CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Statement
Although switch-mode power supply SMPS is commonly use in renewable energy generation industry but renewable energy generation supply is inconsistent due to
renewable energy relies on the weather for its source of power. To solve this problem, battery and bidirectional converter is needed to perform bidirectional power flow. Besides
that, Bidirectional converter that use in the renewable energy generation industrial is complex and expensive.
This project is focused on the design of bidirectional converter. The Bidirectional converter to be designed has to meet the requirement of:
1. Enable to perform basic bidirectional power flow
2. Simple design
3. Inexpensive to construct
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1.2 Project Objective
The objectives of this project are: 1.
To design a battery system which consist of a bidirectional converter for a renewable energy application.
2. The battery is supposed to be energized when there is excessive supply of power
available. 3.
The battery is also supposed to release its energy when supply of power is low.
1.3 Project Scope
The target of this project is on the design of bidirectional converter. Simulation will be performed only on the four chosen bidirectional converter circuits by using PSCAD.
From the simulation result, the battery is supposed to be energized when there is excessive supply of power available. The battery is also supposed to release its energy when supply
of power is low. Besides, the four chosen bidirectional converter circuits have to meet three criteria which is the bidirectional circuit can performed basic dual power flow, simple
design and inexpensive to construct.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Renewable energy
Nowadays, many energy sources include oil, nature gas, and coal that are extremely limited in supply and they will exhaust soon. So in an effort to find alternative
forms of energy, the world has turned to renewable energy sources as the solution.
Renewable energy is the energy generated from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat which are naturally replenished. We can capture some of
this energy and put it to use in our homes and businesses with the help of special collectors. As long as sunlight, water and wind continue to flow and trees and other plants continue to
grow, we have access to a ready of supply of energy.
The most common advantage with the use of renewable energy is that they are renewable and cannot be depleted. Besides that, Renewable energy is produces little or no
waste products such as carbon dioxide or other chemical pollutants, so they don’t pollute
environment and don’t contribute to global warming or greenhouse effect. Since renewable
energy is natural, the cost of operations is reduced. By then, renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional generators. This is because traditional
generator will produce waste after some process, so more maintenance requires.[1] Furthermore, Renewable energy projects can also bring economic benefits to many
regional areas, as most projects are located away from large urban centers and suburbs of the capital cities. The most significant effect is bringing working opportunities to residents
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in that area.[1]
It is easy to recognize the environmental advantages of utilizing the alternative and renewable forms of energy but we must also be aware of the disadvantages. One of the
disadvantages with renewable energy is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are as large as those produced by traditional fossil fuel generators. This may mean that
we need to reduce the amount of energy we use or simply build more energy facilities.[2] Another disadvantage of renewable energy sources is the reliability of supply. Renewable
energy often relies on the weather for its source of power, for example, hydro generators need rain to fill dams to supply flowing water, Wind turbines need wind to turn the blades
and solar collectors need clear skies and sunshine to collect heat and make electricity. When unsuitable weather condition happens, renewable energy plant cannot supply enough
energy to us. This mean renewable energy is unpredictable and inconsistent.[1] Besides that, the current cost of renewable energy technology is also far in excess of traditional
fossil fuel generation. This is because it is a new technology and as such has extremely large capital cost.[2]
Figure 2.1: Cost of generating electricity in UK[3]
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Figure 2.1 shows the cost of generating electricity with no cost of CO2 emissions included in UK. The first six elements is traditional generation and last four is renewable
energy generation. From here show that cost of generating electricity by renewable energy are more expensive than traditional generation.[3]
Renewable energy generation will improve because of power electronics. Once renewable energy generation establish and stable, it will much cheaper if compare to
traditional generation.[7]
Figure 2.2: Wind power technology development.[7]
Figure 2.2 shows wind power technology development. From this figure, we can see that it predicts that future, cost will much cheaper.[7] Switch-mode power supply
SMPS commonly uses in renewable energy generation industry. Basic SMPS included rectifier and inverter. Section 1.1 below will describe move on SMPS.
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2.2 Switch-mode power supply SMPS
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