Review of Related Studies

According to Gumperz 1971, p.223 in the book An Introduction to Sociolinguistics , sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur. Social structure itself may be measured by reference to such factors as social class and educational background; we can then try to relate verbal behavior and performance to these factors. The most important thing of sociolinguistics lays on the role of social dialect which is perform by speakers in a certain area as it is clearly stated from this quotation : The bulk of sociolinguistic enquiry falls under the heading of performance, since it deliberately highlights the great heterogeneity within peoples speech. For example, the differences between speakers caused by dialectal variation are compounded by variation within the speech of a single person, as with the switch from formal to informal styles, according to the social context http:www.encyclopedia69.comengdsociolinguisticssociolinguisti cs.htm. March 5, 2010. Basically, the scope of this study is Sociolinguistics. It is the study of relationship between language and society. It explains why people speak differently in different social contexts. It also identifies the social functions of language. In sociolinguistics, the way people use language in different social contexts can provide huge information about the way language works, as well as about the social relationships in a community. We can also know why men and women talk differently and why women tend to be more related to the word gossip than men. Actually, in all conversations people choose their words carefully according to social factors and social dimensions or in other words social factors and social dimensions create different language varieties Holmes, 1992. According to Holmes, social factors here include four things, they are participants, which deal with who is speaking and who are they speaking to; setting or social context of the interaction where they are speaking e.g. home, work, campus; topic, which deals with what is being talked about; function, that deals with why are they speaking. The social dimensions here include four scales. They are social distance scale concerned with participant relationships whether it is intimate high solidarity or distant low solidarity, it is useful in emphasizing that how well we know someone. Status scale concerned with participants relationships whether it is superior high status or subordinate low status. Formality scale is related to the setting or type of interaction whether formal high formality or informal low formality, it is useful in assessing of the social setting or type interaction on language choice. These scales are useful in assessing the influence of the social setting or type of interaction on language choice. The language used will be influenced by the formality of the setting. The language choice at a religious service will be very different from language choice on a friendly chat; functional scales, which relating to the purposes or topic of interaction, that consist of two things, referential information; whether high information content or low information content and affective solidarity; whether low affective content or high affective content. Though language serves many functions, the last two identified in these scales are particularly pervasive and basic. Language can convey objective information of a referential kind, and it can also express the feeling of someone.

3. Theory of Etymology

According to Onions, e tymology has been briefly defined as „the origin, formation, and development of a word‟. For words derived from French, the ultimate source is given where possible, and the same treatment is given to many Latin originals from which the English has directly or mediately been derived 1966 : vii. Since literate Englishmen have been acquainted with both French and Latin throughout the Middle Ages and down to our own times, either channel, or both, could be assumed as the means of entry into English, other things being equal 1966 : vii-viii. As Onions stated in The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, the etymologist always added the exact time of each word. As time goes by, we can see the development of the words that we can conclude it as progressive development. The etymologist might be content to give the earliest recorded date of each word, with its previous history, whether of English or Germanic descent or admitted to citizenship from other languages, thus accounting for their „origin and formation‟. There remains, however, the „development‟ of the word, that is, its progressive development in form and sense in English. This is every whit as important, and to many whose interests are the history of words in English rather than their remorter ancestry, the more useful and important function of etymology 1966 : viii.