III PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Block Diagram
3.2.1 Block Description
3.3 Process of Flow Chart
3.4 Idea of Designing The Model
3.5 Battery Charger Circuit
3.6 Light Sensor Circuit
31 31
32 35
37 39
40
IV PROJECT FINDINGS
4.1
Introduction
4.2 Result and Analysis
4.3 Hardware Construction
4.4 Discussion
42 42
47 50
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Introduction
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
52 52
53
REFERENCES
APPENDIXS
55 57
LIST OF TABLE
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2.1 Battery comparison
29 4.1
Passive human power generation 43
4.2 Typical power consumption of several devices
43 4.3
Pendulummotor output power 44
4.4 Battery comparison
46
LIST OF FIGURE
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PAGE
1.1 Flow Chart of Project
4 2.1
Basic human power model [adapted from Jansen, 2000] 16
2.2 Pedal power generator
19 2.3
Components in the pedal power generator 20
2.4 DIY car jumper
21 2.5
Knee mounted generator 22
2.6 An electrical motor
24 2.7
A PZT piezoelectric elements with connecting wires 25
2.8
Sperpaxray-blue-small
26 2.9
NightStar shaking torch
27 3.0
Typical rechargeable batteries 28
3.1 Block diagram model
31 3.2
Simple gravity pendulum 32
3.3 The flowchart of designing the human powered LED torch
35 3.4
Pendulum and motor assembly 37
3.5 Battery charger circuit
39 3.6
Light sensor circuit relay in normally closed 40
3.7 Light sensor circuit relay in normally open
41 4.1
Model human powered LED torch 47
4.2 Motor system
48 4.3
Motion of the pendulum 49
4.4 Battery chargers as a stand by battery
49
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC -
Alternative Current
DC -
Direct Current
EMF -
Electromagnetic Flux
NiCd -
Nickel-Cadmium
NiMH -
Nickel Metal-Hydride
LDR -
Light Dependent Resistor
LED -
Light Emitting Diode
Li-Ion -
Lithium-Ion
PSM -
Projek Sarjana Muda
PV -
Photovoltaics
PVDF -
Polyvinylidene Fluoride
PVT -
Photo Voltaic Thermal
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.3 Introduction
The human body generates and consumes vast amounts of energy every day. Much of the energy generated from the digestion of food goes to support the various
processes of the body. The movement of a person‟s limbs can easily generate enough energy to power a notebook computer or a calculator. A person can expend up to 24
W doing bicep curls and up to 60 W doing arm lifts. [1] Renewable energy sources are also called alternative energy sources. Alternative energy sources can not only be
used for the generation of electricity for the grid or for the powering of cars but also for small electronic products like a radio, flashlight or mp3 player. This project
focuses on the use of human energy to power an LED torch
This project is about to to build a torch light that operates by using kinetic energy. In this project, it is intended to harvest kinetic energy from human body
movements that will create electrical power to light up the LED of the torch and also charging up backup battery. The backup battery is used as to provide continuous
power supply in the absence of kinetic energy. Light sensor is added as to allow the LED turns on when the ambient-light level drops and off when it is bright enough.
The produced device should be able to charge a battery while the user is on the move without needing an external power supply. Electromagnetic conversion is the only
viable way to convert kinetic energy into electricity. It is based on a flux created by the movement of a magnet along a coil. The magnet moves, either rotating or
translating, along a coil of electricity wire. The movement causes induction and supplies a current in the wire.
1.2 Objective
The main goal of this project is to design LED torch that operates using kinetic energy that is the concept of energy harvesting. The followings are the
objectives that must be met in the development of this project: An alternative power source that could circumvent the problem of battery
lacks in LED torch. To analyze the electromagnetic generator as a energy conversion to convert
the kinetic energy into electricity To design the LED torch that operates using kinetic energy from human
body movement
1.7 Problem Statement
Almost all LED torch used today are powered by two or more alkaline batteries. Often torch fail to operate when they are needed the most, such as during
power-failures. This may be due to leaks in the batteries or a result of the batteries decaying. Therefore, in times of emergency, it is unreliable to depend on batteries to
power the only light source available. An alternative energy source, that is available anytime, would have to
