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After some explanations about swear words, it is important for us to know the theory about sociolinguistics since this study is related to sociolinguistics. The
theory will be presented in the next sub-chapter.
2.3 Definitions of Sociolinguistics
Human being differs from other beings in their interaction. A man uses language as a means of communication to interact with others. Interaction is the act of
meeting with people, and in this process, a man can convey a message through language he uses. In connection with that, Wardhaugh 1993:169 states that
‘every language is a system that allows its users to interact with one another. This system not only allows individual ‘minds’ to function, but also provides a means
of sharing the result of that functioning with others’. As a social creature, a man cannot avoid socializing with his social
environment. Different ways of using language depend on social factors such as participants, topic which is being discussed, setting, etc. Those explanations are
supported by Holmes’ statements. He asserts that ‘the local people select the appropriate variety for any particular interaction according to similar social factor
to those identified in earlier, examples: who they are talking to, in what kind of setting, and for what purposes’ 2001:10.
An employee addresses his manager differently in the office and outside the work. In the office he calls him “sir”. In another place, he would call his
manager by his name in a party. The way people speak differently in different social contexts is studied through sociolinguistics.
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Trudgill in www.courses.essex.ac.uklglg232definitionsSlx.html states that, sociolinguistics is that a part of linguistics which concerns with social and cultural
phenomena. Sociolinguistics can also be explained as ‘the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations and context
on the way language is used’ www.wikipedia,org. Meanwhile, Hymes gives the definition of sociolinguistics which refers to ‘correlation between language and
societies, and between particular linguistics and social phenomena’ 1972:vii. A similar definition is offered by Wardhaugh 1992:12. ‘Sociolinguistics
will be concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of a structure of language and of
language functions in communication’. In addition, Holmes states that ‘sociolinguists study the relationship between language and society. They are
interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the way it
is used to convey social meaning’ 2001:6. I can conclude that sociolinguistics deals with language and society, which
studies the function of language used in a given social context. A swear word is part of language which has characteristics as a vernacular
language. Holmes 2001:80 points out that ‘a vernacular language is a language which has not been standardized and which does not have official statuses.
Formerly, people with a certain status e.g low social status used to speak to others by using a vernacular language. However, this condition is gradually
changed in this recent time. The vernacular language is spoken by people with
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many different social backgrounds and stratifications. People use it with many purposes and sometimes vary the form of it. Lavandera in Newmeyer explains
about the structures of variation and change of the language spoken which has become a result of particular characteristics of the society. In harmony with that,
below is the supporting statement which is stated by Newmeyer. It pays special attention to the way in which particular characteristic of the
society effect the structures of variation and change of the language spoken, and conversely, to the way in which different uses of language and different attitudes
about its varieties affect the internal dimensions and force of the recipient community Newmeyer, 1988:9.
After discussing the definitions of sociolinguistics, I will present the theory of components of speech since it has a correlation with sociolinguistics approach.
2.3 Components of Speech
