Bencana Sedimen di Indonesia dan Usaha Penanggulangannya
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Bencana Sedimen di
Indonesia dan Usaha
Penanggulangannya
Oleh:
Jazaul Ikhsan
Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Oleh sebab itu terdapat
banyak Gunung Berapi,
dan mempunyai
intensitas hujan yang
tinggi
Indonesia terletak :
Diantara benua Asia and
Australia,
Dikelilingi Samudera
Hindia dan Samudera
Pacific,
Di atas lempeng Pasifik,
Eurasian, and IndoAustralian
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Earthquake disasters:
28,700 deaths; 5,621,023 people affected
The economic damage was US
$ 4,672,476,000.
Volcano disasters :
17,985 deaths, Million people affected,
The economic damage was US
$ 344,390,000.
Flood disasters:
5,902 deaths; 8,731,109 people affected
The economic damage was US
$ 2,418,553,000.
Landslide disasters:
2,236 deaths; 393,652 people affected
The economic damage was US
$ 121,745,000.
Source: Data of 1900-2010/www.em-dat.net
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Permasalahan Sedimen
• Menurut Salomons (2005), keberadaan
sedimen dalam suatu DAS sangat
“unik”.
• Terlalu banyak sedimen dapat
menyebabkan masalah, terlalu sedikit
juga menimbulkan masalah.
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Tanah longsor, aliran
piroklastik dan
debris
Erosi, angkutan
sedimen
Jangka panjang
Jangka pendek
Bencana
Pengelolaan bencana
sedimen
Sangat
besar
Tidak
terkontrol
Potensi sumber
daya sedimen
Sumber daya
Pengelolaan sumber
daya sedimen
4-75
Types of Sediment Related
Disasters
• Direct Disaster:
– Debris flows
– Landslides
– Slope failures
– Pyroclastic Flows
• Indirect Disaster:
– Riverbed Agradation/Degaradation
– Reservoir Sedimentation
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Mount Merapi is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia.
It located on the island of Java on the border between Central Java
and Yogyakarta Special Provinces.
Its eruptions have produced large amounts of volcanic material such as
ash falls, lava, and pyroclastic flows.
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Non Active
Non Active
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Active
Active
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Peak of eruptions
The peak time of eruption
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
The total annual sediment
production is estimated at
1.44x106 m3/year (1995).
CUMULATIVE VOLUME (x106m3)
150
Annual average lava
production 1.2x106
m3/year
100
Annual sediment production
in non volcanic basin
0.24x106 m3/year
50
The 2010 eruption gave more
than 100x106 m3.
0
1900
1950
YEAR
1992
25-75
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
５
500
N
Pabelan upstream
ｗ
ｅ
ｅ
Mount Merapi
．
Ｐ
ｅ．
1934
．
．
1934-35
1948
1933 1939
1930
1992 1933 1939
1975
20011919
1939
1972
1984
1961
68
1969
1998 1970
19
1967
1975 1973
2006 1939 1942
2006
1967
1942
1900
1942-43
Gendol
1967
3
1997
1971997
Lamat
E
Blongkeng
1910-1930
Ｐro
Putih 1930
N
0
193
sa
k
9
W
Klaten
．
1997
1930
ro
Wo
．
Gendol
．
．
Bo
．
k
sa
Kra
Senowo
Be
be
ng
go
ng
ata
g
yon
g
n
be
Be
．
Kuning
Ｐ
1939
Kr
a
Ｂ
5 km
Trising
．
Ｌ
B
10 km
1936
．
．
1954
Apu
．
5km
Batang
1961
Woro
1901-1906
1994
Boyong
1961
2010
Yogyakarta
1963
2010
Krasak
S
2010
Pyroclastic flows are due to collapse of lava dome or lava tip.
A typical phenomenon of pyroclastic flow of Mount Merapi is
accompanied by glowing cloud (wedhus gembel).
The 2006 and 2010 eruptions, the direction of pyroclastic flows is southeastern.
Temperature 100-10000C and velocity 10-300 km/hour
After phyroclastic flow
Kaliadem village 2006
Before phyroclastic flow
Phyroclastic flow after Eruption in
July 2006 (Gendol river)
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Duration of
activity
(year)
Total
sediment
volume
(Mm3)
1994
0.9
5.2
1996
2006
0.25
3
2010
-
140
Year
Casualties and
damages
properties
Turgo village was burned
and 66 were killed
6 missing
Kaliadem village was
burned, 2 casualties
Kepuharjo, Glagaharjo
villages were damaged and
270 were killed
５
500
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
140
Number of debris flows
．
．
ｗ
Mount Merapi
．
．
ｅ．
ro
Wo
．
Gendol
Klaten
N
0
40
20
5km
1995
1993
1991
0
1931
Yogyakarta
60
1989
．
Ｐro
Woro River
1987
．
．
Kuning
．
k
sa
Kra
80
1985
go
g
tan
yon
g
Ba
Bo
．
．
．
ng
be
Be
Ｐ
100
1977
Ｂ
1975
Ｌ
1973
ｅ
Ｐ
Putih River
120
1971
ｅ
1969
．
Trising
Senowo
Pabelan
Lamat
Blongkeng
Putih
Batang
Bebeng
Krasak
Boyong
Kuning
Gendol
Woro
Year
The number of debris flows by river in Mt. Merapi
The reasons why the volcano offers favorable condition for debris flow
are as follows:
1. Pyroclastic deposits are abundant,
2. Merapi area has high intensity rainfalls,
3. Drainage is very dense.
PU C9
Kondisi sekitar Jumoyo
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Usaha mengurangi resiko:
• Aliran Pyroklastik: dengan early warning
system (non struktur).
• Debris flow (lahar dingin):
– Bangunan pengendali sedimen (sabo dam)
(struktur)
– Early warning system (non struktur)
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Sabo dams on slopes of Mt. Merapi
Early warning system in Mt. Merapi
Debris Flow/Banjir Bandang
Mt.
Argopura
Location
Photo: Sutikno, Sabo Research
Center
Photo: Sutikno, Sabo Research
Center
Non structure measurement
Mt. Argopuro
Putih River
,
Research Area
,
Non structure measurement
Case 1, Qmax: 1762 m3/sec
Case 2, Qmax: 1233 m3/sec
Case 3, Qmax: 2613 m3/sec
The areas effected by debris flow in Case 1, 2 and 3
We can decide the safety area and non safety area
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Reservoir Sedimentation
(Permasalahan DAS kritis):
• Generally, almost of Indonesia’s watersheds are still in
natural condition.
• Indonesia has about 5 590 rivers and 470 watersheds.
• Lake, dam, wetland = 33 million hectares.
• Increasing population and development cause number of
critical watersheds always increase year by year.
• Now (2006), there are 64 critical watersheds
• Amount of the critical watersheds is most in Java island,
because around 65% Indonesian population (~ 125M
people) live in Java island which is only 7% of total
Indonesia continental area.
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Change of Critical Watershed
70
58
62
64
60
48
Number
50
39
40
30
22
Watershed
20
10
0
1984
1994
1998
Year
2000
2002
2006
CASE PROBLEM
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Bengawan Solo Watershed
Wonogiri
Reservoir
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
• The Bengawan Solo flows through Central
and East Java Provinces, is the largest river
on Java with a watershed area of around
16,100 Km2 and a length of about 600 Km.
• Bengawan Solo river is one of Indonesia
rivers which have critical watershed. The
problem is indicated by high sedimentation in
Wonogiri reservoir.
• The Wonogiri reservoir was constructed in
1982
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
• The Dam provides flood control, irrigation,
domestic water supply and hydropower
generation, and gives services to about 710,000
population (1998).
• The present effective storage capacity of the
reservoir is roughly estimated to nearly about
60% of its original capacity, due to the problem
of sedimentation.
• Risky Reservoir Operation due to Decrease of
Effective Storage Capacity.
Satellite Picture on May 13, 2003
Keduang River
(421 km2)
Sedimentation
in Progress
Tirtomoyo River
(231 km2)
Bengawan Solo
(206 km2) and
Alang River (169 km2)
Sediment Deposits at Intake
Intake
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Annual Sediment Yield by Source
Sediment Source
• Soil Erosion
• Other Sources
Surface
Soil
Erosion
95%
Vol.
( x 1000m3 )
2,947
232
- Gully
76
- Landslide
15
- River Bank
- Roadside Slope
Other
Sources
5%
130
11
Road Side
Slope
7%
River bank
55%
Gully
Erosion
32%
Landslide
6%
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
River bank erosion
Land slide
Surface erosion
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Restoration:
Actually,
restoration is new concept for
river management in Indonesia.
Restoration has been tried in watershed
of river by watershed management, for
example in Bengawan Solo river by
developing terrace and forestation.
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
100%
75%
50%
25%
50%
75%
90%
25%
Fruits/Trees
10%
Seasonal Crops
0 – 8%
8 – 15%
15 – 25%
25 – 40%
>40%
Effects of Watershed Management
Sedimentation Rates:
Historical Change of Storage Capacity of Wonogiri Reservoir
Storage Capacity (mil. m3)
750
1980-1990:
6.2 million m3/year
700
650
1980-1993:
5.7 million m3/year
600
550
500
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
1990-2005:
3.4 million m3/year
Significant Difference resulted from What?
・ Many large floods in early 1980s
・Watershed management project
in 1989-1994
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Terima kasih atas
perhatiannya
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Bencana Sedimen di
Indonesia dan Usaha
Penanggulangannya
Oleh:
Jazaul Ikhsan
Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Oleh sebab itu terdapat
banyak Gunung Berapi,
dan mempunyai
intensitas hujan yang
tinggi
Indonesia terletak :
Diantara benua Asia and
Australia,
Dikelilingi Samudera
Hindia dan Samudera
Pacific,
Di atas lempeng Pasifik,
Eurasian, and IndoAustralian
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Earthquake disasters:
28,700 deaths; 5,621,023 people affected
The economic damage was US
$ 4,672,476,000.
Volcano disasters :
17,985 deaths, Million people affected,
The economic damage was US
$ 344,390,000.
Flood disasters:
5,902 deaths; 8,731,109 people affected
The economic damage was US
$ 2,418,553,000.
Landslide disasters:
2,236 deaths; 393,652 people affected
The economic damage was US
$ 121,745,000.
Source: Data of 1900-2010/www.em-dat.net
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Permasalahan Sedimen
• Menurut Salomons (2005), keberadaan
sedimen dalam suatu DAS sangat
“unik”.
• Terlalu banyak sedimen dapat
menyebabkan masalah, terlalu sedikit
juga menimbulkan masalah.
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Tanah longsor, aliran
piroklastik dan
debris
Erosi, angkutan
sedimen
Jangka panjang
Jangka pendek
Bencana
Pengelolaan bencana
sedimen
Sangat
besar
Tidak
terkontrol
Potensi sumber
daya sedimen
Sumber daya
Pengelolaan sumber
daya sedimen
4-75
Types of Sediment Related
Disasters
• Direct Disaster:
– Debris flows
– Landslides
– Slope failures
– Pyroclastic Flows
• Indirect Disaster:
– Riverbed Agradation/Degaradation
– Reservoir Sedimentation
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Mount Merapi is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia.
It located on the island of Java on the border between Central Java
and Yogyakarta Special Provinces.
Its eruptions have produced large amounts of volcanic material such as
ash falls, lava, and pyroclastic flows.
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Non Active
Non Active
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Active
Active
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Peak of eruptions
The peak time of eruption
1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
The total annual sediment
production is estimated at
1.44x106 m3/year (1995).
CUMULATIVE VOLUME (x106m3)
150
Annual average lava
production 1.2x106
m3/year
100
Annual sediment production
in non volcanic basin
0.24x106 m3/year
50
The 2010 eruption gave more
than 100x106 m3.
0
1900
1950
YEAR
1992
25-75
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
５
500
N
Pabelan upstream
ｗ
ｅ
ｅ
Mount Merapi
．
Ｐ
ｅ．
1934
．
．
1934-35
1948
1933 1939
1930
1992 1933 1939
1975
20011919
1939
1972
1984
1961
68
1969
1998 1970
19
1967
1975 1973
2006 1939 1942
2006
1967
1942
1900
1942-43
Gendol
1967
3
1997
1971997
Lamat
E
Blongkeng
1910-1930
Ｐro
Putih 1930
N
0
193
sa
k
9
W
Klaten
．
1997
1930
ro
Wo
．
Gendol
．
．
Bo
．
k
sa
Kra
Senowo
Be
be
ng
go
ng
ata
g
yon
g
n
be
Be
．
Kuning
Ｐ
1939
Kr
a
Ｂ
5 km
Trising
．
Ｌ
B
10 km
1936
．
．
1954
Apu
．
5km
Batang
1961
Woro
1901-1906
1994
Boyong
1961
2010
Yogyakarta
1963
2010
Krasak
S
2010
Pyroclastic flows are due to collapse of lava dome or lava tip.
A typical phenomenon of pyroclastic flow of Mount Merapi is
accompanied by glowing cloud (wedhus gembel).
The 2006 and 2010 eruptions, the direction of pyroclastic flows is southeastern.
Temperature 100-10000C and velocity 10-300 km/hour
After phyroclastic flow
Kaliadem village 2006
Before phyroclastic flow
Phyroclastic flow after Eruption in
July 2006 (Gendol river)
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Duration of
activity
(year)
Total
sediment
volume
(Mm3)
1994
0.9
5.2
1996
2006
0.25
3
2010
-
140
Year
Casualties and
damages
properties
Turgo village was burned
and 66 were killed
6 missing
Kaliadem village was
burned, 2 casualties
Kepuharjo, Glagaharjo
villages were damaged and
270 were killed
５
500
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
140
Number of debris flows
．
．
ｗ
Mount Merapi
．
．
ｅ．
ro
Wo
．
Gendol
Klaten
N
0
40
20
5km
1995
1993
1991
0
1931
Yogyakarta
60
1989
．
Ｐro
Woro River
1987
．
．
Kuning
．
k
sa
Kra
80
1985
go
g
tan
yon
g
Ba
Bo
．
．
．
ng
be
Be
Ｐ
100
1977
Ｂ
1975
Ｌ
1973
ｅ
Ｐ
Putih River
120
1971
ｅ
1969
．
Trising
Senowo
Pabelan
Lamat
Blongkeng
Putih
Batang
Bebeng
Krasak
Boyong
Kuning
Gendol
Woro
Year
The number of debris flows by river in Mt. Merapi
The reasons why the volcano offers favorable condition for debris flow
are as follows:
1. Pyroclastic deposits are abundant,
2. Merapi area has high intensity rainfalls,
3. Drainage is very dense.
PU C9
Kondisi sekitar Jumoyo
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Usaha mengurangi resiko:
• Aliran Pyroklastik: dengan early warning
system (non struktur).
• Debris flow (lahar dingin):
– Bangunan pengendali sedimen (sabo dam)
(struktur)
– Early warning system (non struktur)
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Sabo dams on slopes of Mt. Merapi
Early warning system in Mt. Merapi
Debris Flow/Banjir Bandang
Mt.
Argopura
Location
Photo: Sutikno, Sabo Research
Center
Photo: Sutikno, Sabo Research
Center
Non structure measurement
Mt. Argopuro
Putih River
,
Research Area
,
Non structure measurement
Case 1, Qmax: 1762 m3/sec
Case 2, Qmax: 1233 m3/sec
Case 3, Qmax: 2613 m3/sec
The areas effected by debris flow in Case 1, 2 and 3
We can decide the safety area and non safety area
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Reservoir Sedimentation
(Permasalahan DAS kritis):
• Generally, almost of Indonesia’s watersheds are still in
natural condition.
• Indonesia has about 5 590 rivers and 470 watersheds.
• Lake, dam, wetland = 33 million hectares.
• Increasing population and development cause number of
critical watersheds always increase year by year.
• Now (2006), there are 64 critical watersheds
• Amount of the critical watersheds is most in Java island,
because around 65% Indonesian population (~ 125M
people) live in Java island which is only 7% of total
Indonesia continental area.
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Change of Critical Watershed
70
58
62
64
60
48
Number
50
39
40
30
22
Watershed
20
10
0
1984
1994
1998
Year
2000
2002
2006
CASE PROBLEM
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Bengawan Solo Watershed
Wonogiri
Reservoir
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
• The Bengawan Solo flows through Central
and East Java Provinces, is the largest river
on Java with a watershed area of around
16,100 Km2 and a length of about 600 Km.
• Bengawan Solo river is one of Indonesia
rivers which have critical watershed. The
problem is indicated by high sedimentation in
Wonogiri reservoir.
• The Wonogiri reservoir was constructed in
1982
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
• The Dam provides flood control, irrigation,
domestic water supply and hydropower
generation, and gives services to about 710,000
population (1998).
• The present effective storage capacity of the
reservoir is roughly estimated to nearly about
60% of its original capacity, due to the problem
of sedimentation.
• Risky Reservoir Operation due to Decrease of
Effective Storage Capacity.
Satellite Picture on May 13, 2003
Keduang River
(421 km2)
Sedimentation
in Progress
Tirtomoyo River
(231 km2)
Bengawan Solo
(206 km2) and
Alang River (169 km2)
Sediment Deposits at Intake
Intake
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Annual Sediment Yield by Source
Sediment Source
• Soil Erosion
• Other Sources
Surface
Soil
Erosion
95%
Vol.
( x 1000m3 )
2,947
232
- Gully
76
- Landslide
15
- River Bank
- Roadside Slope
Other
Sources
5%
130
11
Road Side
Slope
7%
River bank
55%
Gully
Erosion
32%
Landslide
6%
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
River bank erosion
Land slide
Surface erosion
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Restoration:
Actually,
restoration is new concept for
river management in Indonesia.
Restoration has been tried in watershed
of river by watershed management, for
example in Bengawan Solo river by
developing terrace and forestation.
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
100%
75%
50%
25%
50%
75%
90%
25%
Fruits/Trees
10%
Seasonal Crops
0 – 8%
8 – 15%
15 – 25%
25 – 40%
>40%
Effects of Watershed Management
Sedimentation Rates:
Historical Change of Storage Capacity of Wonogiri Reservoir
Storage Capacity (mil. m3)
750
1980-1990:
6.2 million m3/year
700
650
1980-1993:
5.7 million m3/year
600
550
500
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
1990-2005:
3.4 million m3/year
Significant Difference resulted from What?
・ Many large floods in early 1980s
・Watershed management project
in 1989-1994
CCF 2016
Kampus Terpadu, UMY, 21 Maret, 2016
Terima kasih atas
perhatiannya