Hot Seat game Definition of Terms

14 interpret the data. All depends on the clarity and familiarity of the stimuli of physical characteristics needs and values, knowledge, feeling, and past experiences. There are four important factors influencing a person’s perception according to Altman et al. 1985: pp. 86-91. 1 Selection of Stimuli A person focuses only on a small number of all the stimuli surrounded. It means selection. Each person has different selection of stimuli according to the familiarity, the characteristics, and the experiences. Each person focuses on a small number. This process is called selection and is one reason why people perceive things differently – each person selects specific cues and filters, or screen, out of others. 2 Organization of Stimuli The second factor influencing the perception is organization. After the data is released, it is arranged to be meaningful information. According to Altman et al. 1985, the brain brings order the data by selecting certain items and putting them together in a meaningful way based on the experiences pp. 87-88. 3 The Situation A person’s expectations, a situation, and past experience affect what the person perceives. Perceiving a situation accurately is related to how a person adjusts his or her behavior to the situation. 4 The Person’s Self- Concept Altman er al. 1985: p. 90 states that the way individual feels and perceives is known as self-concept. The way the person sees himself or herself affects the 15 perception of the world around him or her. The self-concept is important since the mental picture of an individual determines much of what he or she perceives and does. In the following session, the researcher will explain further about the language anxiety that becomes the main concern of this research.

2. Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety a. Types of Anxiety

According to Young 1991, the symptoms of language anxiety in the foreign language classroom could appear in the form of distortion of sounds, inability to produce the intonation and rhythm of the language, freezing up when called on to perform, and forgetting words or phrases just learned or simply refusing to speak and remaining silent. Horwitz and his colleagues 1986 define foreign language anxiety as a distinct complex of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors related to classroom learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process. They also find that foreign language anxiety can be related to these three components as follows: 1 Communication apprehension is characterized by fear and anxiety in communicating with people, such as difficulty in speaking in public, listening or learning a spoken utterance are all manifestations of communication apprehension. This type of anxiety in learning a second language is derived from the learners’ personal knowledge that they will have difficulty