basic. Language can convey objective information of a referential kind, and it can also express the feeling of someone.
3. Theory of Etymology
According to Onions, e tymology has been briefly defined as „the origin,
formation, and development of a word‟. For words derived from French, the
ultimate source is given where possible, and the same treatment is given to many Latin originals from which the English has directly or mediately been derived
1966 : vii. Since literate Englishmen have been acquainted with both French and
Latin throughout the Middle Ages and down to our own times, either channel, or both, could be assumed as the means of entry into English, other things being
equal 1966 : vii-viii. As Onions stated in The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, the
etymologist always added the exact time of each word. As time goes by, we can see the development of the words that we can conclude it as progressive
development. The etymologist might be content to give the earliest recorded date
of each word, with its previous history, whether of English or Germanic descent or admitted to citizenship from other languages,
thus accounting for their „origin and formation‟. There remains, however, the „development‟ of the word, that is, its progressive
development in form and sense in English. This is every whit as important, and to many whose interests are the history of words in
English rather than their remorter ancestry, the more useful and important function of etymology 1966 : viii.
An etymology is the history of a linguistic form, such as a word; the same
term is also used for the study of word histories. A dictionary etymology tells us what is known of an English word before it became the word entered in that
dictionary. If the word was created in English, the etymology shows, to whatever extent is not already obvious from the shape of the word, what materials were
used to form it. If the word was borrowed into English, the etymology traces the borrowing process backward from the point at which the word entered English to
the earliest records of the ancestral language. Where it is relevant, an etymology notes words from other languages that are related to the word in the dictionary
entry, but that are not in the direct line of borrowing.
4. Theory of Distinctive Feature
Based on Fromkin in the book An Introduction to Language, distinctive feature organizes language by defining groups of sounds which may exhibit
similar sound patterns. When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a
distinctive feature or phonemic feature. When two words are exactly alike phonetically except for one feature, the phonetic difference is
distinctive, since this difference alone accounts for the contrast or difference in meaning 1996: 256.
Usually a single feature has two values, plus +, which means its presence, and minus -, which means its absence. E.g. p is [-voiced] and b is
[+voiced], and if we want to call this feature „voiceless‟ we can specify b as [-
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