Language vitality Intergenerational transfer Language maintenance Language Attitudes

49.b. Language most frequently used in home when discussing social events and family matters. तपांको घरमा सामािजक िरयाकलाप र पािरवािरक िवषयमा छलफल गदा् ज्तै: चाडपव्, चुनाव, उ्सव, िववाह, वचत, खच् स्ब्धी Person Language i. Grandfather: हजुरबुबासँग ii. Grandmother: हजुरआमासँग iii. Father: बुबासँग iv. Mother: आमासँग v. Spouse: रीमान्रीमतीसँग vi. Children: छोराछोरीसँग 49.c. If able to write Language most frequently used in home when writing letters. तपांको घरमा िचठीपर ले्दा Person Language i. Grandfather: हजुरबुबासँग ii. Grandmother: हजुरआमासँग iii. Father: बुबासँग iv. Mother: आमासँग v. Spouse: रीमान्रीमतीसँग vi. Children: छोराछोरीसँग 50. What language do your children usually speak while: तपाँका छोराछोरीले राय जसो … कुन भाषा रयोग गछ्न् ? a playing with other children? अ्य साथीहुसँग खे्दा ? b talking with neighbors? िछमे कीहूसँग कुराकानी गदा् ? c at school? िवयालयमा ? 51. How often do you use your mother tongue? तपाँ आ्नो मातृभाषा कितको रयोग गनु् हु्छ ? a ฀ Every day िदन िदनै b ฀ Rarely किहले काही ँ c Never किह्यै गिद्न 52. What language of wider communication LWC is used here and how often do you use it? तपाँको स्पक् भाषा कुन हो र ्यसको कित रयोग गनु्हु्छ ? LWC name भाषाको नाम: a ฀ Every day िदन िदनै b ฀ Rarely किहले काही ँ c Never किह्यै गिद्न 53. Which language do you usually use when speakers of other languages visit you at home? तपाँको भ्दा बे्लै भाषा बो्ने साथीभाइ तपाँका घरमा आउँदा कुन भाषाको रयोग गनु्हु्छ ? 54. What language do you prefer for your childrens medium of instruction at primary level? तपाँका छोराछोरीलाई राथिमक तहमा कुन भाषाको मा्यममा पढाउन चाहनुहु्छ ? a ฀ Mother tongue मातृभाषा b ฀ Nepali नेपाली c ฀ English अंरेजी d ฀ Other अ्य

E. Language vitality Intergenerational transfer

55. Do all your children speak your mother tongue? तपाँका सबै छोराछोरीले मातृभाषा बो्छन् ? 56. What language do most parents in this village usually speak with their children? यस गाउँका धेरै जसो आमा बुवाहु आ्ना छोराछोरीसँग कुराकानी गदा् राय: कुन भाषाको रयोग गछ्न् ? a Mother tongue मातृभाषा b Nepali नेपाली c Other अ्य 57. Do young people in your villagetown speak your mother tongue well, the way it ought to be spoken? तपाँका समुदायका युवायुवतीले यो भाषा जित रारो बो्नु पन् हो ्यित नै राररी बो्छन् ?

F. Language maintenance

58. Suppose someone started a class for learning how to read and write LohorungYamphu, would you yourself want to attend? यिद कोही आएर लोहोुङ या्फू भाषामा लेखने र प्ने ्लास चलायो भने तपां ले्न प्न चाहनुहु्छ ? 58a. For what purposeWhy not? िकन ? 58b. If “Yes” for 57 How many hours would you be able to go to such a class each day? यिद “ हो” भने र्येक िदनमा तपां कती समय िदन स्नुहु्छ ? 58c. Would it be good to have such a class available to children? यसले तपांको केटा – केटी छोरा – छोरी हुलाई फाइदा पुरयाउछ ? 58d. What subjects would you like to read about in Lohorung Yamphu? लोहोुङ या्फू भाषामा तपां केको बारेमा प्न चाहनुहु्छ ? 59. Is knowing how to read and write Lohorung Yamphu important to you? तपांकोलागी लोहोुङमा या्फ ू मा ले्न र प्न के मह्वपुना् छ ? 59a. For what reasonspurposes? के कारणले मह्वपुना् छ ?

G. Language Attitudes

60. How would you feel if your son or daughter married someone who does not know your language? तपाँका छोरा वा छोरीले तपाँको मातृभाषा बो्न नजा् ने मा्छेिसत िववाह गरे भने तपाँलाई क्तो ला्छ ? a ฀ Good रारो b ฀ Indifferent िठकै c ฀ Bad नरारो 61. When the children of your village grow up and have children, do you think those children might speak your language? तपांको िवचारमा, तपांको गाइँको केटाकेटीहु हुक्र उनीहुका बालबचा भएपिछ ती बालबचाहुले तपांको भाषा बोलान ? 61a. How would you feel if they speak it your language? बोले भने तपाँलाई क्तो ला्छब? a ฀ Good रारो b ฀ Indifferent िठकै c ฀ Bad नरारो 61b. How would you feel if they do not speak it your language? बोलेनन् भने क्तो ला्छ? a ฀ Good रारो b ฀ Indifferent िठकै c ฀ Bad नरारो 62. What language should your children speak first? तपाँका छोराछोरीले सबैभ्दा पिहले कुन भाषा बो्नु पछ् ? 63. Do you think that the language spoken by you is different from your grandparents? तपाँले बो्ने भाषा तपाँका हजुरबुबाहजुरआमाले बो्ने भाषा भ्दा फरक भए ज्तो ला्छ ? 64. If “Yes” How? के केमा फरक होला ? a Pronunciation उचारणमा b Vocabulary श्दभ्डारमा c Use of specific type of sentences िवशेष रकारका वा्यहूको रयोगमा d Mixing of other languages भाषािमरणमा e way of speaking बो्ने तिरकामा f Other अ्यमा 65. How do you feel when you hear young people of your own community speaking other languages instead of their first language? तपाँकै भािषक समुदायका युवायुवतीले आ्नो भाषा नबोलेर अक् भाषा बोलेको सु्दा क्तो ला्छ ? a ฀ Good रारो b ฀ Indifferent िठकै c ฀ Bad नरारो 66. Comments anything unusual or noteworthy about this interview C.2 Informal interview data Key to abbreviated terms Loh Lohorung Nep Nepali Yam Yamphu Eng English Y Yes N No M Male F Female NA Not Applicable NR No Response Lg. Language Sank Sankhuwasabha 107 Pangma metadata All informal interviews were conducted April 27–28 and May 18, 2011, in Gairi Pangma, Khandbari 4, Sankhuwasabha District, Koshi, Eastern Region, Nepal. Each participant gave informed consent before the interview began. Interviews were conducted by Jessi Mitchell, Holly Hilty, and John Eppele. Pangma informal interview responses Int. Gender Age Age group Literate Ed level Marital status MT of spouse Children Caste Ethnic group Clan Occupation Religion LP01 F 23 Young Y B.A. N NA N Rai Loh Yankurung Teacher Hindu LP02 M 53 Old Y 5 Y Yakkha Y Rai Loh Lamsong Farmer Kirat LP03 F 52 Old N NA Y Loh Y Rai Loh Lamchang Farmer Kirat LP04 F 49 Old Y 3 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Lambachawa Farmer Kirat LP05 M 31 Young Y B.A. Y Yam N Rai Loh Biwa Teacher Kirat LP06 F 34 Young Y 4 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Dekhama Farmer Kirat LP07 M 46 Old Y 10 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Dekhim Farmer Kirat LP08 F 65 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Pituchawa Farmer Kirat LP09 M 36 Old Y 10 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Lambachawa Farmer Buddhist LP10 F 75 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Lamchong NR Kirat LP11 M 30 Young Y 5 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Yumpang Farmer Kirat LP12 M 22 Young Y 2+ N NA N Rai Loh Tikshabha Student Kirat LP19 F 34 Young Y 5 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Dekhim Farmer Kirat LP20 F 24 Young N 4 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Yangkhrum Farmer Kirat LP21 M 63 Old Y ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Lamsong Farmer Kirat LP22 M 34 Young Y 3 Y Kulung Y Rai Loh Lumbuwa Farmer Kirat 108 Int. Birthplace VDCWard District Zone Home Now VDCWard now District now Zone now Years here? Lived elsewhere? When? How long? LP01 Dada Panma Khandbari Sank Koshi Dada Pangma Khandbari Sank Koshi 23 N NA NA LP02 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 53 N NA NA LP03 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 52 N NA NA LP04 Loke Pangma Khandbari Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 30 N NA NA LP05 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 31 N NA NA LP06 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 34 Y, Belbari 16 ‐20 years ago 0‐3 years LP07 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 46 N NA NA LP08 Tallo Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 43 Y, Tallo Dhupu 20+ years ago 11+ years LP09 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 36 N NA NA LP10 Heluwa Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 58 Y, Heluwa 20+ years ago 11+ years LP11 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 30 N NA NA LP12 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 22 N NA NA LP19 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 34 N NA NA LP20 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 24 N NA NA LP21 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 63 Y, Assam, India ‐5 years ago ‐3 years LP22 Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Gairi Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi 34 Y, Malaysia ‐5 years ago ‐3 years Int. MT Mothers birthplace Mothers MT Lg. w mother Fathers birthplace Fathers MT Lg. w Father Screening 2 Screening 3 Radio? How often? LP01 Loh Bhojpur Nep Nep Dada Pangma Loh Loh Y N N NA LP02 Loh Heluwa Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP03 Loh Khorande Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP04 Loh Dada Pangma Loh Loh Loke Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP05 Loh Heluwa Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP06 Loh Chiplegau Hombu Rai Nep Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP07 Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP08 Loh Saibun Yakkha Loh Dhupu Loh Loh N Y N NA LP09 Loh Heluwa Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP10 Loh Khorande Loh Loh Heluwa Loh Loh N Y N NA LP11 Loh Diding Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP12 Loh Diding Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP19 Loh Dada Pangma Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP20 Loh Diding Kharsu Khombu Khaling Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP21 Loh Loke Pangma Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA LP22 Loh Pangma, ward 9 Loh Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Y Y N NA 109 Int. Written materials? What kind? Lg. of materials What lgs you speak First lg. Best lg. Second best lg. Third best lg. Fourth best lg. Screening 4 Lg. love most MT how well? How weel read MT? How well write MT? LP01 N NA NA Loh, Nep Loh and Nep equally Loh and Nep equally NA NA NA Y Other Some Some Some LP02 N NA NA Loh, Nep, Hindi Loh Loh Nep Hindi NA Y Loh NA Very well Very well LP03 NA NA NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh and Nep equally NA NA NA Y Loh Some NA NA LP04 N NA NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA Only a little Some LP05 N NA NA Loh, Nep, Eng Loh Other Nep Eng NA Y Loh, Nep and Eng equally Some Some Some LP06 N NA NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh and Nep equally NA NA NA Y Loh Very well NA NA LP07 N NA NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA Some Some LP08 NA NA NA Loh, Nep, Magar Loh Loh Nep Magar NA Loh NA NA NA LP09 N NA NA Loh, Nep, Eng Loh Loh Nep Eng NA Y Loh NA Some Some LP10 NA NA NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA NA NA LP11 Y Folklore, other Loh Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA Very well Only a little LP12 Y Other Loh, Nep, Eng Loh Loh Loh Eng NA Y Loh Some Some LP19 N NA NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh and Nep equally NA NA NA Y Loh Very well NA NA LP20 NA NA NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA NA NA LP21 NA NA NA Loh, Nep, Hindi, Assamese Loh Loh Nep Hindi Assamese Y Loh NA NA NA LP22 NA NA NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Nep NA NA NA Column What kind? compiles the answers to individual questions about Literacy Materials, Newspaper, Magazines, Written Literature, Folklore, Health Materials, and Other Materials availability in Lohorung. 110 Int. Fathers lg. Mothers lg. Spouses lg. Childrens lg. Where kids learned Loh Where kids learned Nep Where kids learned Eng Do children understand Nep when they start school? LP01 Loh, Nep Nep N NA NA NA NA A little LP02 Loh, Nep, Hindi Loh, Nep Nep, Yakkha Loh, Nep Home School NA Y LP03 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Home School NA A little LP04 Loh, Nep, Lahure Loh, Nep Loh, Nep, Arabic Nep NA Home NA Y LP05 Loh, Nep, Hindi Loh, Nep Loh, Nep, Yam NA NA NA NA Y LP06 Loh, Nep, Hindi Loh, Nep Loh, Nep, Hindi, Eng, Arabic, Chinese Loh, Nep, Eng Home Home School Y LP07 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Home School NA Y LP08 Loh Yakkha Loh, Nep, Hindi Nep, Eng NA School Other A little LP09 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Home School NA A little LP10 NR NR NR Loh, Nep Home Here NA A little LP11 Loh, Nep, Hindi, Eng, Malaysian Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Nep NA Home NA Y LP12 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep N NA NA NA NA Y LP19 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep N Y LP20 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep, Khaling Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Other Home NA A little LP21 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Home School NA A little LP22 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep, Khaling Nep NA School NA Y Int. What language do you speak when... Counting Singing Joking Shopping Storytelling Debate PujaPrayer Quarreling Scolding Telling stories to kids Singing at home Family gatherings Village meetings LP01 Loh Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep Loh and Nep Nep LP02 Nep Nep Loh Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Loh Nep LP03 Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh Nep LP04 Loh Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Loh Loh and Nep LP05 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Other Other Other Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Loh Loh LP06 Loh Loh Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Loh Loh LP07 Nep Nep Loh Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh and Nep Nep Loh Loh LP08 Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep LP09 Nep Nep Loh Nep Loh Nep Loh Nep Nep Loh Nep Loh Nep LP10 Loh and Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh and Nep NA Loh Loh and Nep LP11 Nep Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep LP12 Nep Other Other Other Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Loh and Nep LP19 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Loh Loh LP20 Loh Nep Loh Nep Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LP21 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep LP22 Nep Nep Loh and Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep Loh Loh 111 Int. Language most frequently used in the home when discussing education matters with... Language most frequently used in the home when discussing social events and family matters with... Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children LP01 NA NA NA Nep NA NA NA NA NA Nep NA NA LP02 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep LP03 NA NA NA NA Loh Loh NA NA NA NA Loh Nep LP04 NA NA Loh Loh Loh Loh NA NA Loh Loh Loh Loh LP05 Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep NA Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep NA LP06 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh and Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LP07 NA NA Loh Loh Loh Loh and Nep NA NA Loh Loh Loh Loh and Nep LP08 NA NA NA NA Loh Loh NA NA NA NA Loh Loh LP09 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh and Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LP10 NA NA NA NA Loh Loh NA NA NA NA Loh Loh LP11 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LP12 Loh Loh Loh Loh NA NA Loh Loh Loh Loh NA NA LP19 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh NA Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh NA LP20 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LP21 Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep LP22 Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep Int. Language most frequently used in home when writing letters to... What language do your children usually speak when... How often use MT LWC How often use LWC Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children Playing with children Talking with neighbors At school LP01 NA NA NA Nep NA NA NA NA NA Every day Nep Every day LP02 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LP03 NA NA NA NA NA NA Loh and Nep Nep Nep Every day Nep Every day LP04 NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Every day Nep Every day LP05 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA NA Every day Nep Every day LP06 Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Loh Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LP07 NA NA NA NA Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Loh Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LP08 NA NA NA NA NA NA Loh Loh Nep and Loh Every day Nep Every day LP09 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Loh Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LP10 NA NA NA NA NA NA Loh Loh and Nep Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LP11 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LP12 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA NA NA Every day Nep Sometimes LP19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Every day Nep Sometimes LP20 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep Nep Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LP21 NA NA NA NA NA NA Loh Loh Nep Every day Nep Every day LP22 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep Nep Nep Every day Nep Every day 112 Int. What lg. do you prefer for your childrens medium of instruction at primary level? Your children speak MT? Lg. most parents in village usually speak with their children? Young people speak MT well? LP01 English NA Loh N ‐ they speak Loh, but dont know all the words LP02 Loh Y Loh Y LP03 Loh Y Loh and Nep N LP04 Loh Y Loh Y LP05 Loh NA Nep N LP06 English Y Loh Y LP07 Loh Y Loh N ‐ kids dont speak quite as well as they should LP08 Other Y Loh Y LP09 Loh Y Loh N ‐ just average LP10 Other Y Loh N ‐ some LP11 Nep Y Loh Y LP12 English NA Loh and Nep N LP19 Loh NA Loh Y LP20 English Y Loh Y LP21 Other Y Loh Y LP22 Nep Y Loh Y Int. If someone started a class for learning to read and write Loh, would you yourself want to attend? Would it be good to have such a class for children? What subjects would you like to learn about in Loh? Is readingwriting in Loh important to you? Attend? Why? How many hours? YN? Why? LP01 Y To not forget Y Social studies, anything Y To not lose our language LP02 Y For myself 1 ‐2 Y Stories Y Own bawishyako lagi LP03 N NA NA Y Gods Y So the children could know it. She says Nep for herself because her eyes are bad. LP04 N NA NA Y NA Y If you know your own language, its good; good to know about ancestors. No for herself to the class because she cant see LP05 Y Preserve our language 2 ‐3 Y Culture, social subjects Y To keep in existence LP06 Y So it isnt lost 1 ‐2 Y Good subjects Y Loh would get ahead LP07 Y Because its his ‐ he should read and write it 2 ‐3 Y Culture, origins Y LP08 Y If she could read and write shed be happy 1 ‐2 Y History Y They could know about the history of their fathers LP09 Y You should learn your own tongue 1 ‐2 Y Language, history, culture Y So we dont forget so its not lost LP10 N NA NA Y NA Y Because its her language from way back LP11 Y To teach 1 ‐2 Y Stories, history Y We must not lose our language ‐ protect it LP12 Y Its my mother tongue 1 ‐2 Y Stories Y Origin story is important LP19 Y Our language is easy to speak, but hard to write Y NR Y To preserve our language LP20 Y Its my own language and I want to learn to read and write it ‐ who wouldnt want that? Y Anything good Y Because then I could knowunderstand everything LP21 Y To learn it reading and writing in mother tongue 1 ‐2 Y Our pujas, culture, language Y To learn to read and write better, and to protect our mother tongue LP22 Y So we dont forget our culture and language 3 ‐4 Y Culture Y Were losing our culture ‐ I dont want to forget our culture 113 Int. How would you feel if your child married a non‐Loh speaker? Will your childrens children speak Loh? What lg. should children speak first? Is the lg. spoken by you different from grandparents? How do you feel when young people of your community speak other languages besides Loh? Speak? If so, how would you feel? If not, how would you feel? Different? If so, how? LP01 Indifferent Y Good ‐ theyll speak a little Bad Loh N NA Indifferent LP02 Bad Y Good Bad Loh N NA Bad LP03 Bad N Good Bad Loh Y Havent learned it Bad LP04 Bad Y Good Bad Loh Y Mixing of lgs Bad LP05 Bad ‐ strange N Good Bad Loh Y Vocab Bad LP06 Bad Y Good Bad Loh Y Mixing of lgs, parents havent taught to kids Bad LP07 Bad Y Good Bad Loh N NA Bad LP08 Good Y Good Indifferent Loh Y Mixing of lgs Good LP09 Bad Y Good Bad Loh Y Grandparents speak more Bad LP10 Good N Good Bad Loh Y Vocab Bad LP11 Indifferent Y Good Bad N Bad LP12 Bad N Good Bad Loh Y Mixed villageschool Bad LP19 Indifferent Y Good Bad Loh N NA Bad LP20 Indifferent Y Good ‐ ekdam Bad ‐ wed have to teach them Loh N NA Bad LP21 Bad N Good Bad Loh N NA Bad LP22 Indifferent Y Good ‐ theyll speak, but not as good as they do now Bad Nep N NA Indifferent 114 Angala metadata All informal interviews were conducted on May 21–22, 2011, in Angala, Sitalpati 6, Sakhuwasabha District, Koshi, Eastern Region, Nepal. Each participant gave informed consent before the interview began. Interviews were conducted by Holly Hilty Angala informal interview responses Int. Gender Age Age group Literate Ed level Marital status MT of spouse Children Caste Ethnic group Clan Occupation Religion LA01 M 52 Old N 2 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Khisong Farmer Kirat LA02 M 15 Young Y 10 N NA N Rai Loh Lamsong Student Kirat LA03 F 59 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Lamsong Farmer Kirat LA04 F 56 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Lamsong Farmer Kirat LA05 M 20 Young Y 8 N NA N Rai Loh Khaisong Student Kirat LA06 F 51 Old Y 5 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Biwa Farmer Kirat LA07 M 18 Young Y 10 N NA N Rai Loh Lamsong Student Kirat LA08 M 40 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Ketra Farmer Kirat LA10 F 26 Young Y B.A. N NA N Rai Loh Ketra Teacher Kirat LA11 F 15 Young Y 10 N NA N Rai Loh Lamsong Student Kirat LA12 M 42 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Lamsong Farmer Kirat LA13 F 20 Young Y 10 N NA N Rai Loh Lamsong Student Kirat Int. Birthplace VDCWard District Zone Home Now VDCWard now District now Zone now Years here? Lived elsewhere? When? How long? LA01 Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi 52 N NA NA LA02 Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi 15 N NA NA LA03 Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi 42 N NA NA LA04 Malta Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi 40 Y, Malta 20+ years ago 11+ years LA05 Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi 20 N NA NA LA06 Pangma Khandbari, 4 Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi 34 N NA NA LA07 Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi 18 N NA NA LA08 Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati Sank Koshi 40 N NA NA LA10 Angala Sitalpati, 6 Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati, 6 Sank Koshi 26 N NA NA LA11 Angala Sitalpati, 6 Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati, 6 Sank Koshi 15 N NA NA LA12 Angala Sitalpati,6 Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati, 6 Sank Koshi 42 N NA NA LA13 Angala Sitalpati, 6 Sank Koshi Angala Sitalpati, 6 Sank Koshi 20 N NA NA 115 Int. MT Moms birthplace Moms MT lg w mom Dads birthplace Dads MT lg w dad Screening 2 Screening 3 Radio? How often? LA01 Loh Khartuwa just below to Angala Loh Loh Angala Loh Loh Y Y N NA LA02 Loh Malta Loh Loh Angala Loh Loh Y Y N NA LA03 Loh Pangma Loh Loh Pangma Loh Loh N Y N NA LA04 Loh Pangma Loh Loh Malta Loh Loh N Y N NA LA05 Loh Pangma Loh Loh Angala Loh Loh Y Y N NA LA06 Loh Pangma Loh Loh Pangma Loh Loh N Y N NA LA07 Loh Pangma Loh Loh Angala Loh Loh Y Y N NA LA08 Loh Koktima Loh Loh Angala Loh Loh Y Y N NA LA10 Loh Angala Loh Loh Angala Loh Loh Y Y N NA LA11 Loh Pangma Loh Loh Angala Loh Loh Y Y Y Sometimes LA12 Loh Simle 7 Loh Loh Angala Loh Loh Y Y N NA LA13 Loh Gairi Pangma Loh Loh Angala Loh Other Y N Y Never Int. Written materials? What kind? Lg. of materials What lgs you speak First lg. Best lg. Second best lg. Third best lg. Fourth best lg. Screening 4 Lg. love most MT how well? How well read MT? How well write MT? LA01 NA N NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Loh NA NA Y Loh Very well NA NA LA02 Y Other Loh, Nep Loh Loh Loh NA NA Y Loh Only a little Only a little Only a little LA03 NA N NA Loh Nep Loh Eng Nep NA NA Y Loh NA NA NA LA04 NA N NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA NA NA LA05 Y Newspaper Loh Loh, Nep Loh Loh and Nep equally NA NA NA Y Nep Some Some Some LA06 N N NA Lon, Nep Loh Loh Loh NA NA Y Loh Some Some Some LA07 Y Other Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA NA NA LA08 NA N NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Loh NA NA Y Loh Some NA NA LA10 Y Other Loh Loh, Nep Nep Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA Only a little NA LA11 Y Newspaper, Other Loh Loh, Nep, Eng Loh Nep Eng NA NA Y Nep Very well Some Some LA12 NA N NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Other NA NA NA LA13 Y Other Loh Loh, Nep Nep Loh Loh NA NA Y Nep Some Very well Only a little Column What kind? compiles the answers to individual questions about Literacy Materials, Newspaper, Magazines, Written Literature, Folklore, Health Materials, and Other Materials availability in Lohorung. 116 Int. Fathers lgs. Mothers lgs. Spouses lgs. Kids lgs. Where kids learned Loh Where kids learned Nep Do children understand Nep when they start school? LA01 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep NR School Y LA02 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep NA NA NA NA A little LA03 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Home School A little LA04 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep NR School A little LA05 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep NA NA NA NA Y LA06 Loh, Nep, Eng Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep NR School Y LA07 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep NA NA NA NA A little LA08 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Home Home Y LA10 Loh, Nep, Eng Loh, Nep NA NA NA NA Y LA11 Loh, Nep, Eng Loh, Nep NA NA NA NA Y LA12 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Home School Y LA13 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep NA NA NA NA Y Int. What languag do you speak when... Counting Singing Joking Shopping Storytelling Debate PujaPrayer Quarreling Scolding Telling stories to kids Singing at home Family gatherings Village meetings LA01 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Loh and Nep LA02 Other Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LA03 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Loh NA Loh Loh and Nep NA Loh Loh LA04 Nep Nep Loh Nep Loh Loh Loh NA Loh Loh NA Loh Loh LA05 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep LA06 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep LA07 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LA08 Nep Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh Loh and Nep Loh Nep Nep Loh Nep LA10 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep Loh Loh LA11 Loh and Nep Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Loh Nep Nep Loh Loh LA12 Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep Loh Loh and Nep Loh Nep Nep Loh Nep LA13 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh and Nep Loh and Nep 117 Int. Language most frequently used in the home when discussing education matters with... Language most frequently used in the home when discussing social events and family matters with... Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children LA01 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LA02 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA LA03 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LA04 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LA05 Loh Loh Loh Loh NA NA Loh Loh Loh Loh NA NA LA06 Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep and Loh Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep LA07 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA LA08 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LA10 NA NA Loh Loh NA NA NA NA Loh Loh NA NA LA11 Other Other Nep Nep NA NA Loh Loh Loh Loh NA NA LA12 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LA13 Other Other Other Other NA NA Other Other Other Other NA NA Int. Language most frequently used in home when writing letters to... What language do your children usually speak when... How often use MT LWC How often use LWC Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children Playing with children Talking with neighbors At school LA01 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep and Loh Nep and Loh Nep Every day Nep Every day LA02 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA NA NA Sometimes Nep Every day LA03 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep and Loh Loh Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LA04 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep Loh Nep Every day Nep Sometimes LA05 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA NA NA Every day Nep Every day LA06 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Every day Nep Every day LA07 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Sometimes Nep Every day LA08 NA NA NA NA NA NA Loh Loh Nep Every day Nep Every day LA10 NA NA Nep Nep NA NA NA NA NA Sometimes Nep Every day LA11 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA NA NA Every day Nep Every day LA12 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep Loh Nep and Loh Every day Nep Sometimes LA13 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Every day Nep Every day 118 Int. What lg. do you prefer for your childrens medium of instruction at primary level? Your children speak MT? Lg. most parents in village usually speak with their children Young people speak MT well? LA01 Nep Y Loh Y LA02 Other NA Nep N LA03 Loh Y Loh N ‐ have forgotten some, but speak LA04 Loh Y Loh Y LA05 English NA Loh Y LA06 Loh N Nep N ‐ only older ones speak LA07 Nep NA Nep N LA08 Loh Y Loh Y LA10 Nep NA Loh Y LA11 Nep NA Loh Y LA12 Other Y Loh N LA13 Nep NA Loh Y Int. If someone started a class for leanring to read and write Loh, would you yourself want to attend? Would it be good to have such a class for children? What subjects would you like to learn about in Loh? Is readingwriting Loh important to you? Attend? Why? How many hours? Important? Why? LA01 Y Would like to learn 2 ‐3 Y History, biographies of ancestors Y Great to readwrite in own language LA02 Y Own language preservation 2 ‐3 Y Stories, poems, history Y To preserve the language LA03 Y Id be happy 2 ‐3 Y Whatever beginning books were published Y To have an opportunity to study LA04 Y Because I didnt get to study before 2 ‐3 Y History Y To learn LA05 Y Own language ‐ to learn it according to the class Y Stories Y To know everything LA06 Y To learn own language 2 ‐3 Y History Y To preserve language LA07 Y Own jat, like to learn. 1 ‐2 Y Stories N NR LA08 Y To preserve language 1 ‐2 Y Stories, history Y To preserve language; learn to write LA10 Y own language and culture preservation 2 ‐3 Y Stories, songs Y To read Loh, to know history LA11 Y Own language, culture preservation 3 ‐4 Poems Y Own language LA12 Y Because its our own language 2 ‐3 Y Science Y For development LA13 Y Wants to study own language and culture as much as would be needed Y Poems Y Preserve the language 119 Int. How would you feel if your child married non‐Loh speaker? Will your childrens children speak Loh? If so, how would you feel? If not, how would you feel? What lg. should children speak first? Is the lg. spoken by you different from grandparents? If so, how? How do you feel when young people of your community speak other languages besides Loh? LA01 Indifferent ‐ prefer Loh, but would accept others Y Good Bad Loh ‐ but need Nep too Y Mixing of lgs Indifferent LA02 Bad N Good Bad Loh N NA Good LA03 Bad Y Good Bad Loh Y Vocab Good LA04 Bad Y Good Bad Loh Y Vocab, Mixing of lgs Bad LA05 Bad N Good ‐ they speak now, but maybe not later Bad Nep N NA NR LA06 Bad N Good Bad Loh Y Dont speak as much now Bad LA07 Good N Good Bad Loh N NA Bad LA08 Bad Y Good Indifferent Loh Y They spoke a lot Bad LA10 Indifferent Y Good Bad Loh N NA Indifferent LA11 Indifferent Y Good Indifferent Nep N NA Indifferent LA12 Indifferent Y Good Bad ‐ we would lose our language Loh and Nep equally Y Mixing of lgs Bad ‐ after going to school kids speak only Nep LA13 Indifferent N Good Bad ‐ they should study Nep Y Mixing of lgs Indifferent 120 Dhupu metadata All informal interviews were conducted May 15–16, 2011, in Dhupu, Dhupu 5, Sankhuwasabha District, Koshi, Eastern Region, Nepal. Each participant gave informed consent before the interview began. Interviews were conducted by Jessi Mitchell, Holly Hilty, and John Eppele. Dhupu informal interview responses Int. Gender Age Age group Literate Ed level Marital status MT of spouse Children Caste Ethnic group Clan Occupation Religion LD01 M 30 Young N ‐‐ Y Limbu Y Rai Yam Biksik Farmer Kirat LD02 F 50 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Kitsama Farmer Hindu LD03 F 18 Young Y 6 N NA N Rai Loh Yunkama Student Kirat LD04 F 38 Old Y 6 Y Limbu Y Rai Loh Yunkama building the society building Kirat LD05 F 21 Young Y 5 N NA N Rai Loh Yumkama Farmer Kirat LD06 M 18 Young Y 9 N NA N Rai Loh Yangkrung Student Kirat LD07 M 33 Young Y 10 Y Loh Y Rai Loh Khechaba Farmer Kirat LD08 M 45 Old Y 2+ Y Bantawa Y Rai Loh Yangkrung Teacher Kirat LD09 M 75 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Yungkhaba Retired Kirat LD10 F 57 Old Y ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Kaisong Farmer Kirat LD11 M 42 Old Y 5 Y Limbu Y Rai Loh Khechaba Farmer Kirat LD12 M 68 Old N ‐‐ Y Loh Y Rai Loh Khechaba Farmer Kirat LD13 F 17 Young Y 10 N NA N Rai Loh Student Hindu Int. Birthplace VDCWard District Zone Home Now VDCWard now District now Zone now Years here? Lived elsewhere? When? How long? LD01 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 30 N NA NA LD02 Dhupu Dhupu,5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 50 N NA NA LD03 Dhupu Dhupu,5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 18 Y, Sikkim ‐5 years ago ‐3 years LD04 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 38 Y, Dhupu 4 16 ‐20 years ago 7‐10 years LD05 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 21 N NA NA LD06 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 18 N NA NA LD07 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 30 Y, Qatar ‐5 years ago ‐3 years LD08 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 45 N NA NA LD09 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 75 N NA NA LD10 Simling Dhupu, 7 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 28 N NA NA LD11 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 42 Y, Malaysia ‐5 years ago ‐3 years LD12 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 68 Y, Assam 20+ years ago 4 ‐6 years LD13 Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi Dhupu Dhupu, 5 Sank Koshi 12 Y, Khandbari 4 ‐6 years 121 Int. MT Moms birthplace Moms MT Lg. w mom Dads birthplace Dads MT Lg. w dad Screening 2 Screening 3 Radio? How often? LD01 Loh Dhupu Loh Loh Dhupu Loh Loh Y N N NA LD02 Loh Loktam Loh Loh Dhupu Loh Loh Y N NR NA LD03 Loh Matsya Pokhari Khaling Nep Dhupu Loh Nep N N NR NA LD04 Loh Malta Loh Loh Dhupu Loh Loh Y Y Y Sometimes LD05 Loh Sachi far away Limbu Nep Dhupu Loh Nep N N Y Sometimes LD06 Loh Simle Loh Loh Dhupu Loh Nep N N N NA LD07 Loh Pawa village, Bharabise, ward 6 Loh Loh Dhupu Loh Loh Y Y Y Sometimes LD08 Loh Bharibise Limbu Nep Dhupu Loh Nep N N N NA LD09 Loh Tamkhule VDC Loh Nep Dhupu Loh Nep N N N NA LD10 Loh Pangma Loh Loh Simling Loh Loh N Y N NA LD11 Loh Diding Loh Nep Dhupu Loh Nep N N N NA LD12 Loh Dhupu Khaling Loh Dhupu Loh Loh Y Y N NA LD13 Loh Jangsijung ward 2 Limbu Loh Dhupu Loh Loh Y N N NA Int. Written materials? What kind? Language of materials What lgs you speak First lg. Best lg. Second best lg. Third best lg. Fourth best lg. Screenin g 4 Lg. love most MT how well? How well read MT? How well write MT? LD01 NA N NA Loh, Nep Nep Nep Loh NA NA Y Nep Only a little NA NA LD02 N NA Loh, Nep Loh and Nep equally Loh Loh NA NA Y Loh Some NA NA LD03 Y N NA Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA Y Loh NA NA NA LD04 Y N NA Loh, Nep, Eng Loh Loh Loh Eng NA N Loh Some Some Some LD05 N N NA Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA Y Nep Only a little Only a little Only a little LD06 N N NA Loh, Nep Nep Loh Loh NA NA Y Loh Some Only a little Only a little LD07 Y Literacy materials Loh Loh, Nep, Hindi, Eng Loh Loh Loh Hindi Eng Y Loh Very well Only a little Only a little LD08 N N NA Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA Y Loh Only a little NA NA LD09 NA N NA Loh, Nep Nep Nep Loh NA NA Y Nep Only a little NA NA LD10 N N NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh and Nep equally NA NA NA Y Nep Some Only a little Only a little LD11 N N NA Nep Nep Other NA NA NA Y Nep Loh, but I dont speak it LD12 NA N NA Loh, Nep Loh Loh Nep NA NA Y Loh NA NA NA LD13 Y N NA Loh, Nep Nep Loh Loh NA NA Nep Some 122 Int. Fathers lgs. Mothers lgs. Spouses lgs. Childrens lgs. Where kids learned Loh Where kids learned Nep Where learned Limbu Where learned Eng Do children understand Nep when they start school? LD01 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Nep Nep NA Home NA NA Y LD02 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Home Home NA NA Y LD03 Loh, Nep Nep, Khaling NA NA NA NA NA NA Y LD04 Loh, Nep, Eng Loh, Nep Nep, Hindi, Limbu, Eng Nep, Limbu, Eng NA Home Home School Y LD05 Loh, Nep Nep, Limbu N NA NA NA NA NA Y LD06 Loh, Nep Nep N NA NA NA NA NA a little LD07 Loh, Nep, Hindi Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep, Eng Other Other NA School Y LD08 Loh, Nep Nep, Limbu Nep Nep NA Home NA NA Y LD09 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Nep, Eng NA Home NA Other a little LD10 Loh, Nep, Eng Loh Loh, Nep Nep NA Home NA NA Y LD11 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep Nep, Limbu Nep NA Home NA NA a little LD12 Loh, Nep Nep Nep Loh, Nep Home Home NA NA Y LD13 Loh, Nep Loh, Nep, Limbu N NA NA NA NA NA Y Int. What language do you speak when... Counting Singing Joking Shopping Storytelling Debate PujaPrayer Quarreling Scolding Telling stories to kids Singing at home Family gatherings Village meetings LD01 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD02 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD03 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD04 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD05 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD06 Nep Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD07 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD08 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD09 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD10 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD11 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD12 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Loh and Nep Nep Nep LD13 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Loh Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep 123 Int. Language most frequently used in the home when discussing education matters with... Language most frequently used in the home when discussing social events and family matters with... Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children LD01 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD02 Nep NA Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD03 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA LD04 Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Lim Nep LD05 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA LD06 NA Other Other Loh NA NA NA Nep Nep Nep NA NA LD07 NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep LD08 NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep LD09 NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep LD10 Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Nep LD11 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep LD12 Loh Loh Loh Nep Nep Nep Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh Loh LD13 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA Int. Language most frequently used in the hom when writing letters to... What language do your children usually speak when... How often use MT LWC How often use LWC Grandfather Grandmother Father Mother Spouse Children Playing w children Talking with neighbors At school LD01 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep Nep Nep Sometimes Nep Every day LD02 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep Nep and Loh Nep Sometimes Nep Every day LD03 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Never Nep Every day LD04 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep and English Sometimes Nep Every day LD05 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Never Nep Every day LD06 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Sometimes Nep Every day LD07 NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Sometimes Nep Every day LD08 NA NA Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Never Nep Every day LD09 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep Nep Never Nep Every day LD10 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Sometimes Nep Every day LD11 Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep Sometimes Nep Every day LD12 NA NA NA NA NA NA Nep and Loh Nep Nep Sometimes Nep Every day LD13 Nep Nep Nep Nep NA NA NA NA NA Sometimes Nep Every day 124 Int. What lg. do you prefer for your childrens medium of instruction at primary level? Your children speak MT? Lg. most parents in village usually speak with their children? Young people speak MT well? LD01 Loh Y Nep N LD02 Loh Y Nep N LD03 English NA Nep N LD04 Other N Y ‐ a little LD05 Nep NA Nep N LD06 Loh NA Nep N LD07 Loh N Nep N LD08 Loh N Nep N LD09 Nep N Nep N LD10 Loh N Nep N LD11 Nep N Nep N LD12 Nep Y Loh N LD13 Nep NA Nep Y ‐ some do Int. If someone started a class for learning to read and write Loh, would you yourself want to attend? Would it be good to have such a class for children? What subjects would you like to learn about in Loh? Is readingwriting Loh important to you? Attend? Why? How many hours? Important? Why? LD01 Y Its his own language 4+ Y Society Y To preserve it, to develop it LD02 Y Its her own culturelanguage 1 ‐2 Y Stories, history, science Y Her own culture to preserve it LD03 Y To study her own language as much as would be needed Y Health Y Good to study her own language LD04 Y Her own language 4+ Y About Loh language Y Its goodour own LD05 Y To learn her own language 2 ‐3 Y Stories Y To study it LD06 Y Its his own language 2 ‐3 Y Stories Y His own language and culture ‐ good to learn about it LD07 Y Its my own language According to the class Y Culture, religion Y Because its my own language, comes best to me and I want to read it LD08 Y To learn our language 1 ‐2 Y Culture, history Y To learn our language LD09 N NA NA N NA N His eyes arent good. And Nep for the kids because they dont understand Loh LD10 Y To speak, learn mother tongue 1‐2 Y About Loh language Y For development LD11 Y To learn our language 4+ Y Materials to help learn my lg. Y To learn our language LD12 N NA NA N NA N We speak Loh, but dont write it. He has bad eyes so wouldnt like the class LD13 Y Like to learn 2 ‐3 Y History Y To learn own language 125 Int. How would you feel if your child married non ‐Loh speaker? Will your childrens children speak Loh? If so, how would you feel? If not, how would you feel? What lg. should children speak first? Is the lg. spoken by you different from grandparents? If so, how? How do you feel when young people of your community speak other languages besides Loh? LD01 Good Y Good ‐ theyll only speak it during puja Bad Nep Y Mixing of lgs Indifferent LD02 Bad Y Good ‐ theyll only speak if they teach them Bad Loh N NA Bad LD03 Bad N Good Bad Loh NA NA Good LD04 Bad Y Good ‐ theyll speak a little Bad Loh Y Mixing of lgs Bad LD05 Bad Y Good ‐ theyll only speak if they teach them Bad Nep Y Young people now dont speak Bad LD06 Indifferent N Good Bad Loh Y Mixing of lgs, way of speaking, theirs was pure because they didnt know Nep Bad LD07 Good Y Good Bad Loh N NA Bad LD08 Indifferent N Good Indifferent Loh NA NA Bad LD09 Indifferent N Indifferent Indifferent Nep NA NA Indifferent LD10 Bad Y Good ‐ if we teach them, theyll speak Bad Nep N NA Bad LD11 Bad Y Good Bad Nep NA NA Bad LD12 Good N Good Indifferent Loh Y We speak Loh less than they did Bad LD13 Bad Good ‐ could go either way. They may speak, they may not Bad Nep N NA NR 126 Appendix D: Knowledgeable Insider Questionnaire KIQ D.1 Knowledgeable Insider Questionnaire KIQ My name is ………. I am from Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University. I am here to learn about your language and its situation. We will share the information given by you with others. Are you willing to help us? मेरो नाम............... हो। हामी िरभुवन िवविव्यालय भाषािव्यान के्रीय िवभागबाट यहाँहुको भाषाको अ्ययन अनुस्धानका लािग आएका हौ। यहाँहुले िदनुभएको भाषास्ब्धी जानकारीलाई अुसँग रा्ने छौ। हामीलाई सहयोग िदन स्नुहु्छ ? INFORMED CONSENT: Given: □ Not Given: □

A. Meta data Baseline information