Sepulveda House: 11–12 April 1988

Main building interior ) 60 Bedroom

Aerosol volume concentration ( 10

Main building interior 60 Bedroom

d {log d 20

References

Allen, R. J., R. A. Wadden, and E. D. Ross

1978 Characterization of potential indoor sources of ozone. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal

American National Standards Institute

1985 Practice for Storage of Paper-Based Library and Archival Documents, Draft. ANSI Standard Z39.xx–1985.

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

1976 Method of Testing Air-Cleaning Devices used in General Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter . ASHRAE Standard 52–76. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

1985 ASHRAE Handbook: 1985 Fundamentals . Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

Baer, N. S. and P. N. Banks

1985 Indoor air pollution: Effects on cultural and historic materials. International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship

Bejan, A.

1984 Convection Heat Transfer . New York: Wiley.

Billmeyer, F. W. and M. Saltzman

1981 Principles of Color Technology . New York: Wiley.

Biscotin, G., S. Diana, V. Fassina, and M. Marabelli

1980 The influence of atmospheric pollutants on the deterioration of mural paintings in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. In Conservation within Historic Buildings . N. S. Bromelle, G. Thomson, and P. Smith, eds. London: The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.

Cammuffo, D.

1983 Indoor dynamic climatology: investigations on the interactions between walls and indoor environment. Atmospheric Environment

Cammuffo, D. and A. Bernardi

1988 Microclimate and interactions between the atmosphere and Orvieto Cathedral. The Science of the Total Environment

References

Carey, W. F.

1959 Atmospheric deposits in Britain: A study of dinginess. International Journal of Air Pollution

Cass, G. R., M. H. Conklin, J. J. Shah, J. J. Huntzicker, and E. S. Macias

1984 Elemental carbon concentrations: Estimation of a historical data base. Atmospheric Environment

Cass, G. R., J. R. Druzik, D. Grosjean, W. W. Nazaroff, P. M. Whitmore, and C. L. Wittman

1988 Protection of Works of Art from Photochemical Smog . Getty Conservation Institute Scientific Program Report prepared by the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.

Committee on Preservation of Historical Records

1986 Preservation of Historical Records . Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, National Academy Press.

Cooper, D. W.

1986 Particulate contamination and microelectronics manufacturing: An introduc- tion. Aerosol Science and Technology

Dockery, D. W. and J. D. Spengler

1981 Indoor-outdoor relationships of respirable sulfates and particles. Atmospheric Environment

Friedlander, S. K.

1977 Smoke, Dust, and Haze . New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Gelbard, F. and J. H. Seinfeld

1980 Simulation of multicomponent aerosol dynamics. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

Goren, S. L.

1977 Thermophoresis of aerosol particles in the laminar boundary layer of a flat plate. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

Gray, H. A., G. R. Cass, J. J. Huntzicker, E. K. Heyerdahl, and J. A. Rau

1986 Characteristics of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon particle concentrations in Los Angeles. Environmental Science and Technology

References

Hancock, R. P., N. A. Esmen, and C. P. Furber

1976 Visual response to dustiness. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

John, W. and G. Reischl

A cyclone for size-selective sampling of ambient air. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

Nazaroff, W. W. and G. R. Cass

1986 Mathematical modeling of chemically reactive pollutants in indoor air. Environmental Science and Technology

1989 Mass-transport aspects of pollutant removal at indoor surfaces. Environment International

Nazaroff, W. W., M. P. Ligocki, L. G. Salmon, G. R. Cass, T. Fall, M. C. Jones, H. I. H. Liu, and T. Ma

1990 Protection of Works of Art from Soiling Due To Airborne Particles . Environmental Quality Laboratory Report no. 34. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. Also printed as a Getty Conservation Institute Scientific Program Report, 1992.

Nielsen, R. A.

1940 Dirt patterns on walls. Transactions, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers

Offermann, F. J., R. G. Sextro, W. J. Fisk, D. T. Grimsrud, W. W. Nazaroff, A. V. Nero, K. L. Revzan, and J. Yater

1985 Control of respirable particles in indoor air with portable air cleaners.

Atmospheric Environment 19: 1761–71.

Ouimette, J.

1981 Aerosol Chemical Species Contributions to the Extinction Coefficient, Ph.D. diss., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.

Report of the Study Committee on Scientific Support

1979 National Conservation Advisory Council. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Insti- tution.

Rivers, R. D.

1988 Interpretation and use of air filter particle-size-efficiency data for general- ventilation applications. ASHRAE Transactions 94(2).

References

Sandberg, M.

1981 What is ventilation efficiency? Building and Environment

Schiller, G. E.

A Theoretical Convective-Transport Model of Indoor Radon Decay Products, Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley.

Shahani, C.

1986 Letter to the editor. Abbey Newsletter 10(2): 20.

Sinclair, J. D., L. A. Psota-Kelty, and C. J. Weschler

1985 Indoor-outdoor concentrations and indoor surface accumulations of ionic substances. Atmospheric Environment

Skåret, E. and H. M. Mathisen

1982 Ventilation efficiency. Environment International

Stolow, N.

1987 Conservation and Exhibitions . London: Butterworths.

Sutton, D. J., K. M. Nodolf, and K. K. Makino

1976 Predicting ozone concentrations in residential structures. ASHRAE Journal 18(9): 21–26.

Thomson, G.

1978 The Museum Environment . 2nd edition 1986. London: Butterworths.

Toishi, K. and T. Kenjo

1967 Alkaline material liberated into atmosphere from new concrete. Journal of Paint Technology

A simple method of measuring alkalinity of air in new concrete buildings. Studies in Conservation

1975 Some aspects of the conservation of works of art in buildings of new concrete. Studies in Conservation

United States Department of Defense

1956 Military Standard: Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components and Related Products: Performance-Test Methods . mil-std -282. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

References

Volent, P. and N. S. Baer

1985 Volatile amines used as corrosion inhibitors in museum humidification systems. The International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship

Wall, S. M., W. John, and J. L. Ondo

1988 Measurement of aerosol size distributions for nitrate and major ionic species. Atmospheric Environment

Yocom, J. E., W. L. Clink, and W. A. Cote

1971 Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships. Journal of the Air Pollutant Control Association

References

Index protecting museums from soiling with, 104, 106–108

recirculation devices in, 108 representation of, in simulation model, 56 schematic representation of the ventilation and filtra-

tion components of the indoor aerosol model, 59f

schematic representation of the ventilation and filtra- acid precursors, gases as, 1

tion systems for the three concentration–fate test sites, 78f

advective diffusion, deposition of particles in, 73

unducted console units, 108

aerosol chemical composition airflow conditions, models used to represent, 33

average outdoor of Sepulveda House, 116f airflow regimes. See also convection; laminar airflow; tur-

inside Southern California museums, 26–27

bulence, homogeneous

measurement and modeling results, 67–71 simulation model and, 56, 57, 58

aerosol concentrations

types of, 14, 33, 33t

achieving low outdoor, 112 used in calculating particle-deposition velocities, 33t

limiting indoor sources of, 113

air-quality model, 55–63

aerosol mass as aid in assessing options to control soiling rate, 97–

average deposition rate of, to indoor surfaces based

on simulations of study periods at each site, 74t computer-based simulation of, 55

concentration and particle number concentration ver- filtration in, schematic representation of, 59f sus time at the Sepulveda House, 117f

formulation of

aerosol size distribution airborne particle representation, 55

average outdoor of Sepulveda House, 116f particle deposition onto surfaces, 56

measurement and modeling results for, 67–71 ventilation and filtration, 56

airborne particles. See also particle of indoor airborne particle dynamics, 55–63

characteristics of, inside Southern California museums, 21–54

measurement and modeling results of: aerosol size

distribution and chemical composition, 67–71 air-cleaning devices.

See also

air filtration

overview of, and indoor airborne particle dynamics, size of particles and, 17–18

air-conditioning systems. See HVAC

test of performance of

air-exchange rate and evolution of cigarette smoke, 57

outdoor, 22t, 105–106 and evolution of cigarette smoke:

simulation model and, 58 schematic representation, 60f, 61f, 62f, 63f air filtration, 35. See also HVAC

ventilation in, schematic representation of, 59f air-quality model testing of, 70t

air-recirculation rate, 22t

electrostatic precipitator in, 107

air temperature, 106

fibrous air filters, 106

differentials and, 9

filter efficiency and, 9, 67

air velocities, 9

high efficiency particle (HEPA) filters, 107

alkaline particles, 17

improvement costs of, 2 from new concrete construction, 1 measurement and modeling results of, 67

Index

Allen, R. J., 107, 119

canvas

American National Standards Institute, 107, 119 plate mounted on, 45f American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and

rate of soiling and, 95, 96 Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 13, 105,

white artists’, used in soiling test, 23, 92 106, 119

carbon, (black) elemental, 22, 36, 103t ammonium

aerosol size distribution and chemical compo- inside Southern California museums, 30, 32

sition for, average outdoor of Sepulveda pigments and, 1

House, 116f

ANSI. See American National Standards Institute in assessment of options to control soiling rate, archaeological sites, risks to, 2–3

ASHRAE, and Air Conditioning Engineers, best estimates of the time (years) required for Refrigeration. See American Society of Heating

perceptible soiling to occur on indoor vertical and horizontal white surfaces due to deposi-

tion of, 95–96, 96t

Baer, N. S., 1, 5, 17, 107, 119, 123

deposition of, 73, 75

Banks, P. N., 17, 107, 119 distribution in Los Angeles and Pasadena, 95 Bejan, A., 68, 119

flux and deposition velocities of, to vertical Bernardi, A., 4, 119

surfaces inside museums, 93, 94, 95t Billmeyer, 92

fluxes and deposition velocities of, to horizontal surfaces inside museums, 94, 94t

biological contaminants, 5 resistance to remedies for damage to, 1

Biscotin, G., 21, 119 soiling rate and, 91, 93, 94, 98

botanical specimens, resistance to remedies for carbon, organic, 22. damage to, 1 See also organic matter

boundary layer flows, 67–68

Carey, W. F., 75, 91, 120

Brownian diffusion, 17 Cass, G. R., 2–3, 29, 55, 56, 97, 120, 121 building level

CCI (Canadian Conservation Institute), 4 computer-based simulation model of, 55

characteristics of airborne particles inside South- ern California museums, study of, 21–54

conditions for modeling the effect of control measures at the Sepulveda House at, 101t

annual average particle-deposition velocity to the wall at each site studied, 35t

environmental factors to be controlled and, 4–5 comparing modeling and measurement

newer versus older designs at, 77

results, 33–35

experimental methods and, 21–24 calculations, limitations of, 11

predicting the mean particle deposition veloc- California Institute of Technology, research group

ity and, 32–33

from, 2 results and discussion of, 24–32 Cammuffo, D., 4, 119

aerosol chemical composition, 26–27 Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI), 4

indoor and outdoor particle mass concen-

Index 127

indoor sources, 27 ponents at test sites for, 102t particle deposition, 27–32

measurement and modeling results summary, 35–36

airborne particle characteristics and, 68–71 time (years) for perceptible soiling to occur,

boundary layer flows, 67–68 7, 11, 76t

filter efficiency, 67

characteristic time before visible soiling , 7, 11 temperature differences, 67–68 chemical aspects of potential damage, 17

measurement and modeling results for, 67–71 chemical composition of particles

overview of, 9–11

inside Southern California museums, 26–27 predicted fate of particles introduced into the measurement and modeling results for, 67–71

buildings from outdoors in testing of, 86f, 87f chloride, inside Southern California museums, 30,

predicted rate of accumulation...of aerosol 32

mass as function of composition and size for CIE, 92

three major surfaces in testing of, 88f, 89f, 90f cigarette smoke, 60f, 61f, 62f, 63f

results and discussions of Southern California museums of, 65–90

climate results of, discussed, 77

control of, 106 schematic representation of the ventilation and

structures and, 6 filtration systems for the three sites in testing Clink, W. L., 123

of, 78f

coagulation study sites for testing of, 65–67, 66t of particles, 55, 56, 58

temperature difference between surface of wall and air, and the air velocity in testing of,

as sink for particles, 72

80f

Coghlan, John, 114 conclusions of overall study, 114 color change, soiling rate and, 93

Conklin, M. H., 120

Committee on Preservation of Historical Records, Conservation and Exhibitions (Stolow), 4 107, 120 conservator, concerns of, 1 computer-based simulation model. See air-quality

model convection, natural, 14, 33, 33t concentration and fate of airborne particles in

cigarette smoke and, 63f museums, 65–90. See also mass concentrations

simulation model and, 56, 57, 102 deposition onto indoor surfaces, 72–76

size of particles and, 98 fate of the particles entering from outdoor air

Cooper, D. W., 113, 120

and, 71–72

Cote, W. A., 123

filtration efficiency of particle filters as a function of particle size and, 79f

cyclone separator, 22

fine-particle mass concentration versus time

and 24–hour-average size distribution for DEAE. See diethylamine ethanol three test sites for, 83f, 84f, 85f

deposition of particles. See also : deposition veloci-

Index

ties of particles Diano Match-scan II reflectance spectrophoto– air-quality model testing of, 70t

meter, 12, 92

average rate of aerosol mass to indoor surfaces diethylamine ethanol (DEAE), heating systems based on simulations of study periods at each

and, 5

site and, 74t diffusers, large-area, 109 entering from outdoor air, 71

dioctyl phthalate efficiency, droplets of, 106 inside Southern California museums, 27–32

display cases, 1, 111

measurements of rates of soiling inside muse-

Dockery, D. W., 21, 120

ums due to, 91–96 dop (droplets of dioctyl phthalate) efficiency, 106 rates of, 73

droplets of dioctyl phthalate efficiency, 106 deposition velocities of particles, 7, 27–32

Druzik, J.R., 1, 120

airflow regimes used in calculating, 33t

dust. See soil dust

comparing modeling and measurement results dyes, pH sensitivity of, 1 of, 33–35

comparison of predicted and measured, versus particle diameter for five sites studied, 51f–54f

electrostatic precipitator, 107 of elemental carbon to vertical surfaces inside

elemental carbon, 8. See also carbon, (black) ele- museums, estimated, 95t

mental.

estimates for vertical surfaces indoors at El Pueblo de Los Angeles State Historic Park, 114 Sepulveda House for, as measured by auto-

energy conservation, effects of, 6 mated scanning electron microscopy, 48f

environmental factors to be controlled, 4 for ionic species inside Southern California

museums, 27–32, 31t at building level, 4–5 predicting the mean of, 32–33

insects, 6

reducing, to protect museum collections, 108

microorganism, 6

soiling and, 93

pests, 6

to upward-facing horizontal indoor surfaces at photochemical effects, 6 five Southern California museums, and com-

in rooms and galleries, 5 parisons to deposition velocities to vertical

surface and to a gravitational settling velocity, in sealed individual objects, 6 49f–50f

in storage and display areas, 5–6 to vertical surfaces at Southern California

Esmen, N. A., 121

museums, 45f–47f experimental methods, 21–24, 92–93

destructive factors, classes of, 14 experimental sites. See sites in study

deterioration, intrinsic and extrinsic, 14 extrinsic deterioration, 14

“Deterioration Studies,” 3 extrinsic factors, as cause of destruction, 1

developing countries, HVAC systems and, 11

Diana, S., 119 factors, as cause of destruction, 14 Diano Corp., 92

Index 129

Fassina, V., 119 mental carbon to horizontal surfaces inside, feathers, resistance to remedies for damage to, 1

94t

filtration. See air filtration mass concentrations at, 39f, 41f Fisk, W. J., 121

mean outdoor concentrations of aerosol components at, 102t

flux, mass, measured in analysis of soiling, 91 seasonal mean chemical mass balances for out-

fluxes and deposition velocities, estimated, of door and indoor coarse particles at, 44f elemental carbon to vertical surfaces inside

museums, 94t seasonal mean chemical mass balances for outdoor and indoor fine particles at, 43f

framing, 111 seasonal mean indoor-outdoor concentration

Friedlander, S. K., 17, 120 ratios for fine- and coarse-particle mass at, 42f fuels, low-end, risks from, 2–3

soil deposition at, 12

fur, resistance to remedies for damage to, 1 time (years) required for perceptible soiling to Furber, C. P., 121

occur on indoor vertical and horizontal white surfaces due to elemental-carbon deposition

at, 96t

gases, as acid precursors, 1

Goren, S. L., 29, 120

GCI. See Getty Conservation Institute gravitational settling, 17, 58 Gelbard, F., 55, 120

laminar airflow and, 73 Gelman, 23

size of particles and, 72, 98 Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), 6

Gray, H. A., 26, 112, 120

airborne-particles study, 3

Grimsrud, D. T., 121

Getty Museum (site), 8, 21. See also sites in study

Grosjean, D., 120

building characteristics of, for overall study,

21, 22t Hancock, R. P., 75, 91, 121 characteristics of, 21–36 passim heating systems. See also HVAC deposition velocities at, reduction of, 109 older furnace-style, 13 deposition velocities of elemental carbon to

vertical surfaces inside, 95t HEPA (high efficiency particle) filters, 107, 114fn deposition velocities of particles to vertical

Heyerdahl, E. K., 120

surfaces at, 47f high efficiency particle filters (HEPA), See HEPA deposition velocities to upward-facing hori-

homogeneous turbulence. See turbulence, homo- zontal indoor surfaces at, and comparisons to

geneous

velocities to vertical surface and to a gravitational settling velocity, 50f

horizontal surfaces

deposition velocities versus particle diameter deposition velocity onto, 31t at, 54f

particle deposition onto, 27–32 deposition velocity to the wall at, 35t

humidity, 106. See also hygrometric parameters fluxes and deposition velocities of (black) ele-

Huntington Library in San Marino, 21

Index

Huntzicker, J. J., 120 reducing deposition velocities and, 109, HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning

systems), 5. See also air filtration; heating systems; simulation model and, 56–57, 58 ventilation systems

Ligocki, M. P., 121

in developing countries, 11

Liu, H. I. H., 121

filters in, 21, 36 Los Angeles, size distribution of airborne small particles inefficiently removed by, 1

elemental-carbon particles in, 94, 95 hygrometric parameters, of structures, 4

Ma, T., 121

Macias, E. S., 120

IC. See ionic chromatographic analysis

Makino, K. K., 122

IIC. See International Institute for Conservation of

Malibu, California, 112

Historic and Artistic Works

Marabelli, M., 119

indoor air-quality model. See air-quality model mass concentrations. See also concentration...; par- indoor air recirculation rate, 22t

ticles aerosol, and particle number concentration versus time at the Sepulveda House, 117f

indoor and outdoor particle mass concentrations at Southern California museums, 24–26

average of, of aerosol components for study periods from filter-based measurements and

indoor-outdoor ratios of particles, 25–26, 35–36

simulations, 71t

insects, as environmental factors to be con– seasonal mean indoor-outdoor ratios for, 42f trolled, 6

time series of ambient fine-particle, at five International Institute for Conservation of His-

museums in Southern California, 38f–39f, toric and Artistic Works, London Conference on

40f–41f

Museum Climatology (IIC), 3 mathematical modeling of indoor airborne parti-

intrinsic deterioration, 14 cle dynamics, 55–63. See also air-quality model intrinsic factors, as cause of destruction, 14

Mathisen, H.M., 110, 122 ionic chromatographic analysis, 28

metal objects, sensitivity of, 1 ionic material, 22

microorganisms, as environmental factors to be deposition velocities for ionic species inside

controlled, 6

museums, 31t

Millipore, 22

rates of soiling for, 91 model, air-quality. See air-quality model J. Paul Getty Museum. See Getty Museum

The Museum Environment (Thomson), 3, 4, 6 John, W., 22, 121, 123

museums

Jones, M. C., 121 characteristics of airborne particles inside

Southern California museums, 21–54 Kenjo, T., 1, 17, 21, 122

concentration and fate of airborne particles in, 65–90

measurements of rates of soiling inside, due to laminar airflow, 14, 32–33, 33t

deposition of airborne particles in, 91–96 gravitational settling and, 73

Index 131

filters in, 9–10, 13

National Conservation Advisory Council, 3 fine-particle mass concentration versus time and 24-hour-average size distribution for con-

natural convection. See convection, natural centration-fate test at, 83f Nazaroff, W. W., 19, 22, 29, 33, 55, 56, 93, 120, 121

mass concentrations at, 38f, 40f Nero, A. V., 121

mass concentrations of aerosol components for Nielsen, 5

study periods from filter-based measurements nitrate

and simulations at, 71t pigments and, 1

mean outdoor concentrations of aerosol components at, 102t

Southern California museums and, 26, 32 as modern building, 77

nitrate particles, hygroscopic, 1 predicted fate of particles introduced into,

nitrogen dioxide, pigments and, 1 from outdoors in the concentration-fate test, Nodolf, K. M., 122

86f Norton Simon Museum (site), 2, 8, 21. See also predicted rate of accumulation of ... aerosol

sites in study mass as function of composition and size for three major surfaces for concentration-fate test

air filtration effective at, 76

at, 88f

airflow regimes and, 33t schematic representation of the ventilation and air-flow system in, 22, 23t

filtration systems for the three concentration- fate test sites at, 78f

air-quality model testing at, 70t seasonal mean chemical mass balances for out-

building characteristics of door and indoor coarse particles at, 44f

for overall study, 21, 22t seasonal mean chemical mass balances for out-

for study of concentration of particles, door and indoor fine particles at, 43f 65, 66, 66t

seasonal mean indoor-outdoor concentration characteristics of, 21–36 passim

ratios for fine- and coarse-particle mass at, 42f deposition rate of aerosol mass to indoor sur-

temperature difference between surface of faces based on simulations of study periods at

wall and air and the air velocity...for the con- each site at, 74t

centration-fate test at, 80f deposition velocities at, reduction of, 109

time (years) for perceptible soiling to occur deposition velocities of elemental carbon to

at, 76t

vertical surfaces inside, 95t on indoor vertical and horizontal white deposition velocities of particles to vertical

surfaces due to elemental-carbon deposi- surfaces at, 47f

tion, 96t

deposition velocities to upward-facing hori-

Nuclepore, 23

zontal indoor surfaces at, and comparisons to

velocities to vertical surface and to a gravitational velocity, 50f

objectives of research on airborne particles, 18–19 deposition velocities versus particle diameter

Offermann, F. J., 13, 55, 57, 60f, 108, 112, 121 at, 52f

Ondo, J. L., 123

Index

optical methods, to measure darkening surfaces, measurements of rates of soiling inside muse- 23, 91–93

ums due to deposition of, 91–96 optical particle counters (OPCS), 57, 112

representation of, in simulation model. See air- organic matter. See also carbon, organic

quality model

rates of soiling and, 91

sinks for, 72

Southern California museums and, 26 size. See size of particles Ouimette, J., 94, 95, 98, 121 See soiling due to. soiling

outdoor air exchange rate, 22t

particle samplers, 22

outdoor-indoor ratios of particles, 25–26, 35–36

ambient fine, 37f

ozone, atmospheric, 6

total, 37f

P Pasadena, size distribution of airborne elemental-

carbon particles in, 94, 95 paintings

pests, as environmental factors to be controlled, 6 heavily pigmented, and soiling, 75

photochemical effects, as environmental factors to unvarnished, resistance to remedies for

be controlled, 6

damages to, 1

pH sensitivity, 1

paper, resistance to remedies for damages to, 1 pigments, pH sensitivity of, 1 particle filtration systems. See air filtration

Plexiglas panels, 1

particle filtration unit, local, 112 polycarbonate membrane, as deposition sur- particles. See also concentration...; mass concentra-

face, 23

tion protecting museum collections from soiling, 97– approach to research on, 18–19

118. See also soiling rate

characteristics of, inside Southern California control measures’ predicted effect at museums. See characteristics...

Sepulveda House, 103t chemical composition. See chemical composi-

overview of, 12–14

tion of particles overview of seven steps in, 13 coagulation of. See coagulation

Psota-Kelty, L. A., 122

coarse, seasonal mean chemical mass balances

for outdoor and indoor, 44f concentration and fate of, in museums. See con-

quartz cloth, 23, 92

centration...

deposition of. See deposition of particles

Rau, J. A., 120

deposition velocities of. See deposition recirculation devices, 108 velocities

registers

fine, seasonal mean chemical mass balances for outdoor and indoor, 43f

placement of, 113

mathematical modeling of. See air-quality

small-area, 109

model

Reischl, G., 22, 121

Index 133

Report of the Study Committee on Scientific deposition velocities versus particle diameter Support for Conservation of Cultural Properties ,

at, 52f

3, 121 deposition velocity to the wall at, 35t research on airborne particles, approach to, 18–19

fine-particle mass concentration versus time Revzan, K. L., 121

and 24-hour-average size distribution for con- Rivers, R. D., 107, 121

centration-fate test at, 84f rooms and galleries, environmental factors to be

fluxes and deposition velocities of (black) ele- controlled and, 5

mental carbon to horizontal surfaces inside, 94t

Ross, E. D., 119 mass concentrations at, 39f, 41f

rugs, resistance to remedies for damage to, 1 mass concentrations of aerosol components for

study periods from filter-based measurements Salmon, L. G., 121

and simulations at, 71t salt, sea, inside Southern California museums,

mean outdoor concentrations of aerosol com- 27, 30

ponents at, 102t

Saltzman, 92 as modern building, 77 samplers. See particle samplers

predicted fate of particles introduced into, from outdoors in the concentration-fate

Sandberg, M., 110, 122

test, 87f

scanning electronic microscope analysis, 23, 36 predicted rate of accumulation of...aerosol Schiller, G. E., 68, 122

mass as function of composition and size for three major surfaces for concentration-fate test

Scott Gallery (site), 2, 8, 21. See also sites in study

at, 90f

airflow regimes and, 33t schematic representation of the ventilation and air-quality model testing at, 70t

filtration systems for the three concentration- fate test sites at, 78f

building characteristics of seasonal mean chemical mass balances for

for overall study, 21–23, 22t outdoor and indoor coarse particles at, 44f

for study of concentration of particles, 65, seasonal mean chemical mass balances for 66, 66t outdoor and indoor fine particles at, 43f

building physics and, 12 seasonal mean indoor-outdoor concentration

characteristics of, 21–36 passim ratios for fine- and coarse-particle mass at, 42f deposition rate of aerosol mass to indoor sur-

temperature difference between surface of wall faces based on simulations of study periods at

and air, and the air velocity ... for the concen- each site at, 74t

tration-fate test at, 81f deposition velocities of elemental carbon to

time (years) for perceptible soiling to occur vertical surfaces inside, 95t

at, 76t

deposition velocities to upward-facing hori- on indoor vertical and horizontal white sur- zontal indoor surfaces at, and comparisons to

faces due to elemental-carbon deposition, deposition velocities to vertical surface and to

96t

a gravitational settling velocity, 49f sealed individual objects, environmental factors

deposition velocities to vertical surfaces at, 46f

to be controlled and, 6

Index

sea salt, inside Southern California museums, fine-particle mass concentration versus time 27, 30

and 24-hour-average size distribution for con- seasonal mean chemical mass balances for out-

centration-fate test at, 85f door and indoor coarse particles, 44f

fluxes and deposition velocities of (black) ele- seasonal mean chemical mass balances for out-

mental carbon to horizontal surfaces inside, 94t door and indoor fine particles, 43f

mass concentrations at, 38f, 40f seasonal mean indoor-outdoor concentration

mass concentrations of aerosol components for ratios for fine- and coarse-particle mass, 42f

study periods from filter-based measurements sections, as ranges of particles in air-quality

and simulations at, 71t model, 55

mean outdoor concentrations of aerosol com- Seinfeld, J. H., 55, 120

ponents at, 102t

SEM. See scanning electronic microscope analysis

as older building, 77

Sepulveda House (site), 8, 21. See also sites in predicted fate of particles introduced into, study

from outdoors in the concentration-fate test, 87f

aerosol mass concentration and particle number concentration versus time at, 117f

predicted rate of accumulation of...aerosol mass as function of composition and size for

aerosol size distribution and chemical compo- three major surfaces for concentration-fate sition at, average outdoor, 116f

test at, 89f

airflow regimes and, 33t protecting from soiling at, 12–13 air-quality model testing at, 70t

schematic representation of the ventilation and building characteristics of

filtration systems for the three concentration- fate test sites at, 78f

for overall study, 21–24, 22t seasonal mean chemical mass balances for out- for study of concentration of particles, 66,

door and indoor coarse particles at, 44f 66t seasonal mean chemical mass balances for out- characteristics of, 21–36 passim

door and indoor fine particles at, 43f special, 28–29, 30, 76

seasonal mean indoor-outdoor concentration deposition rate of aerosol mass to indoor sur-

ratios for fine- and coarse-particle mass at, 42f faces based on simulations of study periods

soiling acute at, 76

at, 74t soiling-rate options, 97–118, 101t, 103t deposition velocities at, versus particle diame-

ter at, 53f temperature difference between surface of wall and air, and the air velocity...for the concentra-

deposition velocities of elemental carbon to

tion-fate test at, 82f

vertical surfaces inside, 95t time (years) for perceptible soiling to occur deposition velocities to vertical surfaces at, 45f

at, 76t

deposition velocity estimates for vertical sur- on indoor vertical and horizontal white faces indoor at, as measured by automated

surfaces due to elemental-carbon deposi- scanning electron microscopy, 48f

tion, 96t

deposition velocity to the wall at, 35t volume concentration of fine particles...versus time and mean aerosol size distribution at, 118f

Index 135

Sextro, R. G., 121 fluxes and deposition velocities of (black) ele- Shah, J. J., 120

mental carbon to horizontal surfaces inside museums, 94t

Shahani, C., 6, 122 fluxes and deposition velocities of elemental

simulation model. See air-quality model carbon to vertical surfaces inside museums, 95t Sinclair, J., 33, 122

mass flux measured in analysis of, 91–92 sinks, for particles, 72

measurements of rates of, due to deposition of Sistine Chapel, 4

airborne particles inside museums, 91–96 sites in study, 21–24. See also Getty Museum;

overview of, 11–12 Norton Simon Museum; Scott Gallery; Sepulveda

optical methods to measure darkening surfaces House; Southwest Museum

in analysis of, 92–93

building characteristics of, 22t particle deposition onto indoor surfaces, 72–76 size of particles

protecting museum collections from, 97–118 air filtration and, 17–18, 108

results of testing of, 93–94 in assessment of options to control soiling

time interval for, to occur, 75, 76t rate, 98

time required for, to occur, estimates of, comparison of predicted and measured parti-

cle deposition velocities versus particle diameter for five sites studied, 51f–54f

time (years) required for perceptible, to occur on indoor vertical and horizontal white sur-

deposition and, 72 faces due to elemental-carbon deposition, best simulation model and, 55, 56

estimates of, 95, 96t

Skåret, E., 110, 122

soiling rate

soil dust. See also soiling

canvas and, 92–93

aerosol size distribution and chemical com– carbon, (black) elemental and, 91, 93–94 position of, average outdoor of Sepulveda

definition of, 7, 11

House, 116f

color change and, 93

in assessment of options to control soiling rate, 97–98, 103t, 106

evaluating effectiveness of measures to control, 97–118

contributing to soiling inside Southern Califor- nia museums, 27, 36, 73, 75

factors governing, for indoor surfaces, 97–98 rates of soiling and, 91

ionic material and, 91

soiling. See also protecting museum collections mathematical model of, 115f from soiling; soil dust; soiling rate

measurements of, 91–96 discussion of testing of, 93–94

overview of, 11–12 due to airborne particles, 17–19

options to control, 97

overview of, 7 site description and baseline conditions in experimental methods used to test, 92–93

assessment of factors affecting, 99–100, 101t white paper and, 92

Index

sources of particles, 71–72

Stolow, N., 4, 124

Southern California museums, airborne particles storage and display areas, environmental factors in, 8

to be controlled at, 5–6

Southwest Museum (site), 8, 21. See also sites in study sites. See sites in study study

sulfate

airflow regimes and, 33t

pigments and, 1

building characteristics of, for overall study, Southern California museums and, 26, 28, 30, 21–23, 22t

characteristics of, 21–36 passim sulfur dioxide, pigments and, 1 deposition velocities of elemental carbon to

surfaces. See also horizontal surfaces; vertical sur- vertical surfaces inside, 95t

faces

deposition velocities to upward-facing hori- deposition of particles onto indoor, 74–75 zontal indoor surfaces at, and comparisons to

deposition velocities to vertical surface and to

Sutton, D. J., 109, 124

a gravitational settling velocity, 51f

deposition velocities to upward-facing sur-

tapestries

faces at, 49f difficulties of cleaning fragile, 17

deposition velocities versus particle diameter at, 51f

resistance to remedies for damage to, 1 deposition velocity to the wall at, 46f

Ted Pella, Inc., 23

fluxes and deposition velocities of (black) telecommunications equipment, concerns with, 1 elemental carbon to horizontal surfaces

temperature differentials, 9 inside, 95t textiles, difficulties of cleaning fragile, 17 mass concentrations at, 40f, 42f

Thermalcote, 23

mean outdoor concentrations of aerosol components at, 102t

thermal factors, of structures, 4, 110–112 seasonal mean chemical mass balances for

Thermalloy, Inc., 23

outdoor and indoor coarse particles at, 44f

thermophoresis, 7, 17

seasonal mean chemical mass balances for deposition of particles in, 75, 110–111, 112 outdoor and indoor fine particles at, 43f

size of particles and, 100 seasonal mean indoor-outdoor concentration

Thomson, G., 3, 6, 124

ratios for fine- and coarse-particle mass at, 42f time for soiling to appear, characteristic, 7, 11

soil deposition at, 12 time (years) for perceptible soiling to occur, 76t

time (years) required for perceptible soiling to occur on indoor vertical and horizontal

Toishi, K., 1, 17, 21, 122

white surfaces due to elemental-carbon deposi-

trace metals, 22

tion at, 96t turbulence, homogeneous, 33, 33t Spengler, J. D., 21, 122 cigarette smoke in, 60f

Index 137

gravitational settling in, 73

Wittman, C.L., 120

reducing deposition velocities and, 108–109

XYZ

simulation model and, 56, 57, 58, 102

Yater, J., 121

Yocom, J. E., 17, 123

United States Department of Defense, 106, 122

Yungang caves, 2

Zefluor, 23

ventilation systems. See also HVAC characteristics of study sites and, 22t design of, 4 in protecting museums from soiling,

104, 105–106 removal of particles by, 72 representation of, in simulation model, 56 schematic representation of, in model, 59f schematic representation of ventilation and

filtration systems for three concentration-fate test sites, 78f

vertical surfaces deposition velocity onto, 31t particle deposition onto, 27–32

Virginia Steele Scott Gallery. See Scott Gallery vitrines, 1, 110 Volent, P., 5, 123 volume concentration of fine particles...versus

time and mean aerosol size distribution at Sepulveda House, 118f

Wadden, R. A., 119 Wall, S. M., 30, 123 Weschler, C. J., 122 Whatman 42 filter paper, 12, 92 white paper, rate of soiling of, 92 Whitmore, P.M., 120

Index

138

Sepulveda House: 11–12 April 1988