In 1991, management factors such as cultivar and planting date had greater effects on main-
stem and branch seed oil yield and total seed oil yield than row spacing Tables 1 and 2. Early
seeded lupin increased stem and branch oil yield and total protein yield at all site-years, except for
branch oil yield of late-planted plants grown on clay soil in 1992. Primorski had greater per plant
seed oil yields for stems and branches but less total seed oil yield per unit area than Ultra Ta-
bles 1 and 2 due to a smaller population for Primorski than Ultra Ultra 53.8 plants m
− 2
vs. Primorski 34.8 plants m
− 2
on clay soil, and Ultra 51.8 plants m
− 2
vs. Primorski 27.4 plants m
− 2
on sandy soil. In 1992, early planting re- sulted in 26 and 58 higher stem seed oil yield
than late planting Table 3. Branch seed oil yield increased by 33 and 86, due to late planting and
wider row spacing, respectively. At both experi- mental sites in 1992, management factors did not
affect total oil yield Tables 3 and 4.
Across other management factors row-spacing and cultivars, early planting increased stem oil
yield by 17, 13, 24, and 59 on sandy and clay- loam soils in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Pri-
morski had greater branch-oil yields than Ultra at three of the 4 site-years. In 1991, the branch-oil
yields per plant of Primorski were 5.5 and 2.1 fold higher than those of Ultra on sandy and clay-
loam soils Tables 1 and 2, respectively, while they were 153 higher on the clay-loam soil in
1992 Table 4.
3
.
5
. Interrelationships between seed oil and protein
The Spearman’s correlation coefficient Con- over, 1971 for seed quality variables indicated a
significant negative association between seed protein and lipid concentrations r, − 0.61; P,
0.001 in 1991. A parallel relationship was present between branch seed oil and protein concentra-
tions. The correlation between seed protein and oil yields per plant r, 0.95; P, 0.001 in 1991 and
r, 0.92; P, 0.001 in 1992 and between the overall protein and oil yields ha
− 1
r, 0.94; P, 0.001 in 1991 and r, 0.77; P, 0.001 in 1992 were highly
significant and positive.
4. Discussion
Management factors affected the protein and oil concentrations of lupin seeds. Both protein
and oil concentrations were affected by planting date. Planting date generally had a much greater
effect on seed-protein and oil yields than row width. In general, row width had little effect. Seed
protein levels were more sensitive to planting date than seed oil levels, and early planting often de-
creased seed protein concentration. This could have been due to changes in either oil or carbohy-
drate levels in the seeds. The occasional increases in seed oil levels due to earlier planting suggest
that this was a part of the cause for decreases in protein levels. However, the fact that these oc-
curred much less frequently than protein level decreases suggests that increases in carbohydrate
level accounted of most of the decreases in protein. Our data indicate that branch and stem
seeds are about equally sensitive to management factors in terms of changes to oil and protein
concentrations. Comparisons of the stem and branch protein yields showed that the branch
protein yield was more sensitive to management factors at both sites in 1991. Thus, the protein
yield increases were largely due to branch protein yield increases.
The increases in the seed lipid yield per plant by pods borne on the main stem, due to clay-soil,
early-planting, the 20 cm row-width and Ultra in 1991, versus the alternate state of each factor,
were 25, 15, 10 and 43, respectively; the corre- sponding values for the differences in seed protein
yield per plant were 3, 21, 13 and 37. However, some of these relative increases were not present
in the cooler and wetter year of 1992.
Total protein and oil yields of Ultra were higher than those of Primorski in the typical year
1991, but not in the atypically cool year 1992. In the same study, Ultra yielded more per unit
area than Primorski and both narrower rows and earlier planting lead to higher yields Faluyi et al.,
1997. This also contributed to increases in seed and oil protein yields. With regard to cultivars,
Ultra produced more protein ha
− 1
than Pri- morski in 1991 Tables 1 and 2, but not in 1992
Tables 3 and 4. Early planting generally in-
creased both protein and oil yields in 1991, espe- cially for the cultivar Ultra.
Shaw and Liang 1966 and Stone and Turker 1969 reported maximum protein concentrations
when soybean plants were water stressed during pod filling. The moisture stress that occurred dur-
ing pod filling in 1991 may have lead to higher protein concentrations in the seeds of white lupin
plants grown on sandy-loam soil, which would have had less moisture holding capacity than the
clay-loam soil. The cooler weather with averages 1.3, 1.4 and 2.8°C less for May, June and July,
respectively, than mean temperatures for corre- sponding months in 1991 and adequate rainfall
in 1992 resulted in more moisture in the soil for crop growth and development. This lead to lower
seed protein concentrations in 1992 37.4 and 36.1 on the main and secondary branches, re-
spectively than for 1991 38.6 and 37.5 on primary and secondary branches, respectively
Tables 1 – 4.
The negative and significant correlation r, −
0.61; P, 0.01 between lupin seed protein and oil concentrations in 1991 agrees with the findings
of other researchers Dhawan et al., 1972; Udaya- seekhara
and Rao,
1981; McKendry
and McVetty, 1985 working with other oil crops. This
negative relationship indicates that these two quality traits are inversely related in sweet white
lupin. Thus, concurrent selection for increased seed-oil and protein concentrations would proba-
bly be difficult, as any attempt to select for in- creased concentration of one character would
probably depress the other.
5. Conclusions
