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3 It is participatory because it can be done by teams of colleagues,
practitioners and researchers. 4
Changes in practice are based on the collection of information or data. The data provides the impetus for change.
d. Model of Classroom Action Research
Kemmis and McTaggart, as cited by Burns 1999: 32 argue that action research occurs through a dynamic and complementary process, namely planning,
action, observation and reflection as presented in the figure 2.2.
Figure.2.2. Kemmis and McTaggart’s Model of Classroom Action Research Kusumah Dwitagama, 2010: 21
Furthermore, Kemmis and McTaggart, as cited by Burns 1999: 32, explain that those four steps is a spiraling process through which partpants in an action
research group undertake to:
1 develop a plan of critically informed action to improve what is already
happening,
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2 act to implement the plan,
3 observe the effects of the critically informed action in the context in
which it occurs, and 4
reflect on these effects as the basis of further planning subsequent critically informed action and so on, through a succession of stages.
Those four steps are included in one cycle. Therefore, a researcher who conducts a classroom action research should follow those steps.
B. Theoretical Framework
English has four skills namely; listening, reading, speaking, and writing. Writing is one of the skills that should be mastered by students. Ironically, many
English teachers do not really pay attention to teaching writing whereas the students need also to learn how to write something as the written communication.
Referring the purpose of the curriculum, students should be able to write various types of texts. Recount text is one of texts should be taught in senior high
school level. Based on the preliminary study, the students of SMA N 10 Yogyakarta had difficulty in writing a recount text. They could not find the idea to
write. As the result, they needed much time in writing a recount text. Besides, the result of their recount is not satisfying enough. It became the teacher’s
responsibility to help the students write a recount text. The researcher offered the use of picture series to overcome that problem.
Picture series were chosen after knowing that picture series provide many advantages. In order to implement the use of picture series in writing, the
researcher conducted a classroom action research CAR that consisted of planning, action, observing, and reflecting steps. In this research, the researcher
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