mined by the Kjeldahl method protein using the Tecator Kjeltec system Tecator AB, Hoganas,
Sweden and the Soxlet method oil using the Tecator Soxtec system Tecator AB, Hoganas,
Sweden, respectively Zhang and Smith, 1994. Kjeldahl nitrogen values were multiplied by 6.25
to obtain crude protein values Panford et al., 1988. Seed protein content was calculated as the
amount of protein mg seed
− 1
protein concen- tration times individual seed weight and protein
yield in g plant
− 1
and kg ha
− 1
protein concen- tration times seed weight. Seed oil content and
yield were estimated as for protein.
2
.
3
. Statistical analyses All data were analyzed by analysis of variance
SAS Institute Inc., 1988 and all significant main effects and interactions were considered. Because
experimental errors were not homogenous over years, the data for each year are presented
separately. When analysis of variance indicated significant effects, a least significant difference
LSD
test was
used to
detect differences
between means Steel and Torrie, 1980. Because most
of the
variables investigated
in this
study were not different between soil types, the few main effects of soil type, and interactions
involving soil type, when they occurred, are de- scribed in the text rather than being shown in
tables.
3. Results
3
.
1
. Climate conditions In 1991, climatic condition during the growing
season May – September were more typical of the region than 1992. Rainfall in 1992 was higher
than 1991 and the 30-year average. Temperatures were also much lower in 1992 than 30-year aver-
age Fig. 1. In 1991, the white lupin crops were subjected to moisture stress at various stages of
their growth and development as the rains were not evenly distributed during the crop develop-
ment period. In 1992, cooler weather was accom- panied by better distribution of precipitation.
Also in 1991, the frequency and quantity of pre- cipitation were lowest during the month of June
59 mm which corresponded with the time of flowering and onset of pod filling of the lupin
crops. Flowering on the main stem raceme oc- curred between June 12 and 19 but rainfall was
only 0.4 mm between June 1 and 11, and there was no rainfall between June 18 and 26 in that
year. Thus, there was water stress before flower- ing, at anthesis and during pod filling in 1991. In
1992, total rainfalls for June and July were 80 and 143 mm, respectively, and flowering and onset of
pod filling occurred within this period Faluyi et al., 1997.
Fig. 1. Total monthly rainfall and mean temperature during the 1991 and 1992 growing season.
3
.
2
. Seed yield Seed yield data was presented in an earlier
paper Faluyi et al., 1997. A brief summary of this provided here to allow better understanding
of some of the oil and protein yield data. Early planting resulted in larger yields than later plant-
ing in both years Faluyi et al., 1997. However, this effect was larger in 1991 than 1992. Early
planting of Ultra increased seed yield by 31 and 65 on clay and sandy loam soils, respectively,
relative to late planting whereas early planting did not increase the seed yield of Primorski in 1991.
Averaged over both cultivars, early planting in- creased seed yield by 11 and 19 on clay and
sandy-loam soils, respectively, while yield was in- creased by 9 and 10 in the narrow row spacing
compared with the wide row spacing, respectively in 1992. For instance, in 1991 on clay loam soil
the yield of Ultra was increased by 31 due to early planting, but only 12 in 1992 Faluyi et al.,
1997.
When averaged over cultivars, soil types, and planting dates, yields were higher 10 for plants
produced in 20 cm rows than for plants produced in 40 cm rows Faluyi et al., 1997, and this
effect occurred across all treatments and in both years.
3
.
3
. Protein yield and yield components During the two-year study, the seed protein
concentrations of main stem and branch seeds were not different between cultivars or row spac-
ings on both soil types Tables 1 – 4. The average values of protein concentrations across cultivars
over time were 38.2 and 37.2 mg g
− 1
, for the seeds
in pods
formed on
the stem
and branches, respectively. Over row spacing and
time, the average values of protein concentrations were 38.1 and 37.2 mg g
− 1
for seeds in pods formed on the stem and branches, respectively.
Late planting resulted in an increase in seed protein
concentration of
main stem
and branch seeds on sandy-loam soil only in 1991
Table 1. The stem or branch protein yields of the culti-
var Primorski were generally higher than Ultra. Early planting increased branch protein yield by
49 in 1991 compared to late-planting. In con- trast, late-planting increased the same variable by
28 in 1992. During the 2 years of the study, row spacing had no effect on stem protein yield for
both soil types Tables 1 – 4 but the wider row spacing 40 cm slightly increased branch protein
yield on clay soil in 1991 Table 2.
Total protein yield varied between the cultivars and was affected by planting date in 1991 Tables
1 and 2. In 1991, Ultra, on sandy loam soils, had 49 higher total protein yields, respectively, than
Primorski Table 1. Total protein yield of plants seeded early and grown on clay-loam soil was
15 greater than that of those seeded late on the same soil type in 1991 Table 2. In 1992, none of
the tested factors affected the total protein yield at sandy or clay-loam sites Tables 3 and 4.
Averaged over row spacings and cultivars, the total protein yield was 18 greater for early than
for
late-planted plants,
while the
branch protein yield of early-planted plants was 168
higher than that of late-planted plants, although no difference existed in main stem protein
yield on sandy-loam soil in 1991 Table 1. On the clay-loam
soil in
1991, early-planting
in- creased the total seed protein yield by 15,
while the branch seed protein yield was 54 higher for early than late-seeded plants Table 2.
However, this was not the case at either site in 1992.
3
.
4
. Oil yield and yield components Stem seed oil concentration was not affected by
management factors at any of the 4 site-years Tables 1 – 4. Branch seed oil concentration of
Ultra on sandy-loam soil was 7 high than Pri- morski only in 1991 Table 1, while for the other
site-years branch oil concentrations were not af- fected by the tested treatments Tables 2 – 4. The
stem-seed oil yield of Primorski on the sandy- loam soil was greater than that of Ultra in both
1991 and 1992 Tables 1 – 3. Primorski had 41 more main stem oil yield per plant than Ultra
in 1991, and 16 more in 1992 Tables 1, 3 and 4.
M .A
. Faluyi
et al
. Europ
. J
. Agronomy
13 2000
27 –
37
31 Table 1
The effects of cultivars and planting date on sweet white lupin seed quality and its components on sandy-loam soil in 1991 Oil variables
Protein variables Management
factors BPY
SGOC BGOC
SOY BOY
SPY TOY
BGPC TPY
SGPC mg plant
− 1
t ha
− 1
mg plant
− 1
mg plant
− 1
t ha
− 1
mg plant
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
a
Culti6ar 8.5a
9.1a 0.57b
39.0a 0.06b
2.63b 0.24a
39.3a
b
Ultra 0.11b
1.07a 8.4a
8.5b 0.81a
Primorski 0.33a
40.0a 0.15b
39.8a 3.70a
1.40a 0.72b
Planting date 8.5a
8.8a 0.74a
36.9b 0.26a
3.31a 0.23a
37.8b Early
1.10a 0.97a
0.82a 41.5a
8.4b 8.8a
0.63a 0.14b
0.16b 41.8a
3.12a 0.41b
Late Row spacing
0.92a 39.8a
8.4a 8.8a
0.69a 0.20a
0.20a 39.6a
3.25a 0.66a
20 cm 8.5a
8.8a 0.68a
0.19a 0.19a
0.87a 39.1a
0.85a 3.19a
40 cm 39.6a
a
SGPC, stem seed protein concentration mg g
− 1
; BGPC, branch seed protein concentration mg g
− 1
; SPY, stem seed protein yield mg plant
− 1
; BPY, branch seed protein yield mg plant
− 1
; TPY, total protein yield t ha
− 1
; SGOC, stem seed oil concentration mg g
− 1
; BGOC, branch seed oil concentration mg g
− 1
; SOY, stem seed oil yield mg plant
− 1
; BOY, branch seed oil yield mg plant
− 1
; TOY, total seed oil yield t ha
− 1
.
b
Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significant at PB0.05 by a GLM protected LSD test.
M .A
. Faluyi
et al
. Europ
. J
. Agronomy
13 2000
27 –
37
Table 2 The effects of cultivar, planting date and row spacing on sweet white lupin seed quality and its components on clay-loam soil in 1991
a
Oil variables Protein variables
Management factors
BPY SGPC
BGPC SOY
BOY SPY
TOY BGPC
TPY SGPC
mg plant
− 1
t ha
− 1
mg plant
− 1
mg plant
− 1
t ha
− 1
mg plant
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
b
Culti6ar 9.0a
9.3a 0.73b
37.3a 0.09b
3.06b 0.25a
37.5a Ultra
0.15b 1.03a
8.9a 9.2a
0.83a Primorski
0.19a 37.8a
0.20b 36.8a
3.51a 0.84a
0.83a Planting date
8.9a 9.4a
0.83a 35.8a
0.16a 3.50a
0.24a 37.5a
Early 0.60a
0.99a 0.86b
37.8a 9.1a
9.1a 0.73b
0.12b 0.21b
38.2a 3.07a
0.39b Late
Row spacing 37.7a
1.01a 9.0a
9.2a 0.78a
0.13a 0.24a
37.5a 3.28a
20 cm 0.49a
8.9a 9.3a
0.78a 0.15a
0.21b 0.85a
0.50a 3.29a
40 cm 37.6a
36.5a
a
Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significant at PB0.05 by a GLM protected LSD test.
b
SPY, stem seed protein yield mg plant
− 1
; BPY, branch seed protein yield mg plant
− 1
; TPY, total protein yield t ha
− 1
; BGPC, branch seed oil yield mg g
− 1
; SOY, stem seed oil yield mg plant
− 1
; BOY, branch seed oil yield mg plant
− 1
;TOY, total seed oil yield t ha
− 1
.
M .A
. Faluyi
et al
. Europ
. J
. Agronomy
13 2000
27 –
37
33 Table 3
The effects of cultivar, planting date and row spacing on sweet white lupin seed quality and its components on sandy-loam soil in 1992 Oil variables
Protein variables Management
factors BPY
SGOC BGOC
SOY BOY
SPY TOY
BGPC TPY
SGPC mg plant
− 1
t ha
− 1
mg plant
− 1
mg plant
− 1
t ha
− 1
mg plant
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
a
Culti6ar 10.2a
11.1a 1.17b
35.9a 0.85a
4.28a 0.40a
37.5a
b
Ultra 2.72a
1.40a 10.8a
11.5a 1.35a
Primorski 1.18a
37.4a 0.41a
36.2a 4.62a
3.70a 1.37a
Planting date 10.5a
11.0a 1.41a
34.9a 0.87b
4.82a 0.42a
36.3a Early
2.68b 1.40a
1.37a 38.6a
10.5a 11.6a
1.12b 1.16a
0.39a 37.2a
4.08b 3.75a
Late Row spacing
1.49a 38.1a
10.2a 11.1a
1.20a 0.91a
0.42a 36.9a
4.44a 2.97a
20 cm 10.8a
11.5a 1.32a
1.13a 0.39a
1.29a 35.2a
3.46a 4.46a
40 cm 36.8a
a
SGPC, stem seed protein concentration mg g
− 1
; SPY, stem seed protein yield mg plant
− 1
; BPY, branch seed protein yield mg plant
− 1
; TPY, total protein yield t ha
− 1
; BGOC, branch seed oil concentration mg g
− 1
; SOY, stem seed oil yield mg plant
− 1
; BOY, branch seed oil yield mg plant
− 1
; TOY, total seed oil yield t ha
− 1
.
b
Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significant at PB 0.05 by a GLM protected LSD test.
M .A
. Faluyi
et al
. Europ
. J
. Agronomy
13 2000
27 –
37
Table 4 The effects of cultivar, planting date and row spacing on sweet white lupin seed quality and its components on clay-loam soil in 1992
a
Oil variables Protein variables
Management factors
BPY SGOC
BGOC SOY
BOY SPY
TOY BGPC
TPY SGPC
b
mg plant
− 1
t ha
− 1
mg plant
− 1
mg plant
− 1
t ha
− 1
mg plant
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
mg g
− 1
Culti6ar 9.4a
10.1a 1.11a
35.9a 0.51b
3.25b 0.41a
37.5a Ultra
1.86b 1.56a
9.5a 10.0a
1.19a Primorski
1.29a 37.4a
0.39a 36.6a
4.63a 3.47a
1.50a Planting date
9.6a 10.2a
1.41a 36.1a
0.82a 5.11a
0.42a 37.4a
Early 2.25a
1.59a 1.47a
37.5a 9.3a
9.9a 0.89b
0.98a 0.38a
36.9a 2.76b
3.08a Late
Row spacing 1.61a
37.5a 9.4a
10.1a 1.17a
0.63b 0.42a
36.6a 4.23a
2.31a 20 cm
9.5a 10.0a
1.13a 1.17a
0.38a 1.45a
35.9a 3.02a
3.65a 40 cm
37.4a
a
Means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significant at PB0.05 by a GLM protected LSD test.
b
SGPC, stem seed protein concentration mg g
− 1
; BGPC, branch seed protein concentration mg g
− 1
; SPY, stem seed protein yield mg plant
− 1
; BPY, branch seed protein yield mg plant
− 1
; TPY, total protein yield t ha
− 1
; SGOC, stem seed oil concentration mg g
− 1
; BGOC, branch seed oil concentration mg g
− 1
; SOY, stem seed oil yield mg plant
− 1
; BOY, branch seed oil yield mg plant
− 1
; TOY, total seed oil yield t ha
− 1
.
In 1991, management factors such as cultivar and planting date had greater effects on main-
stem and branch seed oil yield and total seed oil yield than row spacing Tables 1 and 2. Early
seeded lupin increased stem and branch oil yield and total protein yield at all site-years, except for
branch oil yield of late-planted plants grown on clay soil in 1992. Primorski had greater per plant
seed oil yields for stems and branches but less total seed oil yield per unit area than Ultra Ta-
bles 1 and 2 due to a smaller population for Primorski than Ultra Ultra 53.8 plants m
− 2
vs. Primorski 34.8 plants m
− 2
on clay soil, and Ultra 51.8 plants m
− 2
vs. Primorski 27.4 plants m
− 2
on sandy soil. In 1992, early planting re- sulted in 26 and 58 higher stem seed oil yield
than late planting Table 3. Branch seed oil yield increased by 33 and 86, due to late planting and
wider row spacing, respectively. At both experi- mental sites in 1992, management factors did not
affect total oil yield Tables 3 and 4.
Across other management factors row-spacing and cultivars, early planting increased stem oil
yield by 17, 13, 24, and 59 on sandy and clay- loam soils in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Pri-
morski had greater branch-oil yields than Ultra at three of the 4 site-years. In 1991, the branch-oil
yields per plant of Primorski were 5.5 and 2.1 fold higher than those of Ultra on sandy and clay-
loam soils Tables 1 and 2, respectively, while they were 153 higher on the clay-loam soil in
1992 Table 4.
3
.
5
. Interrelationships between seed oil and protein
The Spearman’s correlation coefficient Con- over, 1971 for seed quality variables indicated a
significant negative association between seed protein and lipid concentrations r, − 0.61; P,
0.001 in 1991. A parallel relationship was present between branch seed oil and protein concentra-
tions. The correlation between seed protein and oil yields per plant r, 0.95; P, 0.001 in 1991 and
r, 0.92; P, 0.001 in 1992 and between the overall protein and oil yields ha
− 1
r, 0.94; P, 0.001 in 1991 and r, 0.77; P, 0.001 in 1992 were highly
significant and positive.
4. Discussion
