Human Powered LED Torch.

HUMAN POWERED LED TORCH

QARTIKA ESLYNA BT OTHMAN

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Computer Engineering) With Honours

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited in the references”

Signature : ____________________________ Author : QARTIKA ESLYNA BT OTHMAN Date :

“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic

Engineering (Industrial Electronics) With Honours”

Signature : ___________________

Supervisor‟s Name : MR. FAUZI BIN HAJI ABDUL WAHAB

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to express my utmost and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Fauzi Bin Hj Abdul Wahab. He has proved himself to be an excellent and devoted supervisor with his kindness and patience. He has given me important advices, and aspiration, and guided me throughout the whole project. Thank you for all the help and guidence.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my beloved parents and my family. They have given me the greatest moral support that I ever had when I was feeling down. On the other hand, I would like to show my appreciation to all the lecturers who have taught me over the years in UTeM. They have taught me invaluable knowledge which is essential in completing this project. Most importantly, the knowledge acquired has prepared me for my career in future.

Furthermore, I would like to thank my friends and course mates for sharing their knowledge with me. Thank you for the encouragement and help. All of you have been very kind, caring and I will always treasure our friendships.

ABSTRACT

Human Powered LED torch is about to build a torch light that operates by using kinetic energy. In this project, it is intended to harvest kinetic energy from human body movements that will create electrical power to light up the LED of the torch and also charging up backup battery. The backup battery is used as to provide continuous power supply in the absence of kinetic energy. Light sensor is added as to allow the LED turns on when the ambient-light level drops and off when it is bright enough.

ABSTRAK

“Human Powered LED Torch” adalah membina lampu suluh yang beroperasi dengan menggunakan tenaga kinetik. Dalam projek ini, ia bertujuan untuk menuai tenaga kinetik daripada pergerakan badan manusia yang akan mewujudkan kuasa elektrik untuk memberikan cahaya kepada lampu suluh LED dan mengecas bateri sokongan. Bateri sokongan ini digunakan untuk menyediakan bekalan kuasa yang berterusan dgn kehadirantenaga kinetik. Pengesan cahaya ditambah untuk membenarkan LED menyala apabila tahap persekitaran cahaya menurun dan akan padam apabila dalam keadaan terang.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

PROJECT TITLE CONFESSION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

i ii iv v vi vii viii xi xii xiii

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1.2 .Objective

1.3 Problem Statement 1.4 Scope

1.5 Methodology Approach

1.5.1 Explanation of Flowchart 1.6 Thesis Outline

1 2 2 3 4 5 6

II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Background Study

2.2.1 Kinetic Energy

2.2.1.1 Form of Kinetic Energy 2.3 Energy Harvesting

2.3.1 Common Source of energy Harvesting 2.3.1.1 Solar Power

2.3.1.2 Wave Power 2.3.1.4 Wind Power 2.3.1.4 Human Power 2.4 Power source

2.4.1 Human Power Projects

2.4.2 Current Technology of Human Power 2.4.2.1 Pedal Power Generator 2.4.2.2 Foot Power Generator 2.4.2.3 Knee Power Generator 2.5 Energy Conversion

2.5.1 Electromagnetic Conversion 2.5.2 Piezoelectric Conversion 2.6 Torch 2.6.1 Sherpaxray-blue-small 2.6.2 NightStar 2.7 Electrochemical 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 19 21 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28

III PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Block Diagram

3.2.1 Block Description 3.3 Process of Flow Chart

3.4 Idea of Designing The Model 3.5 Battery Charger Circuit 3.6 Light Sensor Circuit

31 31 32 35 37 39 40

IV PROJECT FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Result and Analysis 4.3 Hardware Construction 4.4 Discussion

42 42 47 50

V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Conclusion 5.3 Recommendation

52 52 53 REFERENCES APPENDIXS 55 57

LIST OF TABLE

NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Battery comparison 29

4.1 Passive human power generation 43

4.2 Typical power consumption of several devices 43

4.3 Pendulum/motor output power 44

LIST OF FIGURE

NO TITLE PAGE

1.1 Flow Chart of Project 4

2.1 Basic human power model [adapted from Jansen, 2000] 16

2.2 Pedal power generator 19

2.3 Components in the pedal power generator 20

2.4 DIY car jumper 21

2.5 Knee mounted generator 22

2.6 An electrical motor 24

2.7 A PZT piezoelectric elements with connecting wires 25

2.8 Sperpaxray-blue-small 26

2.9 NightStar shaking torch 27

3.0 Typical (rechargeable) batteries 28

3.1 Block diagram model 31

3.2 Simple gravity pendulum 32

3.3 The flowchart of designing the human powered LED torch 35

3.4 Pendulum and motor assembly 37

3.5 Battery charger circuit 39

3.6 Light sensor circuit (relay in normally closed) 40 3.7 Light sensor circuit (relay in normally open) 41

4.1 Model human powered LED torch 47

4.2 Motor system 48

4.3 Motion of the pendulum 49

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC - Alternative Current

DC - Direct Current

EMF - Electromagnetic Flux

NiCd - Nickel-Cadmium

NiMH - Nickel Metal-Hydride

LDR - Light Dependent Resistor

LED - Light Emitting Diode

Li-Ion - Lithium-Ion

PSM - Projek Sarjana Muda

PV - Photovoltaics

PVDF - Polyvinylidene Fluoride

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.3 Introduction

The human body generates and consumes vast amounts of energy every day. Much of the energy generated from the digestion of food goes to support the various processes of the body. The movement of a person‟s limbs can easily generate enough energy to power a notebook computer or a calculator. A person can expend up to 24 W doing bicep curls and up to 60 W doing arm lifts. [1] Renewable energy sources are also called alternative energy sources. Alternative energy sources can not only be used for the generation of electricity for the grid or for the powering of cars but also for small electronic products like a radio, flashlight or mp3 player. This project focuses on the use of human energy to power an LED torch

This project is about to to build a torch light that operates by using kinetic energy. In this project, it is intended to harvest kinetic energy from human body movements that will create electrical power to light up the LED of the torch and also charging up backup battery. The backup battery is used as to provide continuous power supply in the absence of kinetic energy. Light sensor is added as to allow the LED turns on when the ambient-light level drops and off when it is bright enough.

The produced device should be able to charge a battery while the user is on the move without needing an external power supply. Electromagnetic conversion is the only viable way to convert kinetic energy into electricity. It is based on a flux created by the movement of a magnet along a coil. The magnet moves, either rotating or translating, along a coil of electricity wire. The movement causes induction and supplies a current in the wire.

1.2 Objective

The main goal of this project is to design LED torch that operates using kinetic energy that is the concept of energy harvesting. The followings are the objectives that must be met in the development of this project:

 An alternative power source that could circumvent the problem of battery lacks in LED torch.

 To analyze the electromagnetic generator as a energy conversion to convert the kinetic energy into electricity

 To design the LED torch that operates using kinetic energy from human body movement

1.7 Problem Statement

Almost all LED torch used today are powered by two or more alkaline batteries. Often torch fail to operate when they are needed the most, such as during power-failures. This may be due to leaks in the batteries or a result of the batteries decaying. Therefore, in times of emergency, it is unreliable to depend on batteries to power the only light source available. An alternative energy source, that is available anytime, would have to

be found to ensure that the torch works when needed. With the realization of the project, the batteries utilization needed for the torch that using by the user will be reduce and the bulb of the torch can be light up one while on the move. The design of the project also enables the user to be ever equipped with an extra charged battery whenever he needs one.

1.8 Scope

This project will discover certain area of development which stated in the scopes below

 An analysis of human power which is the human power is defined and the history and the preceding research are described.

 Research and analysis of the electromagnetic generator, the type of electromagnetic generator and all related calculations.

 Construct the circuit for simulation purpose which then will be tested to ensure the targeted output

 Product is design for users convenient when using the LED torch, without worrying power failure to lighting up the bulb due the lack of battery EMF.

1.9 Methodology Approach

1.9.1 Explanation of Flowchart

 Discuss with the supervisor and understand the concept of project

Project is related to energy harvesting from human movements. Using the same concept with the existing torch light except it is operates by using kinetic energy from human body movements that will create electrical power to light up the bulb of the torch and also charge up the battery.

 Do research background of the project

Search for information of energy harvesting from human movements and how to converting it to electricity. Find out what the component to convert the kinetic energy to electrical power. Study about the electromagnetic generator including the related calculation and other necessary related information.

 Design the project with circuit simulation

The circuit will be design by for simulation to observe the result.

 Troubleshoot

1.10 Thesis Outline

The first chapter discuss about brief overview about the project such as introduction, objective, problem statement, scope and the methodology of the project.

The second chapter is about the literature review of the project. This chapter discusses the concept of the research and how it related with the theory.

Chapter Three is explanation about the methodology and process that taken to complete the project. Each achievement and selection taken when the project is implemented will be explained in detail for each stage until the project is success. This chapter will briefly describe on history, materials that were used and how to operate it.

Chapter Four describes about the project findings such as the result that we obtain based on the methodology that we used. The obtained result will be analyze and based on the objectives. The result is presented by tables, simulation, graphs and figures.

Chapter Five is about the discussion and summary of project achievement. It also includes the conclusion and recommendation that can be taken for future improvement of the project.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Energy is not available infinitely. Fossil fuels will run out eventually, although new reserves are still being found. The economy depends on the suppliers of these fossil fuels, which became very apparent during the 1973 oil crisis. A lot of research is going into renewable energy, energy that cannot run out, because of the economic dependence. Renewable energy sources are also called alternative energy sources. Alternative energy sources can not only be used for the generation of electricity for the grid or for the powering of cars but also for small electronic products like a radio, flashlight or mp3 player. The focus then is not on hydro plants or nuclear fusion but on solar power, fuel cells and human power. This project focuses on the use of human power to power a led torch.

2.2 Background Study

Energy is the measure of a physical system. It defines the quality of the changes and processes which take place in the universe, beginning with movement and finishing with thinking. The unity and the connection between the movement forms of substance, their lively capacity of mutual transformation, allowed the measuring of different forms of substance through a common aspect: energy.

Energy is a critical aspect of modern life. It includes the electricity, heat and other types of energy used to power our homes, businesses, and transportation. Energy as a scientific principle is found in many sources and forms.

The scientific definition of energy is the ability to do work. Work is the transfer of energy to move an object a certain distance. The rate at which work is done is called power. The ratio of work and time determines the amount of power used. For example, imagine that two people start at the bottom of a mountain with the goal of reaching the top. The first person hikes to the top in a short amount of time. The second person scales the rocks to the top which takes a much longer amount of time. The same amount of work was done by both (they reached the top of the mountain), but the hiker has more power since the distance traveled was completed in a shorter amount of time.

Energy occurs in two primary states, potential and kinetic. Potential energy is stored energy. Kinetic energy is the release of the potential energy to create motion, ultimately to do work. Work is the transfer of energy to move an object a certain distance.

Kinetic energy is the energy of a body or a system with respect to the motion of the body or of the particles in the system. The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses because of its motion. Thus, the kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula. Where:

(2.1)

 m is the mass in kilograms, and  v is the speed in meters per second.

Kinetic energy is an expression of the fact that a moving object can do work on anything it hits; it quantifies the amount of work the object could do as a result of its motion. The total mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy.

For an object of finite size, this kinetic energy is called the translational kinetic energy of the mass to distinguish it from any rotational kinetic energy it might possess - the total kinetic energy of a mass can be expressed as the sum of the translational kinetic energy of its center of mass plus the kinetic energy of rotation about its center of mass.

2.4.1.1Form of Kinetic Energy

Electrical Energy is the movement of electrical charges. Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons. Applying a force can make some of the electrons move. Electrical charges moving through a wire is called electricity. Lightning is another example of electrical energy.

Radiant Energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Light is one type of radiant energy. Solar energy is an example of radiant energy.

Thermal Energy, or heat, is the internal energy in substances––the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy.

Motion Energy is the movement of objects and substances from one place to another. Objects and substances move when a force is applied according to Newton‟s Laws of Motion. Wind is an example of motion energy.

Sound Energy is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves. Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate––the energy is transferred through the substance in a wave.

1.9.1 Explanation of Flowchart

 Discuss with the supervisor and understand the concept of project

Project is related to energy harvesting from human movements. Using the same concept with the existing torch light except it is operates by using kinetic energy from human body movements that will create electrical power to light up the bulb of the torch and also charge up the battery.

 Do research background of the project

Search for information of energy harvesting from human movements and how to converting it to electricity. Find out what the component to convert the kinetic energy to electrical power. Study about the electromagnetic generator including the related calculation and other necessary related information.

 Design the project with circuit simulation

The circuit will be design by for simulation to observe the result.

 Troubleshoot

1.10 Thesis Outline

The first chapter discuss about brief overview about the project such as introduction, objective, problem statement, scope and the methodology of the project.

The second chapter is about the literature review of the project. This chapter discusses the concept of the research and how it related with the theory.

Chapter Three is explanation about the methodology and process that taken to complete the project. Each achievement and selection taken when the project is implemented will be explained in detail for each stage until the project is success. This chapter will briefly describe on history, materials that were used and how to operate it.

Chapter Four describes about the project findings such as the result that we obtain based on the methodology that we used. The obtained result will be analyze and based on the objectives. The result is presented by tables, simulation, graphs and figures.

Chapter Five is about the discussion and summary of project achievement. It also includes the conclusion and recommendation that can be taken for future improvement of the project.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Energy is not available infinitely. Fossil fuels will run out eventually, although new reserves are still being found. The economy depends on the suppliers of these fossil fuels, which became very apparent during the 1973 oil crisis. A lot of research is going into renewable energy, energy that cannot run out, because of the economic dependence. Renewable energy sources are also called alternative energy sources. Alternative energy sources can not only be used for the generation of electricity for the grid or for the powering of cars but also for small electronic products like a radio, flashlight or mp3 player. The focus then is not on hydro plants or nuclear fusion but on solar power, fuel cells and human power. This project focuses on the use of human power to power a led torch.

Energy is the measure of a physical system. It defines the quality of the changes and processes which take place in the universe, beginning with movement and finishing with thinking. The unity and the connection between the movement forms of substance, their lively capacity of mutual transformation, allowed the measuring of different forms of substance through a common aspect: energy.

Energy is a critical aspect of modern life. It includes the electricity, heat and other types of energy used to power our homes, businesses, and transportation. Energy as a scientific principle is found in many sources and forms.

The scientific definition of energy is the ability to do work. Work is the transfer of energy to move an object a certain distance. The rate at which work is done is called power. The ratio of work and time determines the amount of power used. For example, imagine that two people start at the bottom of a mountain with the goal of reaching the top. The first person hikes to the top in a short amount of time. The second person scales the rocks to the top which takes a much longer amount of time. The same amount of work was done by both (they reached the top of the mountain), but the hiker has more power since the distance traveled was completed in a shorter amount of time.

Energy occurs in two primary states, potential and kinetic. Potential energy is stored energy. Kinetic energy is the release of the potential energy to create motion, ultimately to do work. Work is the transfer of energy to move an object a certain distance.

Kinetic energy is the energy of a body or a system with respect to the motion of the body or of the particles in the system. The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it possesses because of its motion. Thus, the kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula. Where:

(2.1)

 m is the mass in kilograms, and  v is the speed in meters per second.

Kinetic energy is an expression of the fact that a moving object can do work on anything it hits; it quantifies the amount of work the object could do as a result of its motion. The total mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy.

For an object of finite size, this kinetic energy is called the translational kinetic energy of the mass to distinguish it from any rotational kinetic energy it might possess - the total kinetic energy of a mass can be expressed as the sum of the translational kinetic energy of its center of mass plus the kinetic energy of rotation about its center of mass.

2.4.1.1Form of Kinetic Energy

Electrical Energy is the movement of electrical charges. Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons. Applying a force can make some of the electrons move. Electrical charges moving through a wire is called electricity. Lightning is another example of electrical energy.

Radiant Energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Light is one type of radiant energy. Solar energy is an example of radiant energy.

Thermal Energy, or heat, is the internal energy in substances––the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy.

Motion Energy is the movement of objects and substances from one place to another. Objects and substances move when a force is applied according to Newton‟s Laws of Motion. Wind is an example of motion energy.

Sound Energy is the movement of energy through substances in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves. Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate––the energy is transferred through the substance in a wave.