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A more specialized definition by Kimble and Garmezy learning is a relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency and is the result of
reinforced practice Kimble and Garmezy, 1963:133. Brown stated “Learning is acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill by study, experience, or
instruction”.Brown,1990:7 It means that learning is a chance in knowledge or behavior. This part of
the definition reflects the fact that theorist differ in their view of what is learned from previous experience. Behavioral theorist focus on changes in knowledge. It
means that learning is process to get information or knowledge resulting someone know or understand something and make a permanent change in behavior.
According to brown, it is the component of the definition of learning: 1.
Learning is acquisition or “getting”. 2.
Learning is retention of informal or skill. 3.
Learning implies storage system, memory, cognitive organization. 4.
Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon events outside or inside the organism.
5. Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting.
6. Learning involves some from of practice, perhaps reinforced practice.
7. Learning is a change in behavior.
Brown, 1990:7
C. Reading
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In order for teacher to give meaningful attention to the personal made of students, as discussed in the preceding pages, they must understand clearly
their own positions regarding reading. In any case, the following is one approach to clarify and develop your views in reading. The effort will be, and, it turn, set
the stage for selecting broad goals for specifics learners. Reading is a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. It consists of two related
processes: word recognition and comprehension. Reading is the process of constructing meaning from written texts. It is a complex skill requiring the
coordination of a number of interrelated sources of information Anderson et al., 1985:117.
Reading is the process of constructing meaning through the dynamic interaction among: the reader’s existing knowledge, the information suggested by the text
being read,
and the
context of
the reading
situation.http:blog.beswandjarum.comzulkifliarsyad20091024definition-of- reading
From the definition above, it can be defined that reading is process giving information, knowledge to the readers by constructing meaning and the
many vocabularies there. We also use high concentration for reading to get a meaning of a story.
D. Method of reading
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Scanning Scanning means to read very quickly and look for just the
information does you need. For example, scanning a telephone directoy:
You are looking for it quickly. You know what you are searching for key words and
names. You „see’ every item on the page, but you don’t necessarily
read the pages – you are not looking for. Thus, when you
discover the key words being searched for, you will be unable to recall the exact content of the page.
Butler, 2003:7. Skimming
When you read quickly to gain a general impression as to whether the text is of use to you. You are not necessarily searching for a
specific item and key words. Skimming provides an „overview’ of he text. Skimming is useful to look at chaptersection headings,
summaries and opening paragraphs. It is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. The purpose of skimming.
To check relevance of text. Sets the scene for the more concentrated effort that is
follow, if the text is useful. http:42explore.comskim.htm
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Light
Reading for leisure tends to be light: Read at a pace which feels comfortable.
Read with understand. Skim the boring, irrelevant passages.
An average light reading speed is 100-200 words per minute. This form
of reading
does not
generally require
detailed concentration.http:ababasoft.comspeedreadingfive_types_of_reading.ht
m Word by word
el of concentration. Some material is not readily understood and so requires a slow and careful analytical read. People use this type of reading
for unfamiliar words and concepts, scientific formulae. It can take up to an hour
just to
read a
few lines
of text.http:wik.ed.uiuc.eduindex.phpWhole_word_approach
Reading to study
A method of reading for study is called SQ3R2, SQ3R, SQ4R, PSQ5R the aim is to understand the material in some depth. The method
involves five simple steps; Survey, Question, Read, Recall and Review.
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Survey: skim through to gain an overview and not key points.
Question: devise questions you hope the text will answer.
Read: slowly and carefully. Recall: from memory, write down the main
points made by the chapter. Review: revisit your questions - compare these
to your recall and establish how well the text has answered them; fill in any gaps by further
reading and
note -
taking.http:abasoft.comspeedreadingfive_tye s_of_reading.htm
Speed reading
Speed reading is a skill that is acquired after much reading. I started heavily reading at the age of 10 and by the time I was 12-13 I could
speed read flawlessly. That skill has not degraded at all over the years. I think the more you read the more your mind adapts to it, to were
eventually it will pick out the most important words, naturally to were with less words you understand it as well as if you read every word or the
whole sentence.
http:ababasoft.comspeedreadingfive_types_of_reading.htm
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E. Descriptive text
