xliv Before the students are able to produce accurate and coherent free writing, students
need to practice much through control writing activities as the step of internalizing the new form of language which might be different from their own native language. This reason encourages the
esea he to use CQG“ as the ai te h i ues used i tea hing writing because; 1 Controlled Composition will help the students to focus their attention on specific features of the written
language. It is good technique of reinforcing grammar, vocabulary, indentation, and punctuation; 2 Question and Answer will help the students produce coherent text; 3 Guided Composition
will help the students express their ideas and use the style appropriate to the genre and audience; 4 Sentence Combining will help the students organize the ideas coherently, write
more the sentences more effectively, and follow the convention of certain genre.
G. Action Hypothesis
Based on the problem and the related theories above the researcher proposes the following action hypothesis:
Usi g CQGS techniques a i p o e stude ts iti g competence at grade VIII C of SMP Negeri 5 Probolinggo.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES, RATIONALE AND HYPOTHESIS
A. English Writing Competence
There are many definitions of writing available in literatures. The first definition is given by Flower 1985: 5 who states that writing is a form of thinking. The second definition is given by
Arapoff 1972: 200 who defines that writing is a purposeful selection and organization of experience. The third definition is taken from http:en.wikipedia.orgwriting 2007 which says
that writing refers to the inscription of character on a medium, thereby forming words and larger units of language, known as a text. The last definition is from Byrne 1984: 1 which defines that
writing can be said to be forming graphic symbols: making marks on a flat surface of some kind. From the four definitions the researcher can analyze that the definition given by Flower
emphasizes writing as a form of thinking. Thinking can be in the form of idea, opinion or feeling. So if we do not have idea, opinion or feeling we can write nothing. While definition of writing
presented by Arapoff stresses that writing reflects organized experience and selected in accordance with certain purpose. It means that people write because they have purposes and
what they write is manifestation of experience which has been organized and selected. The definition taken from internet stresses on the nature of writing from character into words and
develop into larger units of language known as a text on a medium. Medium used for writing can be in the form of paper, board, cloth, and so on. The definition of writing given by Byrne
emphasized in the act of marking marks in the form of graphic symbols on a flat surface of some kind. Graphic symbols can be in the form of visual letters, diagrams and drawings. The medium
which is used can be paper, wood, stone, clothes and so on which are of flat surface. Heirston 1986: 5-6 proposes six characteristics of good writing. They are as follows:
7. Good writing should be significant. It means that writing should tell something suitable
with the purpose of writing. 11
