Theory of Binary Opposition

…the sender may be interpreted as the source of knowledge of the subject, and the receiver as the group of people or humanity in general which receives the message Rulewicz, Sept 28, 2014. Furthermore, she points out that Sender and receiver may appear - and they usually do - as abstract notions, and they most often express the motivation of the subject to perform a certain action Rulewicz, Sept 28, 2014. In other words, sender can be understood as the one who instigates the action of the subject while the receiver is the party that benefits from the action of the subject. Meanwhile, for the explanation for the helper and opponent, she states that “those who help the subject in his search are actant-helper, those who provide obstacles on his way - opponent” Rulewicz, Sept 28, 2014. Thus, putting this six actants or roles, she uses the story of Holy Grail. Based on her findings on Holy Grail using Greimas theory, the subject appears as Knights of the Round Table; the object as the Grail, the sender as God, the receiver as Humanity, the helper as Saints and Angels, and finally the Devil and his acolytes constitute the opponent Rulewicz, Sept 28, 2014. To help see the relationship among the actantial roles better, the three pairs of binary actantial roles then will be organized into a schema, known as Actant Narrative Schema. The followings are the schema as depicted and thoroughly explained by Bronwen Martin and Felizitas Ringham in their book titled Key Terms in Semiotics : Sender Object Receiver Helper Subject Opponent 2006: 19 The schema illustrates firstly the relationship in communication, i.e. senderreceiver which according to Martin is “based on the desire for an object or on an obligation which the sender transmits to the receiver, inducing the later to pursue it” 2006:19. Hence, it can be concluded that the role of the sender is to put the receiver into action, thereby turning the receiver into a subject, the one that do the act of searching or wanting Martin, 2006:19. This explanation as if answers the underlying reason for this arrangement claimed as the pertaining structure in love story; Him = Subject and Receiver Her Object and Sender Hawkes, 1977: 92.

C. Theoretical Framework

In the attempt to answer the emerging research questions stated in the previous chapter, several theories are needed. They are theory of symbols, theory of characters and characterizations, and last but not least is that of Saussurian binary opposition. To answer the first research question, firstly, writer needs to identify the symbols used in the novels. Thus, theory of symbols is needed. Arp and Johnson‟s theory on Symbols is chosen since the theory provides the pointers to find the symbols employed in a novel. After identifying the so called “alleged” symbols, one needs to observe if their meanings are “established and supported by the entire context of the story” Arp and Johnson, 2006: 280. If the alleged symbols do not have meaning inside instead of outside of the story, one should be reluctant to say them as symbols. Secondly, writer needs to learn how the main characters are portrayed in the text to complete the answer of the first research question. Accordingly, theory of characters and characterization will be used in dealing with this same first research questions as it will guide this research to its findings on the characteristics of the main characters. However, in this study, writer will study the characters‟ personality also with the help of the symbols employed in this drama text. This is done since the dramatic text is believed to be full of symbols which represent the main characters. Thus, the next step, after finding the symbols, is to seek for significant correlations between the c haracters‟ actions, thoughts, and dialogues and any things alleged as symbols. This means that both symbols and characters are studied concurrently. Then, a table with symbols along with the characters‟ characteristics they reveal will be drawn to make the process of mapping easier to conduct.