AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPOSITION ON SUBTITLE OF “DESPICABLE ME 2” MOVIE BY CHRIS RENAUD AND PIERRE COFFIN
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPOSITION ON SUBTITLE OF
“DESPICABLE ME 2” MOVIE BY CHRIS RENAUD AND
PIERRE COFFIN
THESIS
By:
DEVI LAILIAWATI
201010100311264
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MAY 2016
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPOSITION ON SUBTITLE OF
“DESPICABLE ME 2” MOVIE BY CHRIS RENAUD AND
PIERRE COFFIN
THESIS
By:
DEVI LAILIAWATI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MAY 2016
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPOSITION ON SUBTITLE OF
“DESPICABLE ME 2” MOVIE BY CHRIS RENAUD AND
PIERRE COFFIN
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements
to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
DEVI LAILIAWATI
201010100311264
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MAY 2016
This thesis written by Devi Lailiawati was approved on May
, 2016
By:
Advisor I,
Advisor II,
Puji Sumarsono, S.Pd., M.Pd
Rahmawati Khadijah Maro, S. Pd., M.PEd
This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of Faculty of Teacher
Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang
and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
on May
, 2016
Approved by:
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
University of Muhammadiyah Malang
Dean,
Dr. Poncojari Wahyono, M,Kes
Examiners:
Signatures:
1. Drs. Jarum, M.Ed
1. ...............................................
2. Laela Hikmah N, S.Pd., M.A
2. ...............................................
3. Puji Sumarsono, S.Pd., M.Pd
3. ...............................................
4. Rahmawati Khadijah Maro, S. Pd., M.PEd
4. ...............................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God,
Allah SWT, who always gives me blessing and guidance so that this thesis could
be completed in order to obtain Sarjana Degree in University of Muhammadiyah
Malang.
This thesis could not be completed without the support of many people. All of
them have my sincere gratitude and appreciation, but a few may be mentioned
here. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to:
1. All of my advisors, Mr. Puji Sumarsono, S.Pd., M.Ed and Ms. Rahmawati
Khadijah Maro, S.Pd., M.PEd for their invaluable advice and guidance in
writing this thesis.
2. My class advisor, Mr. Bayu H. Wicaksono, Ph.D, who always gives
support and shares his experiences to motivate me in accomplishing this
thesis.
3. All of the lectures of English Department for their guidance during the
writer studies at University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
4. My deepest love and acknowledgement thanks to my beloved parents Mr.
Parni and Mrs. Siti Rofi’ah, for their praying and support timelessly for
my many years as a student and for my brother who secretly cares for his
only sister.
5. My fabuolous friends: Rey, Risda, Fajar, Meisya, Wiwik, Putri, Daniah,
Rina, Elsa, Qorry, Mela and others who can’t be mentioned here for
always giving me support, help, opinion and attention.
6. Grateful for my beloved husband, Moh. Ngisom who always supports
everything I do and accompanies me in my better or worst’s stage of my
life.
Malang, May
The writer,
Devi Lailiawati
, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ................................................................................................... iii
LEGALIZATION .......................................................................................... iv
ORIGINALITY DECLARATION .............................................................. v
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. .. x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statements of Problems ............................................................................ .. 4
1.3 Purpose of Study ...................................................................................... .. 4
1.4 Significance of Study ................................................................................. 5
1.5 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................. 5
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................ 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Translation Theory ..................................................................................... 7
2.2 Kinds of Translation ................................................................................... 9
2.3 Translation Procedures ............................................................................... 10
2.3.1 Literal Translation ............................................................................ 11
2.3.2 Borrowing ........................................................................................ 12
2.3.3 Calque .............................................................................................. 13
2.3.4 Transposition.................................................................................. .. 14
2.3.5 Modulation ....................................................................................... 14
2.3.6 Equivalence .................................................................................... .. 15
2.3.7 Adaptation ........................................................................................ 16
2.4 Transposition ............................................................................................ .. 17
2.5 Kinds of Transposition ............................................................................... 18
2.5.1 Automatic Transposition .................................................................. 18
2.5.2 Transposition occurs when the grammatical structure of SL
does not exist in the TL ................................................................... 19
2.5.3 Transposition occurs because of idiom naturalness ......................... 20
2.5.4 Transposition occurs in order to fill the vocabulary gaps ................ 21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................... .. 23
3.2 Research Object ......................................................................................... 23
3.3 Research Instrument .................................................................................. 24
3.3.1 Document Analysis .......................................................................... 24
3.4 Data Collection........................................................................................... 25
3.5 Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 25
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Research Finding ..................................................................................... 27
4.1.1 Kinds of Transposition Procedure.................................................. 27
4.1.1.1 Automatic Transposition ........................................................ 28
4.1.1.2 Transposition occurs when the grammatical structure
of SL does not exist in the TL ...................................................... 35
4.1.1.3 Transposition occurs because of idiom naturalness ............... 35
4.1.1.4 Transposition occurs in order to fill the vocabulary gaps... 39
4.1.2 The Dominant Kinds of Transposition Procedure ......................... 39
4.2 Discussion ............................................................................................. ... 40
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................ ... 43
5.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................. ... 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Allen, Sharon L. 2006. Transposition, Translation, Translingualism, and the
Transformation of Novel. RiLUnE, n.4, 2006, p. 167-186.
Arfanti, Yulia. The Equivalence and the Shift of Meaning in the Translation of
Indonesian in the English in the Cover Stories of Tempo Magazines.
University of North Sumatera.
Ary, Donald. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education (eight edition). United
States of America: Wadsworth.
Asriyani, Novia. 2010. An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the Novel
Andventure of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. Jakarta: Syarif Hidayatullah
State Islamic University.
Bardaji, Anna Gill. 2009. Procedures, Techniques, Strategies: Translation
Process Operators. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology Vol. 17, No. 3,
September 2009, 161-173.
Bosco, Gabriela. Translation Technique.(online), (www.interproinc.com).
Cintaz, Jorge Diaz and Anderman, Gunilla. 2009. Audiovisual Translation:
Language transfer on Screen. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Creswell, John W. 2014. Reseacrh Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan
Mixed (Edisi Ketiga). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Ghoni, M. Djunaidi dan Almanshur, Fauzan. 2009. Petunjuk Praktis Penelitian
Pendidikan. Malang: UIN-Malang Press.
Hamidi. 2010. Metode Penelitian dan Teori Komunikasi. Malang: UMM Press.
Hatim, Basil & Munday, Jeremy. 2004. Translation an Advanced Resource Book.
London: Rouletge.
Jorge, Wilfreda P. An Analysis of the Translation Techniques Used in the Filipino
Translation of the Short Story “Doubt”. University of the Philippines.
Machali, Rochayah. 2009. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah: Panduan Lengkap bagi
Anda yang Ingin Menjadi Penerjemah Profesional. Bandung: PT Mizan
Pustaka.
Manfredi, Marina. 2008. Translating Text and Context: Translation Studies and
Systemic Functional Strategies. Journal, vol 1 & 2.
Muhtalifah, Siti. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in the
Hannah Banana Short Story by Ribut Wahyudi. Jakarta: Syarif Hidayatullah
State Islamic University.
Molina, Lucia & Albir, Amparo Hurtado. 2002. Translation Techniques
Revisited: A Dinamic and Functionalist Approach. Barcelona. Journal, vol.
47, n° 4, 2002, p. 498-512.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall.
Nida, Eugene A. 2006. Theories of Translation. Journal, vol I n° 4.
Rokhman, Muh. Arif. 2006. Penerjemahan Teks Inggris: Teori dan Latihan.
Yogyakarta: Pyramid Publisher.
Sadiyani, Ni Wayan. 2011. The Translation of Indonesian Passive Voice into
English with Reference to “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and its
Translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”. Denpasar: Udayana University.
Sari,Wenny P., Refnaldi & Ardi, Hafid. 2013. Translation Techniques and
Translation Accuracy of English Translated Text of Tourism Brochure of
Tanah Datar Regency. English Language and Literature E-Journal/ISSN
2302-3546.
Simanjuntak, EHS. 2011. An Analysis of Word Shifts in Sherlock Holmes’ Movie
Subtitle. Medan: Sumatera Utara University.
Suciati, Endang. Penerjemah dan Penelitian Terjemahan. Jombang: University of
Pesantren Tinggi Darul’Ulum.
Sugiyono. (2010). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif & RND. Bandung:
Alfabeta.
Sukmadinata, Nana Syaodih. 2007. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: PT
Remaja Rosdakarya.
Sulistiyowati, Febrina E.A.P. 2013. The Translation Procedures Applied in the
English Subtitle of the Indonesian Movie Entitled “The Raid”. Malang:
Brawijaya University.
Tayie, samy. 2005. Research Methods and Writing Research Proposals. Cairo:
Cairo University.
Willkinson, David & Birmingham, Peter. 2003. Using Research Instrument A
Guide for Researchers. London: Rouletdge Falmer.
---. 2008. Oxford Learners’s Pocket Dictionary 4th Edition. New York: Oxford
University Press.
---. 2013. Despicable Me 2: An evil genius dominates the Oscar nomination
longlist.
http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/nov/08/descpicable-me-2animation-oscars-2014 (accessed on December 27, 2013)
---. Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud Biography. http://www.imdb.com/(accessed
on January 04, 2014)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I of this research presents such topics as: background of study,
statement of problem, significance of study, scope and limitation, and definition
of key terms. Each section is presented as follows.
1.1 Background of Study
Translation activity nowadays has become a common thing in society.
Nowadays, we often see some jobs require translator for various cases. Further,
we also find translation in literary works such as novel, books or even movie.
These indicate that the importance of translation is growing up in daily life.
The term of translation is generally known as the alteration of one language or
called as Source Language (SL) into another language, Target Language (TL). As
stated by Machali (2009), translation is the attempt of replacing source language
text into target language which has equivalent meaning as the author wants. It
means that translation activity does not only change one language into another;
the translator must also consider what the author wants to express and find out the
equal meaning from the target language. In a simple sentence, it is aimed to
communicate the writer‟s message from the original text though the language is
changing.
However, translating one language into another language is not a simple task
for the translator. There will always be found a difference between the original
text and the translated text as well as different translator comes up with different
result.
1
2
Because of that reason, the translator must consider some aspects include the
contextual, textual and the translator aspect in translating the Source Language
into the Target Language (Rokhman, 2006). The contextual aspects which
influence the translation involve the culture, the authors‟ background, and the
topic which is discussed in the text. While the textual aspects consider about the
words, phrases, clauses, sentences and the punctuation which are used. At last, the
level of translator‟s competence and the knowledge he/she has also affect the
translation. As result, many translators face some difficulties in translating one
language to another. One of the difficulties commonly faced is related to the
grammatical and lexical equivalent of both languages being translated as every
language has its own grammatical pattern. Practically, the translators are
demanded to find the equivalence between source and target language in
translating text such as the clause „in the deepest jungle’ which stands from
adjective-noun in English is translated into „di kedalaman hutan’ in Indonesian
which stands from noun-noun. Hence, it can be solved by using one of the
translation procedures which involves the replacement of grammatical unit by
another, called as „transposition‟ or „shift‟.
Hatim & Munday (2004) described a translation shift or transposition as the
small linguistic changes that occur between SL and TL. Eversince there must be
systemic differences between languages; they assumed that „shift‟ is unavoidable
procedure used in doing translation. For example: You have to read that book is
translated into Buku itu harus kamu baca. Itr can be found that the transposition
procedure used if that grammatical structure of SL does not exist in TL. It can be
drawn a conclusion that transposition is one of translation procedures which
3
emphasizes on changing the grammatical structure of source language to target
language.
The writer found some of previous researchers conducting analysis towards
transposition procedure with different objects. For instance, Simanjuntak (2011)
conducted analysis of transposition applied on English subtitle of “Sherlock
Holmes” movie and revealed that the most dominant transposition used in the
movie text is a shift from words into phrases. Another research is conducted by
Muhtalifah (2011); who analyzed a transposition procedure on short story
“Hannah Banana”. On her research, she found that transposition is mostly used
to replace one word class with another word class.
In this research, the writer chooses a movie as the source of data. Movie is a
kind of literary work that comes up with a moving visual image and having
sounds on its dialogue. The dialogues on movie are often translated into some
other languages as the movie is launched in many countries. Because of that
reason, the writer is triggered in analyzing about the transposition procedure
which occurs on Indonesian translation of movie subtitle on Despicable Me 2.
This movie is chosen due to presenting positive message related to family,
parenthood, marriage and adoption, not to mention it gained so much popularity
and was a nominee of Academy Award OSCAR. Despicable Me 2 is the second
sequel of an animation movie, Despicable Me and directed by the well-known
directors, Chris Renaud and Pierre Coffin. This 3D computer-animated action
comedy movie is released in America on July 3, 2013 and takes 98 minutes of
running time.
4
Chris Renaud is a director at Illumination Entertainment who graduated from
Syracuse University as an Illustration degree. He confirmed himself as
heavyweight in the animation world as his successful movies Despicable Me
(2010) and Dr. Seuss‟ The Lorax (2012).
While Renaud is well known as
director, Pierre Coffin is a French animator and director, born in 1967. Both
recently worked together directing Despicable Me 2 which turned out to be the
most profitable film of all-time.
This research is aimed to know and understand kinds and how the transposition
procedure is applied in translating movie subtitle, especially in translating English
to Indonesian. Despite of that reason, the writer thinks that this movie is very
attractive as it conveys many moral values for the viewers, especially in family
life.
1.2 Statement of Problems
The statements of problems of this research are stated as follows:
1. What kinds of the transposition procedures found in English and
Indonesian subtitle of “Despicable Me 2” movie?
2. Which kinds of transposition procedure are the most dominant found in
English and Indonesian subtitle of “Despicable Me 2” movie?
1.3 Purpose of Study
Concerning with the statements of problems above, the purposes of study
which the writer wants to achieve are:
1. To find out kinds of transposition procedure found in English and
Indonesian movie of “Despicable Me 2” movie.
5
2. To find out the dominant kind of transposition procedure found in English
and Indonesian subtitle of “Despicable Me 2” movie.
1.4 Significance of Study
The writer expects this research will have some significance to the readers and
the researcher herself. Theoretically, the writer hopes this research is going to be
able to enrich knowledge about translation procedures, especially transposition for
the researcher herself, teachers, students and other researchers in University of
Muhammadiyah Malang. Practically, this research is able to motivate and as the
source for other English department students to conduct further research related to
analyzing other aspects of translation techniques.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
Scope and limitation is provided in this research in order to focus only in the
topic wants to be discussed. The scope of this research is focused on the
transposition procedure used in movie subtitle. In addition, the writer limits the
research in only analyzing English and Indonesian subtitle of Despicable me 2
movie as the object of the research.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
The writer will give the definition of key-terms which is related to the title in
this study in order to avoid misinterpretation of this research. Key terms related to
this research are stated below:
1. Transposition
Transposition or called as shift is one of translation procedures which engages
the grammatical changes of source language into target language (Machali, 2009).
6
It involves replacing one word class into another from source language to the
target language without changing its real meaning. Transposition can be devided
into four types; automatic transposition, transposition occurs when the
grammatical structure of SL does not exist in the TL, occurs because of idiom
naturalness, and it occurs in order to fill the vocabulary gaps (Machali, 2009).
2. Subtitle
Subtitle is a kind of audiovisual or screen translation which offers a
synchronized translation in the form of a text. It is generally placed at the bottom
of the screen (Cintaz & Anderman, 2009).
7
“DESPICABLE ME 2” MOVIE BY CHRIS RENAUD AND
PIERRE COFFIN
THESIS
By:
DEVI LAILIAWATI
201010100311264
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MAY 2016
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPOSITION ON SUBTITLE OF
“DESPICABLE ME 2” MOVIE BY CHRIS RENAUD AND
PIERRE COFFIN
THESIS
By:
DEVI LAILIAWATI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MAY 2016
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPOSITION ON SUBTITLE OF
“DESPICABLE ME 2” MOVIE BY CHRIS RENAUD AND
PIERRE COFFIN
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements
to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
DEVI LAILIAWATI
201010100311264
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
MAY 2016
This thesis written by Devi Lailiawati was approved on May
, 2016
By:
Advisor I,
Advisor II,
Puji Sumarsono, S.Pd., M.Pd
Rahmawati Khadijah Maro, S. Pd., M.PEd
This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of Faculty of Teacher
Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang
and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
on May
, 2016
Approved by:
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
University of Muhammadiyah Malang
Dean,
Dr. Poncojari Wahyono, M,Kes
Examiners:
Signatures:
1. Drs. Jarum, M.Ed
1. ...............................................
2. Laela Hikmah N, S.Pd., M.A
2. ...............................................
3. Puji Sumarsono, S.Pd., M.Pd
3. ...............................................
4. Rahmawati Khadijah Maro, S. Pd., M.PEd
4. ...............................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God,
Allah SWT, who always gives me blessing and guidance so that this thesis could
be completed in order to obtain Sarjana Degree in University of Muhammadiyah
Malang.
This thesis could not be completed without the support of many people. All of
them have my sincere gratitude and appreciation, but a few may be mentioned
here. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to:
1. All of my advisors, Mr. Puji Sumarsono, S.Pd., M.Ed and Ms. Rahmawati
Khadijah Maro, S.Pd., M.PEd for their invaluable advice and guidance in
writing this thesis.
2. My class advisor, Mr. Bayu H. Wicaksono, Ph.D, who always gives
support and shares his experiences to motivate me in accomplishing this
thesis.
3. All of the lectures of English Department for their guidance during the
writer studies at University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
4. My deepest love and acknowledgement thanks to my beloved parents Mr.
Parni and Mrs. Siti Rofi’ah, for their praying and support timelessly for
my many years as a student and for my brother who secretly cares for his
only sister.
5. My fabuolous friends: Rey, Risda, Fajar, Meisya, Wiwik, Putri, Daniah,
Rina, Elsa, Qorry, Mela and others who can’t be mentioned here for
always giving me support, help, opinion and attention.
6. Grateful for my beloved husband, Moh. Ngisom who always supports
everything I do and accompanies me in my better or worst’s stage of my
life.
Malang, May
The writer,
Devi Lailiawati
, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ................................................................................................... iii
LEGALIZATION .......................................................................................... iv
ORIGINALITY DECLARATION .............................................................. v
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. .. x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statements of Problems ............................................................................ .. 4
1.3 Purpose of Study ...................................................................................... .. 4
1.4 Significance of Study ................................................................................. 5
1.5 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................. 5
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................ 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Translation Theory ..................................................................................... 7
2.2 Kinds of Translation ................................................................................... 9
2.3 Translation Procedures ............................................................................... 10
2.3.1 Literal Translation ............................................................................ 11
2.3.2 Borrowing ........................................................................................ 12
2.3.3 Calque .............................................................................................. 13
2.3.4 Transposition.................................................................................. .. 14
2.3.5 Modulation ....................................................................................... 14
2.3.6 Equivalence .................................................................................... .. 15
2.3.7 Adaptation ........................................................................................ 16
2.4 Transposition ............................................................................................ .. 17
2.5 Kinds of Transposition ............................................................................... 18
2.5.1 Automatic Transposition .................................................................. 18
2.5.2 Transposition occurs when the grammatical structure of SL
does not exist in the TL ................................................................... 19
2.5.3 Transposition occurs because of idiom naturalness ......................... 20
2.5.4 Transposition occurs in order to fill the vocabulary gaps ................ 21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................... .. 23
3.2 Research Object ......................................................................................... 23
3.3 Research Instrument .................................................................................. 24
3.3.1 Document Analysis .......................................................................... 24
3.4 Data Collection........................................................................................... 25
3.5 Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 25
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Research Finding ..................................................................................... 27
4.1.1 Kinds of Transposition Procedure.................................................. 27
4.1.1.1 Automatic Transposition ........................................................ 28
4.1.1.2 Transposition occurs when the grammatical structure
of SL does not exist in the TL ...................................................... 35
4.1.1.3 Transposition occurs because of idiom naturalness ............... 35
4.1.1.4 Transposition occurs in order to fill the vocabulary gaps... 39
4.1.2 The Dominant Kinds of Transposition Procedure ......................... 39
4.2 Discussion ............................................................................................. ... 40
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................ ... 43
5.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................. ... 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Allen, Sharon L. 2006. Transposition, Translation, Translingualism, and the
Transformation of Novel. RiLUnE, n.4, 2006, p. 167-186.
Arfanti, Yulia. The Equivalence and the Shift of Meaning in the Translation of
Indonesian in the English in the Cover Stories of Tempo Magazines.
University of North Sumatera.
Ary, Donald. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education (eight edition). United
States of America: Wadsworth.
Asriyani, Novia. 2010. An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the Novel
Andventure of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. Jakarta: Syarif Hidayatullah
State Islamic University.
Bardaji, Anna Gill. 2009. Procedures, Techniques, Strategies: Translation
Process Operators. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology Vol. 17, No. 3,
September 2009, 161-173.
Bosco, Gabriela. Translation Technique.(online), (www.interproinc.com).
Cintaz, Jorge Diaz and Anderman, Gunilla. 2009. Audiovisual Translation:
Language transfer on Screen. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Creswell, John W. 2014. Reseacrh Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan
Mixed (Edisi Ketiga). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Ghoni, M. Djunaidi dan Almanshur, Fauzan. 2009. Petunjuk Praktis Penelitian
Pendidikan. Malang: UIN-Malang Press.
Hamidi. 2010. Metode Penelitian dan Teori Komunikasi. Malang: UMM Press.
Hatim, Basil & Munday, Jeremy. 2004. Translation an Advanced Resource Book.
London: Rouletge.
Jorge, Wilfreda P. An Analysis of the Translation Techniques Used in the Filipino
Translation of the Short Story “Doubt”. University of the Philippines.
Machali, Rochayah. 2009. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah: Panduan Lengkap bagi
Anda yang Ingin Menjadi Penerjemah Profesional. Bandung: PT Mizan
Pustaka.
Manfredi, Marina. 2008. Translating Text and Context: Translation Studies and
Systemic Functional Strategies. Journal, vol 1 & 2.
Muhtalifah, Siti. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in the
Hannah Banana Short Story by Ribut Wahyudi. Jakarta: Syarif Hidayatullah
State Islamic University.
Molina, Lucia & Albir, Amparo Hurtado. 2002. Translation Techniques
Revisited: A Dinamic and Functionalist Approach. Barcelona. Journal, vol.
47, n° 4, 2002, p. 498-512.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall.
Nida, Eugene A. 2006. Theories of Translation. Journal, vol I n° 4.
Rokhman, Muh. Arif. 2006. Penerjemahan Teks Inggris: Teori dan Latihan.
Yogyakarta: Pyramid Publisher.
Sadiyani, Ni Wayan. 2011. The Translation of Indonesian Passive Voice into
English with Reference to “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and its
Translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”. Denpasar: Udayana University.
Sari,Wenny P., Refnaldi & Ardi, Hafid. 2013. Translation Techniques and
Translation Accuracy of English Translated Text of Tourism Brochure of
Tanah Datar Regency. English Language and Literature E-Journal/ISSN
2302-3546.
Simanjuntak, EHS. 2011. An Analysis of Word Shifts in Sherlock Holmes’ Movie
Subtitle. Medan: Sumatera Utara University.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I of this research presents such topics as: background of study,
statement of problem, significance of study, scope and limitation, and definition
of key terms. Each section is presented as follows.
1.1 Background of Study
Translation activity nowadays has become a common thing in society.
Nowadays, we often see some jobs require translator for various cases. Further,
we also find translation in literary works such as novel, books or even movie.
These indicate that the importance of translation is growing up in daily life.
The term of translation is generally known as the alteration of one language or
called as Source Language (SL) into another language, Target Language (TL). As
stated by Machali (2009), translation is the attempt of replacing source language
text into target language which has equivalent meaning as the author wants. It
means that translation activity does not only change one language into another;
the translator must also consider what the author wants to express and find out the
equal meaning from the target language. In a simple sentence, it is aimed to
communicate the writer‟s message from the original text though the language is
changing.
However, translating one language into another language is not a simple task
for the translator. There will always be found a difference between the original
text and the translated text as well as different translator comes up with different
result.
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Because of that reason, the translator must consider some aspects include the
contextual, textual and the translator aspect in translating the Source Language
into the Target Language (Rokhman, 2006). The contextual aspects which
influence the translation involve the culture, the authors‟ background, and the
topic which is discussed in the text. While the textual aspects consider about the
words, phrases, clauses, sentences and the punctuation which are used. At last, the
level of translator‟s competence and the knowledge he/she has also affect the
translation. As result, many translators face some difficulties in translating one
language to another. One of the difficulties commonly faced is related to the
grammatical and lexical equivalent of both languages being translated as every
language has its own grammatical pattern. Practically, the translators are
demanded to find the equivalence between source and target language in
translating text such as the clause „in the deepest jungle’ which stands from
adjective-noun in English is translated into „di kedalaman hutan’ in Indonesian
which stands from noun-noun. Hence, it can be solved by using one of the
translation procedures which involves the replacement of grammatical unit by
another, called as „transposition‟ or „shift‟.
Hatim & Munday (2004) described a translation shift or transposition as the
small linguistic changes that occur between SL and TL. Eversince there must be
systemic differences between languages; they assumed that „shift‟ is unavoidable
procedure used in doing translation. For example: You have to read that book is
translated into Buku itu harus kamu baca. Itr can be found that the transposition
procedure used if that grammatical structure of SL does not exist in TL. It can be
drawn a conclusion that transposition is one of translation procedures which
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emphasizes on changing the grammatical structure of source language to target
language.
The writer found some of previous researchers conducting analysis towards
transposition procedure with different objects. For instance, Simanjuntak (2011)
conducted analysis of transposition applied on English subtitle of “Sherlock
Holmes” movie and revealed that the most dominant transposition used in the
movie text is a shift from words into phrases. Another research is conducted by
Muhtalifah (2011); who analyzed a transposition procedure on short story
“Hannah Banana”. On her research, she found that transposition is mostly used
to replace one word class with another word class.
In this research, the writer chooses a movie as the source of data. Movie is a
kind of literary work that comes up with a moving visual image and having
sounds on its dialogue. The dialogues on movie are often translated into some
other languages as the movie is launched in many countries. Because of that
reason, the writer is triggered in analyzing about the transposition procedure
which occurs on Indonesian translation of movie subtitle on Despicable Me 2.
This movie is chosen due to presenting positive message related to family,
parenthood, marriage and adoption, not to mention it gained so much popularity
and was a nominee of Academy Award OSCAR. Despicable Me 2 is the second
sequel of an animation movie, Despicable Me and directed by the well-known
directors, Chris Renaud and Pierre Coffin. This 3D computer-animated action
comedy movie is released in America on July 3, 2013 and takes 98 minutes of
running time.
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Chris Renaud is a director at Illumination Entertainment who graduated from
Syracuse University as an Illustration degree. He confirmed himself as
heavyweight in the animation world as his successful movies Despicable Me
(2010) and Dr. Seuss‟ The Lorax (2012).
While Renaud is well known as
director, Pierre Coffin is a French animator and director, born in 1967. Both
recently worked together directing Despicable Me 2 which turned out to be the
most profitable film of all-time.
This research is aimed to know and understand kinds and how the transposition
procedure is applied in translating movie subtitle, especially in translating English
to Indonesian. Despite of that reason, the writer thinks that this movie is very
attractive as it conveys many moral values for the viewers, especially in family
life.
1.2 Statement of Problems
The statements of problems of this research are stated as follows:
1. What kinds of the transposition procedures found in English and
Indonesian subtitle of “Despicable Me 2” movie?
2. Which kinds of transposition procedure are the most dominant found in
English and Indonesian subtitle of “Despicable Me 2” movie?
1.3 Purpose of Study
Concerning with the statements of problems above, the purposes of study
which the writer wants to achieve are:
1. To find out kinds of transposition procedure found in English and
Indonesian movie of “Despicable Me 2” movie.
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2. To find out the dominant kind of transposition procedure found in English
and Indonesian subtitle of “Despicable Me 2” movie.
1.4 Significance of Study
The writer expects this research will have some significance to the readers and
the researcher herself. Theoretically, the writer hopes this research is going to be
able to enrich knowledge about translation procedures, especially transposition for
the researcher herself, teachers, students and other researchers in University of
Muhammadiyah Malang. Practically, this research is able to motivate and as the
source for other English department students to conduct further research related to
analyzing other aspects of translation techniques.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
Scope and limitation is provided in this research in order to focus only in the
topic wants to be discussed. The scope of this research is focused on the
transposition procedure used in movie subtitle. In addition, the writer limits the
research in only analyzing English and Indonesian subtitle of Despicable me 2
movie as the object of the research.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
The writer will give the definition of key-terms which is related to the title in
this study in order to avoid misinterpretation of this research. Key terms related to
this research are stated below:
1. Transposition
Transposition or called as shift is one of translation procedures which engages
the grammatical changes of source language into target language (Machali, 2009).
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It involves replacing one word class into another from source language to the
target language without changing its real meaning. Transposition can be devided
into four types; automatic transposition, transposition occurs when the
grammatical structure of SL does not exist in the TL, occurs because of idiom
naturalness, and it occurs in order to fill the vocabulary gaps (Machali, 2009).
2. Subtitle
Subtitle is a kind of audiovisual or screen translation which offers a
synchronized translation in the form of a text. It is generally placed at the bottom
of the screen (Cintaz & Anderman, 2009).
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