D
I7;9:F
93;@
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)
) 3@6
I3E
ol), followed by R3,
R2 4A6K
and R0.
Body
ody
weght
gan)876
s nfluenced
by)
level
of6G7
feedFA F:7
EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@A8G@E3FGD3F76A;>4K;?BDAH;@98776
788;5;7@5K>AI?7F:3@7BDA6G5F;A@
ntake and characterstcs of feed. Except sheep fed R2, those sheep fed unsaturated
ol (R1 and R3) had lower feed ntake than those fed saturated ol (R0). Ths may
*$"%# %
ndcated
that hgher body weght gan of sheep fed R1, R2, and R3 was due to
)G?;@3>- 5A@57@FD3F;A@I3E@AFE;9@;8;53@F>K(
38875F764KF:7FD73F?7@FE3@6;F
the
supplementaton
unsaturated
olD3@97
by mprovng
feed
effcency (low
methane
D3@976 8DA? FA
ton
?%of
;9GD7
+:;E
;E ;@ @AD?3>
5A@57@FD3F;A@
3@6 ;E
EG88;5;7@F FA
producton).
EGBBADFDG?7@?;5DA4;3>9DAIF:3@6FAEGBB>K7@7D9K8ADF:73@;?3>E
+:7D7;E@A@793F;H778875FA8
G@E3FGD3F76 A;> EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@ A@ F:7 53D4A:K6D3F7E 87D?7@F3F;A@ ;@ F:7 DG?7@ 3@6 K7F F:7 )
D3F;A@Ruminal
5A@F3;@;@9
G@E3FGD3F76
VFA
and
N-NH3 A;> :36 F:7 :;9:7EF - 5A@57@FD3F;A@ ;@ F:7 DG?7@
'F:7D
D7E73D5:D7EG>FE
3>EAE:AI76F:3FFAF3>HA>3F;>7
I3E @AF
38875F76
Rumnal VFA concentraton was83FFK35;65A@57@FD3F;A@E
not sgnfcantly (P>0.05)
affected
by4KtheEAGD57
3@63?AG@FA8A;>':3FE 3>EAE:AI76F:3FFAF3>HA>3F;>7 83FFK35;65A@57@FD3F;A@E I3E @AF 38875F76
4K EAGD57
of ol.
3@63?AG@FA8A;>':3 ;@FAF:7D3F;A@E
';> EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@?3K675D73E78AD3976;97EF;4;>;FK4K6;EFGD4;@9
@AD?3>5A@6;F;A@A8DG?7@?;5DA47I:7@9;H7@ 3F>7H7>34AH7A8F:7D3F;A@ (D7EFA@3@6$7@9
+:;E;E?AD7BDA@AG@576I;F: G@E3FGD3F76 A;>4753GE7G@E3FGD3F76 A;> ;E?AD7FAJ;5FAF:7
?;5DA4;3> DG?7@ F:3@ E3FGD3F76 A;> 7@67DEA@
+:7 ;@5D73E7 ;@8776 6;97EF;4;>;F;7E;@ F:;E
rumen
of lnolec
n-6;A8
85-90
%), lnolencA;>acd
(18:3
n-3;D3F;A@E
88-93 6;6
%), @AF
doco7JB7D;?7@F
;@6;53F76
F:3Facd
F:7 (18:3
366;F;A@
G@E3FGD3F76
;@FA
E:77B
53GE7
sahexaenoc
acd
(22:6
n-3;
91
%)
and
EPA
(20:5
n-3;
92
%)
was
extensve.
@793F;H778875FA@F:787D?7@F3F;A@BDA57EE;@F:7DG?7@
4
$% %'
#&"#!% $% %'
3
% !
% !
% !
% !
5
6
% "#!&% !
Fgure 3. Effects of addtonal fat nto the dets on feed dgestblty (%) of sheep: (a) dry
" *'
8875FEA8366;F;A@3>83F;@FAF:76;7FEA@87766;97EF;4;>;FKA8E:77B36DK?3FF7D
matter dgestblty, (b) organc matter dgestblty, (c) crude proten dgestblty,
6;97EF;4;>;FK4AD93@;5?3FF7D6;97EF;4;>;FK55DG67BDAF7;@6;97EF;4;>;FK3@665DG67
and (d) crude fber dgestblty. (R0: basal raton + 3% coconut ol/saturated fatty
8;47D6;97EF;4;>;FK
! " #" !"# """$!
! "
acds; R1: basal raton + 2% coconut ol + 1% crude palm ol/unsaturated fatty
#" # # !"# """$!
! " #"
R2: basal raton +"
1% coconut ol
+ 2% crude palm ol; R3: basal raton +
acds;
#
!
#
3% crude palm ol)
)!% '& * )"&%
,@E3FGD3F76A;>366;F;A@;@FAF:7D3F;A@
F7@6FA >AI7D?7F:3@7BDA6G5F;A@4KE:77B ;9GD7
7H7@F:A9:EF3F;EF;53>>KI3E@AF6;887D7@F
,@E3FGD3F76A;>E?3K3>EAE7DH73E3@78875F;H7 E;@=
;@ F:7 DG?7@ 4K 5A@EG?;@9 K7DE 3@6 *5:7>>;@9
+:7D78AD7 ?7F:3@7 8AD?3F;A@
5A?B7F76I;F:F:7E3FGD3F;A@A8G@E3FGD3F76A;>E8AD
E;@=
!F;?B>;7EF:3FI:7@6;7F3DKG@E3FGD3F76
A;>E3D79;H7@FADG?;@3@F;@>;@7I;F: 3H3;>34;>;FK;@F:7DG?7@E3FGD3F;A@A55GDE3@6?7F:3@7
BDA6G5F;A@675D73E7E3EE:AI@4KF:7D7EG>FE;@F:;E7JB7D;?7@F)
)3@6)
+:7D7EG>FE3D7
EGBBADF76 4K :;=G@K3 "
I:AD7BADF76F:3F 4;A:K6DA97@3F;A@ ;@ F:7 DG?7@ A8 >;@A>7;5
35;6
@ >;@A>7@;535;6
@ 6A5AE3:7J37@A;535;6@
% !
3@6 ( @ I3E7JF7@E;H7
Fgure
4. Effects of addtonal fat nto the ratons on methane (CH
) producton of sheep,
" *'
8875FEA8366;F;A@3>83F;@FAF:7D3F;A@EA@?7F:3@7
4
BDA6G5F;A@A8E:77B
(R0:
Basal
det
+
3%
saturated
fat;
R1:
Basal
det
+
2%
saturated fat""
+ 1%
!" !"# ""
!"
!"# "" # !"#
unsaturated fat; ""
# !"#
R2: Basal det + 1% saturated
fat + 2% unsaturated fat; R3:""
Basal
!" !"#
""
!" # !"#
det + 3% unsaturated fat).
+:7 EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@ A8 BA>KG@E3FGD3F76 83FFK 35;6E ;@FA E:77B D3F;A@E ;?BDAH76 8776
GF;>;L3F;A@ 3@6 788;5;7@5K ;@6;53F76 4K :;9:7D 4A6K I7;9:F 93;@ 3@6 8776 6;97EF;4;>;FK 3@6 >AI7D
?7F:3@7 BDA6G5F;A@
66;F;A@ >7H7> A8 A8 BA>KG@E3FGD3F76 83FFK 35;6E 6;6 @AF 53GE7 @793F;H7
78875F4GF;F;E@AFEG88;5;7@FFAE:AIE;9@;8;53@FD7EG>FE A@F:7E:77BB7D8AD?3@57
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
365
.7 IAG>6 >;=7 FA F:3@=E F:7 ' ! 'E3=3 3E AG@63F;A@ A8 !@F7D@3F;A@3> G>FGD3>
Concluson
The supplementaton of polyunsaturated fatty acds nto sheep ratons mproved
feed utlzaton and effcency ndcated by hgher body weght gan and feed
dgestblty, and lower methane producton. Addton level of 3% of polyunsaturated
fatty acds dd not cause negatve effect but t s not suffcent to show sgnfcant
results on the sheep performance.
Acknowledgement
We would lke to thanks the OGFICE (Osaka Gas Foundaton of Internatonal
Cultural Exchange) that provded the fnancal grant for conductng ths research.
References
APOC (Amercan Palm Ol Councl). http://www.amercanpalmol.com/faq.
html#17. [4 Januar 2012].
Byers, F.M. & G.T. Schellng. 1993. Lpds n rumnant nutrton. In The Rumnant
Anmal Dgestve Physology and Nutrton. Ed. DC Church. Waveland Press,
Inc. Illnos, USA.
Chkunya, S., G. Demrel, M. Enser, J.D. Wood, R.G. Wlknson, & L.A. Snclar.
2004. Bohydrogenaton of detary n-3 PUFA and stablty of ngested vtamn
E n the rumen, and ther effects on mcrobal actvty n sheep. Br J Nutr. 91:
539-50.
General Laboratory. 1966. Methods of Determnaton of Urea. Madson. Dept. of
Dary Sc., Unversty of Wnconsn.
Henderson, C. 1973. The effects of fatty acds on pure cultures of rumen bactera.
J. Agrc. Sc. (Camb.). 81: 107.
Ohajuruka, O.A., Z.G. Wu and D.L. Palmqust. 1991. Rumnal metabolsm, fber,
and proten dgeston by lactatng cows fed calcum soap or anmal-vegetable
ol. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 2601-2609.
Red, J. T., O. D. Whte, R .Anrque, and. A. Fortn, 1980. Nutrtonal energetcs of
lvestock: some present boundares of knowledge and future research needs. J.
Anm. Sc. 51: 1393-1415.
Steel, R. G. D. & J. H. Torre. 1980. Prncples and Procedures of Statstcs: A Bometrc Approach. McGraw-Hll Book Co., New York.
Wachra, A.M., L.A. Snclar, R.G. Wlknson, M. Enser, J.D. Wood, & A.V. Fsher.
2002. Effects of detary ol source and breed on the carcass composton, n-3
polyunsaturated fatty acd and conjugated lnolec acd content of sheep meat
and adpose tssue. Br J Nutr. 88: 697-709.
366
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Yokoyama, M.T. & K.A. Johnson. 1993. Mcrobology of the rumen and ntestne.
in The Rumnant Anmal Dgestve Physology and Nutrton. Ed. DC Church.
Waveland Press, Inc. Illnos, USA.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
367
Supplemeted With Coconut And Palm Oil
Asep Sudarman1,*, Komang G. Wiryawan1, & Agung Purnomoadi2
1
Department of Nutritional Sciences and Feed Technology,
Bogor Agricultural University,,
2
Faculty of Animal Science,, Thee University of Diponegoro
*e-mail: a_sudarman@yahoo.com
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty
acids supplementation on the methane (CH4) production and performance of sheep.
Twenty sheep with the average body weight of 20 kg were used in this experiment.
The sheep were randomly divided into four groups and each group received different
ration. There were four treatments tested in this experiment i.e., R0 (basal ration
+ 3% coconut oil/saturated fatty acids); R1 (basal ration + 2% coconut oil + 1%
crude palm oil/unsaturated fatty acids); R2 (basal ration + 1% coconut oil + 2%
crude palm oil); R3 (basal ration + 3% crude palm oil). The basal ration consisted
of 50% grass + 50% concentrate with nutrient content of 14% crude protein,
5% fat and 70% TDN. Experimental results showed that the supplementation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids into the rations tend to reduce methane production in the
rumen. The supplementation also increased the body weight gain, and digestibility of
the rations, but it decreased feed consumption. It can be concluded that the addition
of polyunsaturated fatty acids into the ration could improve the efficiency of energy
utilization of sheep, and consequently improve the animal’s performances.
Keywords: coconut oil, methane, palm oil, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ruminants
Introducton
Methane as one of end-products of fermentaton process n the rumen s contnuously produced n the rumen by mcroorgansms such as Ruminococcus albus,
R. flavefaciens, Selenomonas ruminantium and by methanogenc speces from reducng CO2 (Yokoyama and Johnson, 1993). Hgh methane producton by anmal,
besdes contrbutng to potental global warmng, also ndcates that feed utlzaton
effcency s low. Rumnants lose 5-12% of the detary energy ngested as gases
(manly CH4) dependng on the type of dets and the level of ntake (Red et al.,
1980).
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
361
To nhbt the formaton of methane the addton of ol nto det seems to
be more prospectus wll not leave resdues n anmal products. Supplementaton
of unsaturated ol nto rumnant det perhaps wll reduce methane emsson from
anmals. Unsaturated ols may serve as an effectve H snk n the rumen by bndng
H (Byers and Schellng, 1993). Palm ol contans 50% unsaturated fatty acds
(APOC). Therefore t s a good source of unsaturated fatty acds. The objectve of
ths experment was to nvestgate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acds (palm
ol) supplementaton nto rumnant det on the rumnal methane emsson and the
performance of the sheep.
Materals and Methods
The experment was conducted in vivo usng twenty sheep wth average body
weght of 18.26 ± 1.94 kg. The anmals were randomly dvded nto four groups
consstng of fve anmals each group n completely randomzed desgn. Each group
of anmals receved dfferent raton, and the length of anmal experment was four
months.
The basal raton conssted of 50% grass + 50% concentrate wth nutrent content
of 14% crude proten, 5% fat and 70% TDN. Four levels of ol supplementaton
were tested n ths experment, .e., R0 (basal raton + 3% coconut ol/saturated fatty
acds); R1 (basal raton + 2% coconut ol + 1% crude palm ol/unsaturated fatty
acds); R2 (basal raton + 1% coconut ol + 2% crude palm ol); R3 (basal raton + 3%
crude palm ol). Parameters measured ncludng: rumen methane producton, rumen
fermentaton products, feed consumpton, body weght gan, feed converson and
nutrent dgestblty (dry matter, organc matter, and crude proten, crude fber).
Methane gas was determned usng a closed-crcut respraton chamber.
Meanwhle, nutrents dgestblty was determned usng total collecton method.
Concentraton of rumnal VFA was measured usng steam destlaton method, and
concentraton of rumnal NH3 was measured usng Conway mcro-dffuson method
(General Laboratory, 1966)
Data were subjected to ANOVA (Steel and Torre, 1980) usng SPSS computer
program.
Results and Dscusson
Feed Intake and Body Weight Gain
Addton of unsaturated fatty acds gave nconsstent results of feed (dry matter)
ntake of sheep (Fgure 1) and statstcally was not dfferent (P>0.05) among the
treatments. Sheep fed R2 had the hghest dry matter ntake. It s often reported that
unsaturated ol s more toxc to the mcrobal rumen than saturated ol (Henderson,
1973), and nhbts growth of mcrobes (Palmqust and Jenkns, 1980). Wachra et
362
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
al. (2002) reported that feedng unprotected fsh ol (unsaturated ol) to sheep caused
FA E:77B
53GE76 3
;@ 8776
;@F3=7
3@6 4A6K
93;@
wth
+:;Ethe
39D77E
I;F:results,
F:7 BD7E7@F
a decrease
n675D73E7
feed ntake
and body
weght
gan.I7;9:F
Ths agrees
present
D7EG>FE7EB75;3>>KI;F:F:7D7EG>FEA8E:77B876)
3@6)
especally wth the results of sheep fed R1 and R3.
(a)
3
(b) 4
Fgure 1. Effects of addtonal fat nto the dets on
dry matter ntake and4
(b) 4A6KI7;9:F93;@
body weght
" *'
8875FEA8366;F;A@3>83F;@FAF:76;7FEA@
3(a)
6DK?3FF7D;@F3=73@6
gan of
sheep.
(R0:
basal
+ 3% coconut
ol/saturated
fatty
acds;
R1:"
basal
!
"
raton
#"
!"# "
""$ !
!
A8 E:77B
#"
# # !"#
"""$!
!
" #"
raton + 2% coconut
ol + 1% crude
palm ol/unsaturated fatty
acds; R2: basal
raton
#
!
#
+ 1% coconut ol "
+ 2% crude palm
ol; R3: basal raton + 3% crude palm
66;F;A@ol).
A8 G@E3FGD3F76 83FFK 35;6E ;?BDAH76 4A6K I7;9:F 93;@ A8 E:77B ;9GD7
7H7@F:AG9:EF3F;EF;53>>KI3E@AF6;887D7@F
+:7:;9:7EF4A6KI7;9:F93;@I3E35:;7H764K3@;?3>E
Addton
of E3FGD3F76
unsaturated
fatty
mproved
body weght
gan
of sheep
876 )
3E3>
6;7F
A;>
acds
G@E3FGD3F76
A;> 8A>>AI76
4K )
) 3@6
)
A6K
I7;9:F93;@;E;@8>G7@5764K>7H7>A88776;@F3=73@65:3D35F7D;EF;5E
A88776
J57BFE:77B876)
(Fgure 1), eventhough statstcally was not dfferent. The hghest body weght gan
F:AE7 E:77B
876G@E3FGD3F76A;>)
3@6):36>AI7D8776;@F3=7F:3@F:AE7876E3FGD3F76A;>)
was acheved
by anmals fed R1 (Basal det + 2% saturated ol + 1% unsaturated
+:;E ?3K
;@6;53F76
F:3F
:;9:7D
I7;9:F
93;@
A8 E:77B
)
) 3@6
I3E
ol), followed by R3,
R2 4A6K
and R0.
Body
ody
weght
gan)876
s nfluenced
by)
level
of6G7
feedFA F:7
EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@A8G@E3FGD3F76A;>4K;?BDAH;@98776
788;5;7@5K>AI?7F:3@7BDA6G5F;A@
ntake and characterstcs of feed. Except sheep fed R2, those sheep fed unsaturated
ol (R1 and R3) had lower feed ntake than those fed saturated ol (R0). Ths may
*$"%# %
ndcated
that hgher body weght gan of sheep fed R1, R2, and R3 was due to
)G?;@3>- 5A@57@FD3F;A@I3E@AFE;9@;8;53@F>K(
38875F764KF:7FD73F?7@FE3@6;F
the
supplementaton
unsaturated
olD3@97
by mprovng
feed
effcency (low
methane
D3@976 8DA? FA
ton
?%of
;9GD7
+:;E
;E ;@ @AD?3>
5A@57@FD3F;A@
3@6 ;E
EG88;5;7@F FA
producton).
EGBBADFDG?7@?;5DA4;3>9DAIF:3@6FAEGBB>K7@7D9K8ADF:73@;?3>E
+:7D7;E@A@793F;H778875FA8
G@E3FGD3F76 A;> EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@ A@ F:7 53D4A:K6D3F7E 87D?7@F3F;A@ ;@ F:7 DG?7@ 3@6 K7F F:7 )
D3F;A@Ruminal
5A@F3;@;@9
G@E3FGD3F76
VFA
and
N-NH3 A;> :36 F:7 :;9:7EF - 5A@57@FD3F;A@ ;@ F:7 DG?7@
'F:7D
D7E73D5:D7EG>FE
3>EAE:AI76F:3FFAF3>HA>3F;>7
I3E @AF
38875F76
Rumnal VFA concentraton was83FFK35;65A@57@FD3F;A@E
not sgnfcantly (P>0.05)
affected
by4KtheEAGD57
3@63?AG@FA8A;>':3FE 3>EAE:AI76F:3FFAF3>HA>3F;>7 83FFK35;65A@57@FD3F;A@E I3E @AF 38875F76
4K EAGD57
of ol.
3@63?AG@FA8A;>':3 ;@FAF:7D3F;A@E
';> EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@?3K675D73E78AD3976;97EF;4;>;FK4K6;EFGD4;@9
@AD?3>5A@6;F;A@A8DG?7@?;5DA47I:7@9;H7@ 3F>7H7>34AH7A8F:7D3F;A@ (D7EFA@3@6$7@9
+:;E;E?AD7BDA@AG@576I;F: G@E3FGD3F76 A;>4753GE7G@E3FGD3F76 A;> ;E?AD7FAJ;5FAF:7
?;5DA4;3> DG?7@ F:3@ E3FGD3F76 A;> 7@67DEA@
+:7 ;@5D73E7 ;@8776 6;97EF;4;>;F;7E;@ F:;E
rumen
of lnolec
n-6;A8
85-90
%), lnolencA;>acd
(18:3
n-3;D3F;A@E
88-93 6;6
%), @AF
doco7JB7D;?7@F
;@6;53F76
F:3Facd
F:7 (18:3
366;F;A@
G@E3FGD3F76
;@FA
E:77B
53GE7
sahexaenoc
acd
(22:6
n-3;
91
%)
and
EPA
(20:5
n-3;
92
%)
was
extensve.
@793F;H778875FA@F:787D?7@F3F;A@BDA57EE;@F:7DG?7@
4
$% %'
#&"#!% $% %'
3
% !
% !
% !
% !
5
6
% "#!&% !
Fgure 3. Effects of addtonal fat nto the dets on feed dgestblty (%) of sheep: (a) dry
" *'
8875FEA8366;F;A@3>83F;@FAF:76;7FEA@87766;97EF;4;>;FKA8E:77B36DK?3FF7D
matter dgestblty, (b) organc matter dgestblty, (c) crude proten dgestblty,
6;97EF;4;>;FK4AD93@;5?3FF7D6;97EF;4;>;FK55DG67BDAF7;@6;97EF;4;>;FK3@665DG67
and (d) crude fber dgestblty. (R0: basal raton + 3% coconut ol/saturated fatty
8;47D6;97EF;4;>;FK
! " #" !"# """$!
! "
acds; R1: basal raton + 2% coconut ol + 1% crude palm ol/unsaturated fatty
#" # # !"# """$!
! " #"
R2: basal raton +"
1% coconut ol
+ 2% crude palm ol; R3: basal raton +
acds;
#
!
#
3% crude palm ol)
)!% '& * )"&%
,@E3FGD3F76A;>366;F;A@;@FAF:7D3F;A@
F7@6FA >AI7D?7F:3@7BDA6G5F;A@4KE:77B ;9GD7
7H7@F:A9:EF3F;EF;53>>KI3E@AF6;887D7@F
,@E3FGD3F76A;>E?3K3>EAE7DH73E3@78875F;H7 E;@=
;@ F:7 DG?7@ 4K 5A@EG?;@9 K7DE 3@6 *5:7>>;@9
+:7D78AD7 ?7F:3@7 8AD?3F;A@
5A?B7F76I;F:F:7E3FGD3F;A@A8G@E3FGD3F76A;>E8AD
E;@=
!F;?B>;7EF:3FI:7@6;7F3DKG@E3FGD3F76
A;>E3D79;H7@FADG?;@3@F;@>;@7I;F: 3H3;>34;>;FK;@F:7DG?7@E3FGD3F;A@A55GDE3@6?7F:3@7
BDA6G5F;A@675D73E7E3EE:AI@4KF:7D7EG>FE;@F:;E7JB7D;?7@F)
)3@6)
+:7D7EG>FE3D7
EGBBADF76 4K :;=G@K3 "
I:AD7BADF76F:3F 4;A:K6DA97@3F;A@ ;@ F:7 DG?7@ A8 >;@A>7;5
35;6
@ >;@A>7@;535;6
@ 6A5AE3:7J37@A;535;6@
% !
3@6 ( @ I3E7JF7@E;H7
Fgure
4. Effects of addtonal fat nto the ratons on methane (CH
) producton of sheep,
" *'
8875FEA8366;F;A@3>83F;@FAF:7D3F;A@EA@?7F:3@7
4
BDA6G5F;A@A8E:77B
(R0:
Basal
det
+
3%
saturated
fat;
R1:
Basal
det
+
2%
saturated fat""
+ 1%
!" !"# ""
!"
!"# "" # !"#
unsaturated fat; ""
# !"#
R2: Basal det + 1% saturated
fat + 2% unsaturated fat; R3:""
Basal
!" !"#
""
!" # !"#
det + 3% unsaturated fat).
+:7 EGBB>7?7@F3F;A@ A8 BA>KG@E3FGD3F76 83FFK 35;6E ;@FA E:77B D3F;A@E ;?BDAH76 8776
GF;>;L3F;A@ 3@6 788;5;7@5K ;@6;53F76 4K :;9:7D 4A6K I7;9:F 93;@ 3@6 8776 6;97EF;4;>;FK 3@6 >AI7D
?7F:3@7 BDA6G5F;A@
66;F;A@ >7H7> A8 A8 BA>KG@E3FGD3F76 83FFK 35;6E 6;6 @AF 53GE7 @793F;H7
78875F4GF;F;E@AFEG88;5;7@FFAE:AIE;9@;8;53@FD7EG>FE A@F:7E:77BB7D8AD?3@57
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
365
.7 IAG>6 >;=7 FA F:3@=E F:7 ' ! 'E3=3 3E AG@63F;A@ A8 !@F7D@3F;A@3> G>FGD3>
Concluson
The supplementaton of polyunsaturated fatty acds nto sheep ratons mproved
feed utlzaton and effcency ndcated by hgher body weght gan and feed
dgestblty, and lower methane producton. Addton level of 3% of polyunsaturated
fatty acds dd not cause negatve effect but t s not suffcent to show sgnfcant
results on the sheep performance.
Acknowledgement
We would lke to thanks the OGFICE (Osaka Gas Foundaton of Internatonal
Cultural Exchange) that provded the fnancal grant for conductng ths research.
References
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Yokoyama, M.T. & K.A. Johnson. 1993. Mcrobology of the rumen and ntestne.
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