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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter explores about general concept of writing, understanding of descriptive text, theories of mind mapping strategy, previous studies, and
hypotheses of the study.
A. Writing
Writing activity is a connector between the writer and the reader. The writer should have any evidence that can convince the reader and bring the reader
feeling to the real situation that the writer have figured it out. Writing is an act ego that people have to admit it. Some people express their love, sadness and scary in
the written text. Their writing is flow down as water. They do not need to think what should they write about their feeling. However, for some people it is a hard
activity to make readable text that can express their feeling to the reader because there are many aspect that the writer should to concider about.
Based on Ratna cited by Sa’diyah in Handini that Among four language skills taught in schools, writing is the most difficult skill to learn. It needs
specialized skills that include the ability to express the writer’s opinions or thoughts clearly and efficiently. These abilities can be achieved only if a learner
understand some techniques of writing such as how to obtain ideas about what she will write on, how to express them in a sequence of sentences, how to
organize them chronologically and coherently, and how to review and then to revise the composition until the writing is well-built
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.
1. The Concept of Writing
Writing is a complex process in expressing the idea through written text which need some elements to be commanded. However, it is like other skill such
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Frida Dian Handini, Improving The Students’ Achievement In Writing Procedure Text By ApplyingMind Mapping Technique,TRANSFORM Journal Of English Language Teaching And
Learning of FBS UNIMED, vol.2, no3. 2013, p. 2.
as swimming, drawing, dancing, etc., which can be learned by everyone. This statement is pointed out by Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper that “writing
is a complex process and as such, contains element of mistery and surprise. But we know and believe that writing is a skill that anyone can learn to manage”
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. Writing is a media of communication between the writer and the reader
where the reader does not need to give feedback directly to the writer. Besides, writing allows us to communicate in both distant place and time
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. One of the important things in writing is knows the reader. It will help us to communicate
clearly and effectively if we know about background knowledge and level the reader. This statement as stated by Oshima and Hogue that it is important to know
who the audience-the people who will read what we have written
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. Indeed, producing a readable text to the reader is not an easy job.
People sometime sitting for several hours to make sure that hisher passage are easily to be read by hisher reader. She should concider about a number of things;
avoid of an ambiguity meaning about something, careful in choosing the vocabulary, grammatical pattern, and select the appropriate subject matter which
is needed by the reader. In conclude, writing is a hard work for someone who do not do it
frequently. However, it is like other skill that can be learned by everyone.
2.
Purposes of Writing
Everything happend has a purpose, so do in writing. There are four common purposes of writing according to Clouse, they are: to inform, to
persuade, to express, and to entertain. Here are the explanations: a.
To inform, the purpose of the writer is develop the reader’s knowledge, make a record, or provide help. For example, a magazine article about cholestrol
which inform about how this sustance affects the body, the goverment
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Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper, op.cit.,p. 3.
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Henry Rogers, Writing Systems, A Linguistic Approach, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, p. 1.
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Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue, Writing academic English, Third Edition, New York: Longman, 1999, p. 2.
proceedings is recorded become permanent history, and manual book of using DVD can help the owner use the thing properly.
b. To persuade, it is designed to ask the reader to think or act a certain way. For
example, a newspaper campus which convince the student to vote a certain student government candidate.
c. To relate experience, some people reveal their feeling about the interesting,
horror, or wonderful experience through writing. For instanse, you interviewed for a job, afterward you e-mail your friend about the the
experience and your feeling in that situation. d.
To entertain, humorous writing or newspaper, short storiest,, and novelare types of writing with the purpose to entertain people. In this type, the
language which is used by the writer is must not be heavy and easy to be read because the writer would lose the important pleasure of the reader if she
writes without creative writing in humor
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. Identifying the purpose early can help the writer to organize strategies
of hisher writing. The writer not only will get the ideas more easy but also she can select an exact word which is match with the audience.
3. Types of Writing
There are twelve genres of writing based on Gerot and Wignell’s opinion
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, they are: a.
Spoof: to retell and event with a humorous twist b.
Recount: to retell event for the purpose of informing. c.
Report: to describe the way things are with references to arrange of natural, made and social phenomena in our environment.
d. Exposition: to argue for or against a social issue.
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Barbara Fine Clouse, A Troubleshooting Guide Strategies Process forWriting, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005, p. 7.
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Linda Gerot and Wignell, Peter,Making Sense of Functional Grammar, Sydney: Gerd Stabler, 1994, citied from Siti Aisyah Ginting, and Ridho Sari C. Sitanggang, Improving Students’
Achievement In Writing Descriptive Paragraph Through Semantic Mapping Technique, Journal Of Applied Linguistics of FBS UNIMED, vol. 1, no 1., 2012, p. 3.
e. News items: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about event of the day
with are considered news worthy or important. f.
Anecdote: to share with others and account of an unusual or amusing incident.
g. Narrative: to tell a story that something goes wrong.
h. Procedure: to tell someone do something and how to do it. Besides, procedure
is also to describe how something is accomplishing through a sequence of action or steps.
i. Description: to describe a particular person, place, or thing.
j. Explanation: to explain process involved in the formation or working of
natural or social cultural phenomena. k.
Discussion: to present points of view about an issue at lead from two sides. l.
Review: to critique an art work or event for a public audience.
Besides, Frans Sayogie mentions that there are four types of writing, they are: Expository writing, Descriptive writing, Argumentative writing, and
Narrative writing
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. They are as follows:
a. Expository writing
Expository writing is a kind of writing that aims to clarify, to explain, to teach, or to evaluate an issue. The author tries to give information or sign to the
reader by developing idea with giving an example, process, cause and result, classification, definitions, analyses, compare, and contrary.
b. Descriptive writing
Starting form etymology the word ‘description’ is derived from word: describe, meanings a hint or to write about. Thus, the word description means
something that is being traced or drawn. It is refers to aim of description to describe a particular person, place or thing. In other word descriptive text also
defined as a kind of writing that is used to describe about a person, object, appearance, scenery, or phenomenon. In this text, the author tries to make readers
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Frans Sayogie, Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris Ke Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Bogor: Lembaga Penelitian UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2008, p. 103.
as like they see, feel, and experience what the story tell. Description could briefly explain and evolve about process, compare, definitions, and other strategies.
Meanwhile, the generic structure of description is identification and description.
c. Argumentative writing
Argumentative writing is a kind of writing that aims to prove the truth or untruth of a statement or situations. The writer tries to show the empirical data
by giving a logical appeal, pathetic or affective appeals, such as authority, empirical data, logical appeals, and values or attitude.
d. Narrative writing
Narrative original from “to narrate” means to tell. This is the kind of writing that means to tell a story. It can be used to introduce or illustrate a
complicated subject wich writer often uses narration to provide a detailed, personal account of “what happened”. Narrative is about a chronological story
true or just a fictional. It deals with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
From some texts mentioned above, the texts which are learned by the students at VIII grade are: descriptive text, recount text, and narrative text.
B. Descriptive Text
1. The Definition of Descriptive Text
Descriptive is an activity to describe something in detail interestingly. It is a verbal picture of a person, place, and object. When people describe something
or someone through essay writing, heshe tries to perform as real as possible that can attract the reader’s sense
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. While according to Qofiah that sensory language include five senses; sight, smell, taste, and touch. People will describe through
sense of sight for the first time about the object that shehe seen
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.
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Donald Pharr, Writing Today: Context and Option for the Real World, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005, p. 20.
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Neneng Qofiah, Developing Students Writing Skill of Descriptive Text by Using Mind Mapping Strategy, Skripsi, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training, Syarif Hidayatullah State
Islamic University, Jakarta, 2012, p.11.
