An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire

Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009

AN ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ A

STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE

A THESIS

BY

YUN FRISKA IRENE GINTING REG. NO. 070721007

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN

Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009

ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire” adalah suatu analisis struktur kalimat yang terdapat di dalam play A Streetcar Named Desire. Skripsi ini mengkaji struktur kalimat dengan mengunakan pendekatan sintaksis yang tergambar dalam diagram pohon. Adapun struktur kalimat yang terdapat di dalam skripsi ini dibagi menjadi empat kalimat yaitu kalimat sederhana, kalimat majemuk, kalimat komplek, dan kalimat majemuk – komplek. Metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data yaitu deskriptif kualitatif untuk memaparkan langkah – langkah yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data dan metode “purposive sampling” untuk pengumpulan data. Data – data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini dikutip dari play berbahasa Inggris karangan Tennessee Williams yang berjudul A Streetcar Named Desire. Di dalam play tersebut terdapat sebelas babak cerita, akan tetapi penulis menyeleksi enam babak cerita untuk dianalisis. Data yang telah dikumpulkan kemudian dihitung dengan mengunakan formula Bungin untuk mencari persentase masing – masing kalimat. Setelah melakukan penganalisisan, penulis memperoleh kesimpulan yaitu pertama, terdapat 373 kalimat di dalam play, kalimat yang mendominasi play adalah kalimat sederhana sebanyak 205 kalimat dengan persentase 54, 96%, di urutan kedua terdapat kalimat komplek sebanyak 107 kalimat dengan persentase 29, 69%, di urutan ketiga terdapat kalimat majemuk sebanyak 35 kalimat dengan persentase 9, 38%, dan di urutan terakhir terdapat kalimat majemuk – komplek sebanyak 26 kalimat dengan persentase 6, 97%. Kedua, play yang berjudul A Streetcar Named Desire adalah suatu karya sastra yang menarik untuk dibaca dari segi struktur kalimat yang terdapat di dalamnya.

Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, the writer would like to thank and praise to Jesus Christ who always gives me blessing, health, spirit, patience, and also chance to complete this thesis. In accomplishing this paper, the writer did not do it by myself but got much help and support from lecturers and friends.

On this opportunity, the writer would like to express her best gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Letters Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D., for all the opportunity and facilities have given to me till the end of my study in this faculty.

The writer also thanks to the head of English Department Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and the Secretary of English Department Drs. Yulianus

Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL., who have given support, advice, and guidance during

finishing this thesis.

Special thank goes to my supervisor Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum and my Co-supervisor Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. who were always kind when providing the writer guidance, support, suggestion and constructive critics in accomplishing this thesis.

The most gratitude is dedicated to the writer’s beloved mother P br Sinulingga

and father J Ginting for their prayer and support not only in the form of materials but also extra care. I love you all and this is all what I can do to make you happy and proud of me. Special thank also goes to the writer’s nice sisters Nia Agnes Tika br Ginting

and Eva Natalia br Ginting, and funny youngest brother Andre Jose Ginting who always accompany me in happiness and sadness.

Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009

The writer also thanks to all friends in Faculty of Letters especially English extension students 07 and special friends in Rainbow who always gave me motivation and spirit in completing this thesis.

Finally, the writer realizes this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, the writer is waiting for any constructive critics and suggestion. The writer hopes this thesis will be useful for everyone who wants to enhance the knowledge about sentence structure.

Medan, April 2009 The writer

Yun Friska Irene br Ginting Reg. No. 070721007

Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009

ABBREVIATIONS

S: Sentence NP: Noun Phrase Vp: Verb Phrase AP: Adjective Phrase PP: Preposition Phrase AdvP: Adverb Phrase Det: Determainer Art: Article Adv: Adverb Prep: Preposition Adj: Adjective Aux: Auxiliary

Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. The Background of the Analysis 1.2. The Scope of the Analysis 1.3. The Problem of the Analysis 1.4. The Objective of the Analysis 1.5. The Significance of the Analysis

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYNTACTICAL THEORY 2.1.1. The Understanding of Syntax

2.1.2. The Analysis of Syntactical Theory

2.2. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SYNTAX 2.2.1. Word Class

2.2.2. Phrase Structure 2.2.3. Clause Structure 2.2.4. Sentence Structure

2.2.4.1. Kinds of Sentences 2.2.4.2. Forms of Sentences 2.2.5. Sentence Elements

Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009

2.2.5.1. Subject and Predicate 2.2.5.2. Object and Complement 2.3. RELEVANCE STUDY

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Method 3.2. Data Collecting Method 3.3. Data Analyzing Method

CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF DATA FOUND IN TENNESSEE

WILLIAMS’ A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE

4.1. Types of Sentences 4.2. Tree Diagrams

4.3. Percentage of Sentences 4.4. Characteristics of the play

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. The Background of the Analysis

A sentence is a group of words which is usually a grammatically complete statement. A sentence is basically a group of words which are tied together and convey an idea, event or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain order and rules regarding ways to either expand or shorten it. The boundaries of a sentence are easily recognized, as it begins with a capital letter and ends with a terminal punctuation mark (period, question mark or exclamation point).

Miller (2002:76) stated that traditional definitions of sentence talk of grammatical unit built up from smaller unit. The smaller units (phrases and clauses) are linked to each other by various head- modifier relations. Sentence themselves cannot be described as occurring in any particular slot in a piece of text. This definition implies that the sentence has a certain sort of unity, being grammatically complete, and has a degree of semantic independence which enables it to stand on its own independent of context.

There are four different sentence types according to the number of clauses they contain; simple, compound, complex, compound-complex. A simple sentence has only one subject-verb combination and expresses a complete thought. A compound sentence is made up of two or more complete thought, the process of joining two ideas of equal importance is known as coordinator. A complex sentence includes one independent statement and at least one dependent statement, which cannot stand alone. A compound- complex sentence contains three or more clauses- at least two independent clauses and one subordinate clause.

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The network of relations between the words of a sentence is called structure. Farlex (2009) defined that Sentence structure is the grammatical arrangement of words. When discussing about sentence structure, it is explained more deeply in Syntax because Syntax is often equated with the study of sentence structure. In linguistics, Syntax (from Ancient Greek syn-, "together", and táxis, "arrangement") is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. In addition to referring to the discipline, the term Syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language. We learn Syntax because it enables human beings to compose complete message.

Traditionally, the grammar of most languages is discussed under two heads, Syntax and Morphology. The sentence structures, which we discussed, are placed under the former heading, and so are the types of substitution (Chomsky, 1965:141). Sentence structure in Syntax can be portrayed in two ways; constituent- structure or phrases structure and tree diagram. Constituent - structure rules or phrases structure rules are:

1. S Np Vp (Adv) 2. Np Np S

Det N (S) S

3. Vp V Np (NP) Vp Ap 4. Ap Adj (S)

PP 5. Det Art

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Tree diagrams are the other way of graphically representing the sentence structure. Syntax and tree diagrams - the two seem to belong to different world altogether. Interestingly, the fact is that syntax tree diagrams can help you understand the grammatical structure of a sentence in a better and easier way. Wayne (2009) defined “Syntax is an important part of language and is usually difficult to grasp”. A syntax tree diagram can also be used to understand the different types of sentence structure in a language. Sometimes you find that a sentence is an ambiguous one and the meaning is not clear. A syntax tree diagram can help you understand these ambiguous sentences too.

Play is one of the real samples of written language. One of an outstanding playwright in America is Thomas Lanier (Tennessee) Williams. He was born on March 26, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. He wrote A Streetcar Named Desire. It hit theaters in 1947. The play cemented William's reputation as one of the greatest American playwrights, winning him a New York's Critics Circle Award and a Pulitzer Prize. Tennessee William’s writing is very accessible and easy to read.

A Streetcar Named Desire deals with a culture clash between two symbolic characters, Blanche DuBois, a pretentious, fading relic of the Old South, and Stanley Kowalski, a rising member of the industrial, urban immigrant class. The reference to the streetcar called Desire—providing the aura of New Orleans geography—is symbolic. Blanche not only has to travel on a streetcar route named "Desire" to reach Stella's home on "Elysian Fields" but her desire acts as an irrepressible force throughout the play—she can only hang on as her desires lead her.

Writing that contains mostly short, simple sentences can be uninteresting or even irritating to read. Writing that consists of mostly long, complex sentence is usually

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difficult to read. Good writers, therefore, use a variety of sentence types. They also occasionally start complex (or compound-complex) sentences with the dependent clause and not the independent clause (http://esl.fis.edu/learners/advice/syntax.htm).

The other statement explained that one could write a grammatical essay using only simple sentences, but the result would inevitably be choppy, repetitious, and boring. Someone can add interest to her or his prose by varying types of sentences you use in an essay (Grinnel college writing lab). From both statements the writer was interested in analyzing the play according to its sentence structure whether it is interesting or boring. Therefore, the writer chooses this thesis entitles An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire.

1.2. The Scope of the Analysis

This thesis deals with English syntax. To analyze all aspects of syntax is impossible for writer because my knowledge is still limited. Thus, the main scope of this analysis is sentence structures that portrayed in tree diagram found in “A Streetcar Named Desire”.

1.3. The Problem of the Analysis

Base on scope that was stated previously, the problems to be analyzed in this thesis are as follow:

1. What types of sentences exist in “A Streetcar Named Desire”?

2. How are sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram found in the play? 3. Which type of sentence is dominant in this play?

5 1.4. Objective of the Analysis

To answer the previous questions, there are four objectives in doing this analysis, namely:

1. To find types of sentences appear in the play.

2. To describe sentence structures through tree diagram.

3. To search which dominant sentence can be found in the play. 4. To find the characteristic in the play.

1.5. Significance of the Analysis

Theoretically, this analysis will enhance the study of Syntax, especially concerning with type of sentences and their structure.

Practically, this analysis will be useful for English Department students who are interested in studying syntax. So, they can use this thesis as reference for their analysis.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1.A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYNTACTICAL THEORY

2.1.1. The Understanding of Syntax

The study of the structure of a sentence and its ordering elements is what syntax is all about. It is a branch of linguistics that is concerned with the study. There are some definitions about Syntax according to some language dictionary.

“Syntax is the study of rule where by words or other elements of structure are combined to form grammatical sentences” (Home Library Dictionary).

“Syntax is the way in which words are put together to form phrase, clauses or sentences” (Webster’s New College Dictionary, 1975).

Some linguists also gave definition about Syntax.

“Syntax studies the organization of words into phrases and phrases into sentences” (Dwight, 1975:171).

“Syntax is the part of grammar dealing with the other types of grammatical units” (Douglas, 2002:13).

“Syntax is the grammatical tool that deals with how sentences are put together and the relationship between words” (Bryan, 2009).

“Syntax is the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence. It concerns both word order and agreement in the relationship between words. Syntax is primarily concerned with structure of sentences.” (Knowsley, 2004).

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“Syntax is the rules of sentence formation. Also, syntax represents the component of the mental grammar that represents speakers’ knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences” (Chomsky, 1965)

From some definitions previously the writer concluded that Syntax is the branch of grammar which is concerned with:

• Word syntactic structure • Phrase syntactic structure • Clause syntactic structure • Sentence syntactic structure

2.1.2. The Analysis of Syntactical Theory

Linguists used some general theories in analyzing all parts and elements of language parallel with the development of linguistic science itself. The theories will be arranged historically from the oldest theory to the modern theory.

• Traditional Analysis (word class rules)

This course is part of a long tradition of grammatical analysis which stretches back two thousand years to the grammarian of Ancient Greece and Rome. They were describing the structures of Greek and Latin, where they discovered all the basic ideas of grammar- word- classes, dependency links, coordination, dependent type ( such as subjects and objects) and form- based contrast like finiteness. This is so- called ‘traditional grammar’ which you will find alive and well in most modern books that deal with grammar, especially dictionaries and grammars of foreign languages. It is also the foundation on which all modern thinking about grammar rest.

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• The Structural Theory or Linier Arrangement Analysis

(Neo-Grammar)

The structural theory of language was the first major new approach to descriptive linguistics in the twentieth century. This school was introduced by the famous Swiss linguist Fernard de Saussure in Europe and by Leonard Bloomfield in America. This school flourished for about thirty years, until the early 1960s.

The structuralist school emphasized on the investigation of concrete linguistic data, and logically followed the late nineteenth century neo-grammarian school. Structuralism was geared towards ‘descriptive linguistics’. It involved isolating, classifying, analyzing and segmenting the observed linguistic data. Structural linguistics has been criticized for making no attempt to deal with the relationship between language and mind. That is, the way humans understand and interpret the meanings of sentences. That is why structuralism is often linked with the psychological theory of ‘behaviorism’.

• Transformational Generative Grammar.

The term Transformational Generative Grammar is used to Noam Chomsky’s theories about Syntax. These theories were first rut forward in a book entitled Syntactic Structure which has published in 1957. In this Chomsky tried to find certain rules which would create well-formed sentence of a language. According to Chomsky, his grammar is Generative, since it can generate or create an infinite number of sentences. It is called Transformational since a basic or simple sentence like

I read the book

Can be changed or transformed into a number of sentences with either the same meaning

9 The book is read by me.

or with different meanings.

Do I read the book? I read the book, don’t I? I do not read the book.

What has been done is that the basic sentence has been transformed by adding words, deleting words, and by the movement of words. These changes are also take place through specific rule, which are called Transformational Rule. Thus, Grammar generates and transforms sentences. Therefore, it can be called Transformational Generative Grammar. In generative /transformational grammar there are three important aspects of sentence structure:

1) The linear order of words from left to right 2) The categorization of words into parts of speech 3) The groupings of words

In the framework of transformational- generative grammar, the structure of a sentence is represented by phrase structure trees, otherwise known as phrase markers or tree diagram. Such trees provide information about the sentences they represent by showing the hierarchical relations between their component parts. For an instance:

10 S

NP VP

V NP

Det N

John hit the ball

2.2. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SYNTAX 2.2.1. Word Class

One way to begin studying basic sentence structures is to consider the traditional parts of speech (also called word classes): nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and interjections. The parts of speech come in many varieties and may appear just about anywhere in a sentence. To know for sure what part of speech a word is, we have to look not only at the word itself but also at its meaning, position, and use in a sentence. There are eight word classes in English; they are:

Noun

A noun is a word used to name a person, place, or thing. A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective and an adverb. Examples: cat, horse, mother, Denmark. Person, place, thing or idea usually preceded by articles or demonstratives. Noun in English can be classified into two types, namely:

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Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense. Concrete nouns can be classified into:

• Common nouns are used to name all member of a class or group. Such as:

farmer, book, girl, boy, dictionary, lamp, light, gun, cassette, teacher, etc. • Proper nouns are used to name a specific person, place or thing. Such as: Bill

Gates, New York, Toba Lake, Binjai, Medan, etc.

• Material nouns are used to name all materials. Such as: bronze, gold, copper, iron, steel, silver, zinc, coal, etc.

• Collective nouns are used to name a group. Such as: army, crowd, flock, fleet, people, nation, team, committee, family, etc.

Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities. Such as: beautiful, liberty, truth, marry, happy, sad, good, cruel, stingy, deny, etc.

Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that replaces or stands for ("pro" = for) a noun. Examples: he, she, it. Pronoun can be divided into six types; they are:

1. Personal pronouns: These show whether a person is represented as speaking, being spoken to, or spoken of; I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them. 2. Possessive pronouns: These show possession; mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,

theirs.

3. Reflexive pronouns: these identify “self”; myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

4. Relative pronouns: These relate to an antecedent, or a preceding noun or phrase; who, whose, whom, that, which, what.

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5. Interrogative pronouns: These are used in asking questions; who, which, what.

6. Indefinite pronouns: These forms refer to no one person or thing in particular;

each, every, either, neither, all, any, few, some, several, one, other, another, none, both, such.

Verb

A verb is used to show an action or a state of being. According to the object they are requiring, verbs can be:

1. Transitive verbs: Verbs which have direct objects (no prepositions are needed to connect verb and object); He sees the house. We believe you.

2. Intransitive verbs: Verbs which do not have a direct object. This includes both intransitive verbs which take an indirect object (usually with a preposition), such as I spoke to him, and intransitive verbs which have no object at all, such as I

aged slowly.

There are three types of verbs, namely: 1. Regular verbs end in –ed or –d.

2. Irregular verbs change forms, such as write- wrote.

3. Linking verbs express a state of being, such as shows and appear.

Adjective

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun. In English, adjectives precede the noun they describe. Examples of adjectives include: pretty, red, old, nice, large, etc. An adjective can be classified into four types:

1. A possessive adjective is similar to a possessive pronoun, but it modifies a noun or a noun phrase.

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2. A demonstrative adjective is identical to a demonstrative pronoun, but it is used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrase.

3. An interrogative adjective is like an interrogative pronoun, but it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own.

4. An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun. It modifies a noun, pronoun, and noun phrase.

Adverb

An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb. Ex: carefully, quickly, wisely. Also sometimes modifies an adjective. ("She was very tall." 'Very' is an adverb modifying 'tall,' which in turn an adjective is modifying 'she'.) Adverbs usually, but not always, end in "-ly". (However, not every word ending in "ly" is an adverb: "friendly," for example, is an adjective.)

Preposition

Literally a preposition is a word that indicates the relationship of a noun (or noun phrase) to another word. Examples of prepositions are to, at, with, for, against, across. Nouns and pronouns most often follow prepositions. Examples of prepositions include: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at before, behind, below, beneath, beside(s), between, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, during except, for, from, in(to), like, of, off, on, over, past, since, through(out), toward, under(neath), until, unto, up, with, within, without.

Conjunction

Conjunctions are words that connect two words, phrases or sentences. Coordinating conjunctions connect two independent clauses (sentences that can stand alone) together, while subordinating conjunctions combine a subordinate to a principal

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element in the sentence. Examples of coordinating conjunctions include: and, or, nor but, for. Examples of subordinating conjunctions include: after, although, as, as if, as much as, as though, because, before, how, if, in order that, provided, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, where, while.

Interjection

An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence. For instance: Oh!, Alas!, Nonsense!, etc.

2.2.2. Phrase Structure

A phrase structure is an expression (can be a single word, but usually more) which contains a single thought but is not necessarily a complete sentence. According to Jim (2002: 18) a phrase is a slot in which one or more words can occur, or indeed in which other phrases can occur. A phrase does not have a subject or a verb, so it cannot stand alone as an independent unit. Phrases may be classified by the type of the head they take:

1. Noun phrase (NP) with a noun as its head. For instance: the black cat, a beautiful girl. 2. Adjectival phrase (AP) with an adjective as its head. For instance: full of toys, with green dress.

3. Adverbial phrase (AdvP) with an adverb as its head. For instance: very carefully, with louder voice.

4. Verb phrase (VP) with a verb as its head. For instance: eat cheese, jump up and down.

5. Prepositional phrase (PP) with a preposition as its head. For instance: in love, over the rainbow.

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2.2.3. Clause Structure

A clause consists of a subject and a verb. Jim (2002: 6) defined that the clause is a unit as a minimum consists of a verb and its complements but which may consist of a verb, its complements and its adjuncts. There are two types of clauses: independent and subordinate (dependent). An independent clause consists of a subject verb and also demonstrates a complete thought: for example, "I am sad." A subordinate clause consists of a subject and a verb, but demonstrates an incomplete thought: for example, "Because I had to really move." There are three main types of dependent clause:

1. A noun clause typically acts as the subject of a verb or as the object of a verb or preposition. For examples:

• I keep thinking about what happened yesterday. • I imagine that they are having a good time.

• What you say is not as important as how you say it.

2. An adjectival clause modifies a noun phrase. In English, adjectival clauses typically come at the end of their noun clause. Most adjectival clauses start with the pronouns who, whom, why, whose, which, that, when, where. For examples:

• The man I spoke to said otherwise.

• We have to consider the possibility that he is lying to us. • The traffic is never light on the days when I am in a hurry.

3. An adverbial clause typically modifies its entire main clause; at the beginning of a sentence, in the middle of a sentence, and at the end of a sentence. For examples:

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• Wherever Jane goes, she leaves broken heart behind.

• Tom liked the meal more than Tim did because he is a greedy. • Jack wanted to quit because he was bored with his old job.

2.2.4. Sentence Structure

Sentences are made up of two parts - subjects and predicates. Dwight (1975:156) stated that the traditional definition of a sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought, and certainty some sense of completeness is essential to it. In sentences there are differences between the deep and surface structure. The surface structure of a sentence is its grammatical form, while the deep structure is understood as its meaning. According to Ann (2004:1) a sentence in standard written English has certain essential requirements:

• Each new sentence must begin with capital letter.

• A sentence must end with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point.

• A sentence must contain a subject that is only stated once.

• A sentence must contain a complete verb phrase, containing any auxiliary verbs; is, were, has, will, etc.

• A sentence must contain standard word order.

• A sentence must have one independent core idea that can stand alone.

All of the above mentioned issues are in the focus of attention of linguists dealing with syntax, where, in order to analyze sentences structures, specific methods and symbols had to be introduced. This is where syntax tree diagram comes in, and it is utilized to perform the analysis. Tree diagrams are the other way of graphically

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representing the sentence structure. Syntax and tree diagrams - the two seem to belong to different world altogether. Interestingly, the fact is that syntax tree diagrams can help you understand the grammatical structure of a sentence in a better and easier way. Wayne (2009) defined “Syntax is an important part of language and is usually difficult to grasp”. A syntax tree diagram can also be used to understand the different types of sentence structure in a language. Sometimes you find that a sentence is an ambiguous one and the meaning is not clear. A syntax tree diagram can help you understand these ambiguous sentences too.

Tree diagrams, also known as analytical tree, systematic diagram or hierarchy diagram, are the structural representations of a topic. They convert ideas into charts and graphs. Functioning of tree diagrams is similar to the tree functions. It consists of multiple choices or sub-parts, which come under one broad category. Syntactic trees give a clear representation of the syntactic makeup of a sentence (Wayne, 2009). By observing a sentence which has been “broken down” into its constituents by means of a syntactic tree, we can see how each part acts on the others to fit together as a syntactic tree, we can see how each part acts on the others to fit together as a meaningful sentence. This is particularly useful for teachers and learners of a language.

Sentence structures that are portrayed in tree diagram can be drawn in two ways. According to Robert (1977:101) they are:

1. Top-down derivation of sentences. 2. Bottom-up diagramming of sentences.

But in this thesis, the writer chose top-down derivation of sentences in drawing tree diagram. The rules are:

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NP VP NP VP ADV NP S

NP NP NP

DET N DET N S S

2.2.4.1. Kinds of Sentences

There are four kinds of sentences based on their purpose: declarative, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative:

1. Declarative a declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonly makes a statement: I am going home.

2. Interrogative an interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information — When are you going to work? — but sometimes not; see

rhetorical question.

3. An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement: What a wonderful day this is!

4. An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do something: Go to work at 7:30 tomorrow morning.

2.2.4.2. Forms of Sentences

The classification of sentences by forms is based on the number and kind of clauses within sentences. Clauses are also grammatical forms which maybe defined in the same way as sentences. There are two kinds of clauses;

1. Independent Clause: A subject and predicate that can stand on its own as a sentence.

2. Dependent or Subordinate Clause: Part of a sentence that cannot stand on its own, usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction.

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One traditional scheme for classifying English sentences is by the number and types of finite clauses. There are four types of sentences:

• A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses. For instance:

1. The ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun.

2. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. (It contains a compound subject).

3. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. (It contains a compound verb).

• A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. These clauses are joined together using conjunctions; for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, punctuation, or both. For instance:

1. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. 2. Jane is clever in the school, but her brother is lazy to do anything. 3. It is going to rain, so it is better staying at home.

• A complex sentence consists of one or more independent clauses with at least one dependent clause. A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction. Examples: that, because, although, where, which, since.

1. I don't like dogs that bark at me when I go past. (One independent clause and two dependent clauses).

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2. You can write on paper, although a computer is better. (One independent clause and one dependent clause).

3. None of the students were injured when the tree fell through the school roof. (One independent clause and one dependent clause).

• A compound – complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause.

1. I don't like dogs, and my sister doesn't like cats because they make her sneeze. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).

2. You can write on paper, but using a computer is better as you can easily correct your mistakes. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).

3. A tree fell onto the school roof in a storm, but none of the students was injured although many of them were in classrooms at the top of the building.(Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).

2.2.5. Sentence Elements

2.2.5.1. Subject and Predicate

A normal sentence in English usually contains at least three elements:

subject, verb, and object. For examples:

Subject Verb Object

The cat eats the goldfish

John likes football

21

The subject is usually a noun--a word that names a person, place, or thing. The something or someone that the sentence is about is called the subject of the sentence.

Predicate is syntactical name marking/identifying the verb used to express the action or the state of the subject. The predicate contains information about someone or something that is the subject. The verb (or predicate) usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being.

2.2.5.2.

Object and Complement

An object receives the action and usually follows the verb. The object is syntactical element which suffers, directly or indirectly, the action/state expressed by the predicate. Object can be divided into:

1. A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action. For examples:

• John’ jumper no longer fits him. • She can invite whomever she wants.

2. An indirect object tells to or for whom something is done. For examples:

• Bill gave us a pair of socks. • Jane gives a letter to me.

The term complement is used with different meanings. The core meaning of complement is a word, phrase, or clause which necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning. Complement can be classified into two; they are:

22

1. Subject complement tells more about the subject by means of the verb. The pattern is Subject + Verb + complement. For instance:

• Mr Jenner is a management consultant.

• She looks ill.

2. Object complement tells more about the object by means of the verb. The pattern is Subject + Verb + Object + Complement. For instance:

• We elected him chairman. • He paints the house white.

2.3. RELEVANCE STUDY

In accomplishing this thesis with entitled An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, the writer consulted some relevance study that related to this thesis. According to Eva Savitry (1999) in her thesis entitled “An Analysis of English Sentence Structure Found in Time Magazines”, there are five clauses or 6.3% from the total number of the data. In her thesis the most occurred sentence type is simple sentence; it is 55.7% or 44 sentences from the total number of the data. Second, compound sentence; it is 24.1% or 19 sentences from the total number of the data. Third, complex sentence; it is 10.1& or 8 sentences. The last is compound-complex sentence; it is 3.8% or 3 sentences from the total number of the data.

Montessori Siagian (1998) in his thesis entitled “An Analysis of Sentence Structure Found in Hello Magazine stated that in Hello Magazine” the most occurred sentence type is simple sentence; it is 50% or 17 sentences from the total number of the data. Second, complex sentence; it is 26.5% or 9 sentences from the total number of the data. Third, compound sentence; it is 14.9% or 5 sentences. The last is compound-complex sentence; it is 2.9% or 1 sentence from the total number of the data.

23

There are two similarities between my thesis and both of the previous theses; we analyzed sentence structure and we also used Descriptive Qualitative method to make description accurately and systematically. The differences are the object to be analyzed here is the play and I analyze sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1.

Research Method

The essential part in analyzing problem, especially in scientific study, is to have method of the analysis. To analyze this thesis entitle “An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tennessee Williams’ Streetcar Named Desire”, the writer used library research that consists of collecting some books relate to the study and information from internet. The books that the writer consulted are syntax books especially introduction to English Syntax by Jim Miller. After collecting and reading some books and information from internet, finally the writer summarizing the data which have collected before.

3.2.

Data Collecting Method

Having a method in collecting the data is necessary in accomplishing this thesis. In this thesis entitled An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire the writer applied Descriptive Qualitative method to make description accurately and systematically. The data of this thesis are declarative sentences that found in the play “Streetcar Named Desire”. In the play there are 11 scenes but the writer chose 6 scenes purposively as down sample.

Bungin (2001:118) says “Teknik purposive sampling ini digunakan berdasarkan pengetahuan yang jeli terhadap populasi, maka unit-unit yang dianggap ‘kunci’, diambil sebagai sample penelitian.”(This purposive sampling is used according to accurate understanding about population, therefore only the “key” are collected as

25

research sample). He also stated that if the population consists of a large number, the sample will be taken depends on researcher’s capability. It will be 10% - 50% or more.

After reading the play, the writer obtained 373 sentences from scene 1 to scene 6. So the writer chose the least percentage x 373 = 37. Thus, it is about 37 sentence structures that are portrayed in tree diagram.

The most frequent sentences type will be counted to put in the top of the table and followed by sentences which have less frequency by calculating the data in percentage on following formula from Bungin. (2005: 171-172)

FX = Individual frequency (one type of sentences) N = Number of occurrence (all type of sentences)

3.3.

Data Analyzing Method

The data analysis method applied in this research is content analysis method. Marshal (2009) stated that content analysis is a highly flexible research method that has been widely used in library and information science (LIS) studies with varying research goals and objectives. According to Karyanto (2004) the steps of content analysis are determining the object research, collecting the data, process of inferention, analyzing the data and conclusion.

Based on those explanation, the process of analyzing the data in this thesis are 1) Determining the object research. The object research of this thesis is the play “A Streetcar Named Desire”. 2) Data Collecting. Data in this research is obtained through careful reading towards the play. 3) Data analyzing; in analyzing the sentences structure

26

portrayed in tree diagram the writer used Chomsky, Robert and Ronald Theory. 4) Conclusion and writing research report.

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF DATA FOUND

IN TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’

A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE

In this chapter the writer will analyze type of sentences, sentence structures portrayed in tree diagrams, and the characteristics of the play. Before analyzing more deeply about those data above, the writer described types of sentences and its total numbers of each sentence in the table below.

NO Types of Sentences

Scene

Total

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 Simple Sentence 52 32 50 23 36 12 205

2 Compound Sentence 9 4 8 6 - 8 35

3 Complex Sentence 25 35 25 7 2 12 107

4 Compound – Complex

Sentence

9 6 - 2 3 6 26

TOTAL 373

4.1.

The Types of Sentences

4.1.1.

Simple Sentence

A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. According to John and Janet (2003: 52) a simple sentence has only one subject-verb combination and expresses a complete though. The characteristics of simple sentence are:

27

• A simple sentence may have more than one verb.

• A simple sentence may even have several subjects and verb.

The simple sentences that found in the play from scene 1 consists of 52 sentences, scene 2 consists of 32 sentences, scene 3 consists of 50 sentences, scene 4 consists of 23 sentences, scene 5 consists of 36 sentences and scene 6 consists of 12 sentences. The simple sentences can be seen in table below:

NO Simple Sentences Scene

1 I’ve got a date there. I

2 I’m all right. I

3 This here is Elysian Fields. I

4 You don’t have to look no further. I

5 I’m looking for my sister, Stella DuBois. I

6 I mean Mrs. Stanley Kowalski. I

7 That is the party. I

8 You just did miss her. I

9 I’ll go tell her you come. I

10 Stella spoke of you. I

11 She showed our picture of your home-place, the plantation. I

12 A place like that must be awful hard to keep up. I

13 I’ll drop by the bowling Alley and hustle her up. I

14 You haven’t said a word to me. I

15 He loves it. I

16 Those are the L & N tracks. I

17 New Orleans isn’t like other cities. I

18 This has got nothing to do with New Orleans. I

19 Blanche, you know that’s not true. I

20 I couldn’t put all those details into the wire. I

21 Mr. Graves is the high school superintendent. I

22 You haven’t said a word about my appearance. I

23 You look just fine. I

24 You just have to watch around the hips a little. I

25 You ought to have it cut in a feather bob with your dainty features. I

26 I never had anything like your energy, Blanche. I

27 I never had your beautiful self-control. I

28 They haven’t slipped one particle. I

29 We’re going to put you in here. I

30 I brought some nice clothes to meet all your lovely friends in. I

31 They’re Stanley’s friends. I

32 They’re a mixed lot, Blanche. I

28

34 I couldn’t stand that. I

35 Stanley doesn’t know yet. I

36 He’s on the road a good deal. I

37 You just came home in time for the funerals, Stella. I

38 I’m going into the bathroom to wash my face. I

39 My mother’s still sick. I

40 I made the spaghetti dish and ate it myself. I

41 You never phoned me one. I

42 I told you at breakfast and phoned you at lunch. I

43 You must be Stanley. I

44 I’m Blanch I

45 I rarely touch it. I

46 You just get your self home here once in a while. I

47 My clothes are sticking to me. I

48 It is mine. I

49 It’s hard to stay looking fresh. I

50 I never was a very good English student. I

51 Travelling wears me out. I

52 Stella spoke of you a good deal. I

53 I put you a cold plate on ice. II

54 She is soaking in a hot tub to quiet her nerve. II

55 She is terribly upset. II

56 She’s been through such an ordeal. II

57 She wasn’t expecting to find us in such a small place. II

58 That is important with Blanch. II

59 I get the idea. II

60 She will hear you. II

61 I’ll have him in here to appraise it. II

62 The lord and lady of the house have not yet returned. II

63 A Rhinestone Tiara she wore to a costume hall. II

64 I’ll have him to make an appraisal of this. II

65 The Kowalskis and the DuBois have different notions. II

66 I am going outside. II

67 I can’t do nothing with them. II

68 In my youth I excited some admiration. II

69 I was fishing for a compliment Stanley. II

70 I don’t go in for that stuff. II

71 She didn’t say nothing. II

72 I’m sure you belong in the second category. II

73 I cannot image any witch of woman casting a spell over you. II

74 I’m through dressing, honey. II

75 Your sister and I are having a little talk. II

76 I’m ready to answer all questions. II

77 I’ve nothing to hide. II

78 I’m talking of legal papers. II

29

80 It will be faster and simpler. II

81 I keep my papers mostly in this tin box. II

82 These are love-letters, yellowing with antiquity, all from one boy. II

83 I’m not young and vulnerable anymore. II

84 The guests are gathering for the poker party. II

85 I’m out again. III

86 I oughta go home pretty soon. III

87 I gotta sick mother. III

88 You all are married. III

89 I’m going to the bathroom. III

90 The game is still going on. III

91 I feel so hot and frazzled. III

92 Blanche and I took in a show. III

93 This is Mr. Gonzales and Mr. Hubbell. III

94 Poker is so fascinating. III

95 My nerves are in knots. III

96 This is Harold Mitchell. III

97 She appreciated your sending over that custard. III

98 I thought he had a sort of sensitive look. III

99 His mother is sick. III

100 He is on the precision bench in the spare parts department. III

101 I’ve looked at him. III

102 I would lie to see their wives. III

102 I can imagine. III

104 I didn’t hear you name it. III

105 He was looking through them drapes. III

106 I’ll be out in a minute. III

107 The little boys’ room is busy right now. III

108 We’ve been drinking beer. III

109 I hate beer. III

110 It’s a hot weather drink. III

111 I can’t make it out. III

112 There is a story connected with that inscription. III

113 It sounds like a romance. III

114 The girl’s dead now. III

115 She must have been fond of you. III

116 Sick people have such deep, sincere attachments. III

117 I think sorrow makes for sincerity. III

118 It sure brings it out in people. III

119 I believe you’re right about that. III

120 Your boys are responsible for it. III

121 I’m not accustomed to having more than one drink. III

122 It is a French name. III

123 We are French by extraction. III

124 Our first American ancestors were French Huguenots. III

30

126 I bought this adorable little colored paper lantern at a Chinese shop on bourbon.

III

127 I’m very adaptable to circumstances. III

128 I teach high school. III

129 Poker should not be played in a house with woman. III

130 She ran downstairs and went back in here with him. III

131 There is nothing to be scared of. III

132 They are crazy about each other. III

133 I am not properly dressed. III

134 There is so much- so much confusion in the world. III

135 He has gone to get the car greased. IV

136 I will repeat the question quietly now. IV

137 You are making much too much fuss about this. IV

138 It is always a powder-keg. IV

139 Stanley is always smashed things. IV

140 There is some coffee left on the stove. IV

141 You’re so matter of fact about it, Stella. IV

142 He has taken the radio to get it fixed. IV

143 Only you’re not sensible about it. IV

144 I’m going to do something. IV

145 You can get out. IV

146 I am not in anything I want to get out of. IV

147 I don’t understand your indifference. IV

148 I have an idea of some kind. IV

149 I went out with him at college and wore his pin for a while. IV

150 I ran into him last winter. IV

151 He has them, all over Texas. IV

152 Texas is literally spouting gold in his pockets. IV

153 I have got to write it down first-the message. IV

154 Blanche, you saw him at his worst last night. IV

155 It brought me here. IV

156 I am not being or feeling at all superior, Stella. IV

157 You must have got under the car. IV

158 I am writing a letter to Shep. V

159 She is coming downstairs. V

160 Some of your sister’s friends have stayed in the city. V

161 She and Steve had a row. V

162 You need somebody V

163 I could not get near for the crowding. V

164 I am sorry to hear that. V

165 Mother is sick. V

166 He hates me. V

167 A teacher’s salary is barely sufficient for his living expenses. V

168 That sort of commonness is not necessary. V

169 He stalks through the rooms in his underwear at night. V

31

171 I am surprised to hear that. V

172 He is insufferably rude. V

173 That is putting it mildly. V

174 We were together in the two-forty first. V

175 We should all go out together some night. V

176 They have gone out with Mr and Mrs Hubbell upstairs. V

177 That won’t be necessary. V

178 You are light as a feather. V

179 My weight is not a very interesting subject to talk about. V

180 Last Christmas I was given a membership to the New Orleans Athletic club.

V 181 You have a massive bone-structure and a very imposing physique. V

182 You are not the delicate type. V

183 They call that stuff Alpaca. V

184 My shirt is sticking to me. V

185 I want you to be comfortable. V

186 I better leave it on. V

187 We are going to be very Bohemian. V

188 I am lighting a candle. V

189 This crashing around in the dark is my search for some liquor. V

190 We will have a night-cap. V

191 I was just obeying the law of nature. V

192 I simply couldn’t rise to the occasion. V

193 I spoiled it for you. VI

194 I will walk over to Bourbon and catch an owl-car. VI

195 This doesn’t always work. V

196 I will drop by later. VI

197 I am collecting for the Evening Star. VI

198 I want his respect. VI

199 I never was hard or self-sufficient enough. VI

200 The odor of cheap perfume is penetrating. VI

201 I have seen it and smelled it. VI

202 Stanley was born just five minute after Christmas. VI

203 Aries people are forceful and dynamic. VI

204 You can count on it up to five hundred. VI

205 I must jot that down in my notebook. VI

TOTAL 205

4.1.2.

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. As a simple sentence, a compound sentence cannot have any subordinate clauses. We can use these

32

conjunctive adverbs to this construction; accordingly, besides, for instance, moreover, on the other hand, then, afterall, consequently, furthermore, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore, again, finally, however, nonetheless, regardless, though, also, for example, indeed, notwithstanding, still, thus, etc.

The compound sentences that found in the play from scene 1 consists of 9 sentences, scene 2 consists of 4 sentences, scene 3 consists of 8 sentences, scene 4 consists of 6 sentences, scene 5 does not have compound sentences and scene 6 consists of 8 sentences. The compound sentences can be seen in table below:

NO Compound Sentence Scene

1 You keep right on going and you will find it. I

2 She has got the downstairs here and I got the up. I

3 We own this place so I can let you in. I

4 You never did give me a chance to say much, Blanche so I just got in the habit of being quiet around you.

I

5 The summer dad died and you left us. I

6 I brought nice clothes and I will wear them. I

7 I am not meaning this in any reproachful way, but all the burden descended on my shoulders.

I

8 All right, we will play at my place but you bring the beer. I

9 Some people rarely touch it, but it touches them often. I

10 There weren’t any papers, she didn’t show any papers, I don’t care about papers.

II 11 Some men took by this Hollywood glamour stuff and some men aren’t. II 12 I don’t like pinks and creams and I never cared for wishy-washy

people.

II 13 Blanch utters a sharp, frighten cry, and shrinks away; then she laughs

breathlessly again.

II

14 Everything is all right; we thrashed it out. III

15 She says to go out, so I go, but I don’t enjoy it. III

16 Nobody’s going to get up, so don’t be worry. III

17 It isn’t on his forehead and it isn’t genius. III

18 I don’t think so; it always makes me warmer. III

19 The shoe let out at eleven and we couldn’t come home on account of the poker game so we had to go somewhere and drink.

III 20 It means woods and Blanche means white, so the two together mean

white woods.

III 21 You may teach school but you are certainly not an old maid. III 22 It didn’t land on the pavement so only one tube was smashed. IV 23 I took the trip as an investment, thinking I would meet someone with a IV

33 million dollars.

24 Stanley doesn’t give me a regular allowance, he likes to pay bills himself, but this morning he gave me ten dollars to smooth things over.

IV

25 You take five of it, Blanche and I will keep the rest. IV

26 You won’t pick up nothing here; you aren’t heard before. IV

27 He goes in and out of Laurell all the time so he can check on it and clear up my mistake.

IV 28 I am looking for the Pleiades, the seven sisters, but these girls are not

out tonight.

VI 29 I work out there with the weights and I swim and I keep myself fit. VI 30 You’re tall man and you can carry a good deal of weight without

looking awkward.

VI 31 I weight two hundred and seven pounds and I am six feet one and one

half inches tall in my bare feet without shoe on.

VI 32 I didn’t save a penny last year and so I had to come here for the

summer.

VI 33 I am sorry, but I haven’t noticed the stamp of genius even on Stanley’s

forehead.

VI 34 I am spending the summer on the wing, making flying visits here and

there.

VI

35 I’m going to ask favor of you in a moment. VI

TOTAL 35

4.1.3.

Complex Sentence

Complex sentence contains an independent clause plus one dependent clause. (A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction. Examples: that, because, although, where, which, since, whether, rather than, than, even if, if, unless, provided that, though, even though, so, so that, in order that, wherever, since, until, when, while, after, before, once, whenever, etc.

The complex sentences that found in the play from scene from scene 1 consists of 25 sentences, scene 2 consists of 35 sentences, scene 3 consists of 25 sentences, scene 4 consists of 7 sentences, scene 5 consists of 2 sentences and scene 6 consists of 12 sentences. The complex sentences can be seen in table below:

NO Complex Sentence Scene

1 They mustn’t have understood what number I wanted. I

34 changed into quarters.

3 You’ll hear them tapping on the shutters. I

4 What I meant was I would like to be left alone. I

5 I don’t know what we’ve got to mix with. I

6 I am afraid you won’t think they are lovely. I

7 He said he’d give us even money. I

8 If you will excuse me, I am just about to drop. I

9 I had forgotten how quiet you were. I

10 You know you can catch cold sitting around in damp things, especially when you been exercising hard like bowling is.

I 11 You’ll get along fine together, if you’ll just try not to well compare

him with men that we went out with at home.

I 12 I am going to try to keep Blanche out till the party breaks up because I

don’t know how she would take it.

I 13 You haven’t asked me how I happened to get away from the school

before the spring term ended.

I

14 I was exhausted by all I’d been through my nerve broke. I

15 You’d never suspect there was the struggle for breathe and bleeding. I 16 I haven’t asked you the things you probably thought I was going to ask. I

17 It’s just incredible, Blanche, how well you are looking. I

18 I don’t like a bed that gives much I

19 He had those on when he is away for night. I

20 I assure you I wasn’t just blinded by all the brass. I

21 She doesn’t go to sleep until I come in at night. I

22 You see I’d tried to gloss things over a little in my letters. I

23 I guess that is what is meant by being in love. I

24 I’ll expect you to be understanding about what I have to tell you. I

25 The best I could do was make my own living, Blanche. I

26 I thought you might have resigned. II

27 Everyone has something he won’t let others touch because of their intimate nature.

II

28 I told you and phoned you we were playing. II

29 I can’t stand a naked light bulb, anymore than I can a rude remark or a vulgar action.

II

30 I’m afraid I will strike you as being the unrefined type. II

31 I don’t care if she hears me. II

32 I guess that money is always nice to get hold of. II

33 It seems like it wasn’t sold. II

34 There was something different about the boy, a nervousness, a softness and tenderness which wasn’t like a man is, although he wasn’t the least bit effeminate looking-still that things was there.

II

35 I am sorry I must have lost my head for a moment. II

36 I saw how she was. II

37 I am sorry he did that to you. II

38 You see I’d tried to gloss things over a little in my letters. II 39 I am not sure it would have made any difference where I saw him. II

35

41 Life is too full of evasions and ambiguities, I think. II

42 You saw how she was last night. II

43 If you do I will laugh in your face. II

44 I think I will bathe. II

45 Of course that was all that I could you tell about you. II

46 You’re simple, straight foward and honest, a little bit on the primitive side I should think.

II 47 In the state of Louisiana we have the Napoleonic code according to

which what belongs to the wife belongs to the husband and vise versa.

II 48 Those are inexpensive summer furs that Blanche has had a long time II 49 I got an acquaintance who deals in this sort of merchandise. II

50 She knew she was dying when she gives me this. II

51 It looks like my trunk has exploded. II

52 I have an acquaintance that works in a jewelry store. II

53 It looks like you raided some stylish shops in Paris II

54 In ended the conversation that was all. II

55 I like an artist who paints in strong, old colors, primary colors. II 56 There is such a thing in this state of Louisiana as the Napoleonic code

according to which what belongs to the wife belongs to the husband and vise versa.

II

57 Everything that I own is in the trunk. II

58 People have got tolerate each other’s habits, I guess. II

59 A firm that made loans on the place II

60 I ought to go there on a rocket that never comes down. II

61 All the while I keep wondering how she is. III

62 I’ll alone when she goes. III

63 It makes me so mad when he does that in front of people. III

64 You take it for granted that I am in something that I want to get out of. III

65 I have told you I love him. III

66 Suddenly in the middle of the dance the boy I had married broke away from me and even ran out of the casino.

III 67 I am compiling a notebook of quaint little words and phrases I’ve

picked up here.

III

68 I guess I am just feeling nervous about our relations. III

69 I sure hope not because I am expecting a caller bye-bye. III

70 I guess you are used to girls that like to be lost. III

71 I am ashamed of the way I perspire. III

72 I don’t like to wear a wash-coat even in summer because I sweat through it.

III 73 I don’t want you to think that I am severe and old main

school-teacherish or anything like that.

III 74 I don’t like to wear a wash-coat even in summer because I sweat

through it.

III

75 I don’t think he understands you. III

76 I don’t think he hates you. III

77 She worries because I am not settled. III

36

79 You see, there is no privacy here. III

80 I guess we strike you as being a pretty rough bunch. III

81 It was the finest present I ever was given. III

82 I guess it must be pretty late and you are tired. III

83 I am afraid you haven’t gotten much fun out of this evening, Blanche. III 84 Stanley’s the only one of his crowd that is likely to get anywhere. III

85 It is a shame this had to happen when you just got there. III

86 In the first place, when men are drinking and playing poer anything can happen.

IV

87 He didn’t know what he was doing. IV

88 I think of money in terms of what it does for you. IV

89 He could do it with half what his wife throws away at the races. IV 90 I know how it helps your morale just having a little pocket –money on

you.

IV

91 You don’t have to worry about anything while you are here. IV

92 I understand how it happened. IV

93 You must have got pretty close if you could smell it. V

94 I wasn’t so good the last two years or so, after Belle Reve had started to slip through my fingers. When I was sixteen, I made the discovery love.

V

95 I didn’t know that stars took up collections V

96 Honey, you open the door while I take a last took ate the sky. VI

97 I don’t know whether you want me to or not. VI

98 You’re natural gentleman, one of the very few that are left in the world.

VI 99 If it weren’t for Stella about to have a baby, I would be able to endure

things here.

VI

100 I don’t see how anybody could be rude to you. VI

101 You probably wonder why I don’t move out. VI

102 I understand what that is. VI

103 He was a boy, just a boy, when I was a very young girl. VI

104 When I was sixteen, I made the discovery love. VI

105 It was like you suddenly turned a blinding light on something that had always been half in shadow that is how it struck the world for me.

VI

106 I had forgotten how excitable you are. VI

107 I bet you were born under Aries. VI

TOTAL 107

4.1.4.

Compound – Complex Sentence

Compound-complex sentence contains 3 or more clauses (of which at least two are independent and one is dependent).

37

The compound – complex sentences that found in the play from scene 1 consists of 9 sentences, scene 2 consists of 6 sentences, scene 3 does not have compound – complex sentences scene 4 consists of 2 sentences, scene 5 consists of 3 sentences and scene 6 consists of 6 sentences. The compound – complex sentences can be seen in table below:

NO Compound – Complex Sentence Scene

1 St. Barnabas would send out his dog to lick her and when he did she would feel an icy cold wave all up and down her.

I 2 It is sort of messed up right now but when it is clean it is real sweet. I 3 I thought you would volunteer that information if you wanted to tell

me.

I

4 I guess you are hoping I will say I will put up at a hotel. I

5 I think she said you thought school. I

6 I haven’t said anything yet, I am waiting until she gets in quieter condition.

I 7 It looks to me like you have been swindled, baby, and when you’re

swindled under the Napoleonic code I am swindled too.

I

8 I thought I would if it’s not inconvenient for you all. I

9 I will wait till she gets through soaking in a hot tub and then I will inquire if she is acquainted with the Napoleonic code.

I 10 I am taking Blanche to Glatoire’s for supper and then to a show

because it is your poker night.

II

11 I feel a bit shaky, but I think I handled it nicely. II

12 The poor little thing was out there listening to us and I have an idea she doesn’t understand you as well as I do.

II 13 There plenty of time to ask her questions later but if you do now she

will go to piece again.

II 14 I don’t understand what happened to Belle Reve but you don’t know

how ridiculous you are being when you suggest that my sister or anyone of our family could have perpetrated a swindle on anyone else.

II

15 I never met a woman that didn’t know if she was good-looking or not without being told, and some of them give themselves credit for more than they’ve got.

II

16 He was as good as a lamb when I came back and he’s really very, very ashamed of himself.

IV 17 I said I am not in anything that I have a desire to get out of. IV 18 I didn’t know anything except I loved him unendurably but without

being able to help him or help herself.

VI 19 He promised this morning that he was going to quit having these

poker parties, but you know how long such a promise is going to keep.

V 20 I wouldn’t mind if you would stay down at four Deuces, but you

always going up.

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21 I know how it must have seemed to you and I an awful sorry it had to happen, but it wasn’t anything as serious as you seem to take it.

V 22 A man with a heavy build has got to be careful of what he puts on him

so he doesn’t look too clumsy.

VI 23 When I started there, I was getting soft in the belly but now my belly

is hard.

VI

24 I told my mother how nice you were, and I liked you. VI

25 There was something different about the boy, a nervousness, a softness and tenderness which wasn’t like a man is, although he wasn’t the least bit effeminate looking-still that things was there.

VI

26 I like you to be exactly the way that you are, because in all my experience I have never known anyone like you.

VI

TOTAL 26

4.2.

The Tree Diagrams

4.2.1.

Simple Sentence

There are 205 simple sentences found in scene 1 to 6 in the play. According to Bungin’s statement previously so the writer took 15 simple sentences purposively as down sample because some of simple sentences have the same structure.

1. I’ve got a date there. S

NP VP

V VP

V NP

Det N Adv

39 2. You don’t have to look no further.

S

NP VP

V VP

V VP

V NP Adv

Det N

You do not have to look no Ø further

3. She showed our picture of your home-place, the plantation. S

NP VP

V NP PP NP

Det N Prep NP

Det N Det N

She showed our picture of your home- place, the plantation

4. A place like that must be awful hard to keep up.

S

NP VP

Det N Prep Adv V AP AdvP V

40

5. I’ll drop by the bowling Alley and hustle her up. (Compound verb)

S

NP VP

V VP NP

V Prep NP S

Det N NP Aux VP

I will drop by the bowling Alley V NP Adv I will hustle her up In this sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram has compound verb and same subject. In the sentence it is just showed compound verb (one subject is deleted) but in tree diagram there are two same subjects exist.

I couldn’t put all those details into the wire. S

NP VP

Aux V NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

I could not put all those details into the wire

6. You ought to have it cut in a feather bob with your dainty features. S

NP Aux VP

V NP VP

V NP PP

Det N P NP

41

You ought to have it cut in a feather bob with your dainty features 7. The lord and lady of the house have not yet returned. (Compound subject)

S

NP VP

NP and NP PP V VP

Det N P NP Adv V

Det N

The lord lady of the house have not yet returned

8. I brought some nice clothes to meet all your lovely friends in. S

NP VP

V NP NP

Det Adj N S

NP VP

V NP Prep

Det Adj N

I brought some nice clothes I meet all your lovely friends in

In this sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram has same subject. In the sentence it is just showed one subject but in tree diagram there are two same subjects exist.

9. I told you at breakfast and phoned you at lunch. (Compound verb) S

NP VP

V NP PP NP

P NP S

and NP VP

V NP PP

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I told you at breakfast I phoned you at lunch In this sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram has compound verb and same subject. In the sentence it is just showed compound verb (one subject is deleted) but in tree diagram there are two same subjects exist.

10.Your sister and I are having a little talk. (Compound subject)

S

NP Aux VP

NP and NP V NP

Det N Det Adj N

Your sister I are having a little talk

11.He is on the precision bench in the spare parts department. S

NP VP

V PP PP

Prep NP Prep NP

Det Adj N Det N

He is on the precious bench in the spare parts department

12.I bought this adorable little colored paper lantern at a Chinese shop on bourbon. S

NP VP

V NP PP

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I bought this adorable little coloured paper latern at Chinese shop on bourbon 13.This crashing around in the dark is my search for some liquor.

S

NP VP

Det N Adv PP V NP PP

Prep NP Det N Prep NP

Det N Det N

This crashing around in the dark is my search for some liquor

14.Stella spoke of you

S

NP VP

V PP

Prep NP

Stella spoke of you

4.2.2.

Compound Sentence

There are 35 compound sentences found in scene 1 to 6 in the play. According to Bungin’s statement previously. So the writer took 9 compound sentences purposively as down sample because some of compound sentences have the same structure.

1. You keep right on going and you will find it. a) You keep on going

44

The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by conjunction “and”.

S

S and S

NP VP NP Aux VP

V Adv PP V NP

Prep NP

You keep right on going you will find it

2. I don’t like pinks and creams and I never cared for wishy-washy people. a) I don’t like pinks and creams

b) I never cared for wishy – washy people.

The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by conjunction “and”.

S

S and S

NP Aux VP NP Adv VP

V NP V PP

NP and NP Prep AP

Adj N

I do not like pinks and creams I never cared for wishy-washy people

3. I am not meaning this in any reproachful way, but all the burden descended on my shoulders.

a) I am not meaning this in any reproachful way. b) All the burden descended on my shoulders.

The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by conjunction “but”.

45

S

S but S

NP Aux VP NP VP

V NP Det N V PP

N PP Prep NP

Prep NP Det N

Det Adj N

I am not meaning this in any reproachful way all the burden descend on my shoulders

4. Some men took by this Hollywood glamour stuff and some men aren’t. a) Some men took by this Hollywood glamour stuff.

b) Some men aren’t.

The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by conjunction “and”.

S

S and S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V PP

Prep NP Det N

Some men took by this Hollywood glamour stuff some men are not

5. The shoe let out at eleven and we couldn’t come home on account of the poker game so we had to go somewhere and drink.

a) The shoe let out at eleven.

b) We couldn’t come home on account of the poker game. c) We had to go somewhere and drink.

46

The compound sentence above consists of three independent clauses joined by conjunction “and, so”.

S

S and S

NP VP NP Aux VP

Det N V PP V NP

N PP

Prep NP

The shoe let out at eleven we could not come home on account of the poker game

S

so S

NP Aux VP

V Adv NP

We had to go somewhere S

NP Aux VP We had drink

We had to go somewhere and drink consists of compound verb and it has the same subject. In the sentence one subject is deleted but in tree diagram it exists.

6. I weight two hundred and seven pounds and I am six feet one and one half inches tall in my bare feet without shoe on.

a) I weight two hundred and seven pounds.

b) I am six feet one and one half inches tall in my bare feet without shoe on. The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by conjunction “and”.

47

S

S and S

NP VP NP VP

V NP V NP

NP and NP NP and NP PP

PP PP

I am Prep NP Prep NP

I weight two hundred seven pounds six feet one one half in my bare without shoe on

inches tall feet

7. There weren’t any papers, she didn’t show any papers, I don’t care about papers. a) There weren’t any papers.

b) She didn’t show any papers. c) I don’t care about papers.

The compound sentence above consists of three independent clauses joined by punctuation “comma”.

S

S S S

NP VP NP Aux VP NP Aux VP

V NP V NP V PP

Det N Det N Prep NP

There were not any papers she did not show any papers I do not care about papers

8. I am looking for the Pleiades, the seven sisters, but these girls are not out tonight.

a) I am looking for the Pleiades, the seven sisters. b) These girls are not out tonight.

48

The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by punctuation “comma”.

S

S but S

NP Aux VP NP Aux AdvP

V PP Det N

Prep NP

NP NP

Det N Det N

I am looking for the Pleiades the seven these girls are not out tonight

Sister

9. She has got the downstairs here and I got the up. a) She has got the downstairs here.

b) I got the up.

The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by conjunction “and”.

S

NP VP

V VP NP

V NP S

Det N Adv NP VP V NP Prep

Det N

She has got the downstairs here I got the down up stairs

49

4.2.3.

Complex Sentence

There are 107 complex sentences found in scene 1 to 6 in the play. According to Bungin’s statement previously. So the writer took 10 complex sentences purposively as down sample because some of complex sentences have the same structure.

1. They mustn’t have understood what number I wanted. a) They mustn’t have understood. ( Independent clause) b) What number I wanted. ( Dependent clause)

S

NP Aux VP

V VP

V NP

They must not have understood what number I wanted

2. What I meant was I would like to be left alone.

a) I would like to be left alone. ( Independent clause) b) What I meant. ( Dependent clause)

S

S Aux S

NP NP Aux VP

V VP V AP What I meant was I would like to be left alone

57 S

NP VP

V VP

V NP NP

Det N S

NP VP

V Det

St. would send his dog it licks her Barnabas

S

S S

NP NP VP (and when) he did

V VP

V NP NP

Det Adj Adj N Det Prep Det She would feel an icy cold wave all up and her

58

4.3.

The Percentage of Sentences

There are 373 sentences from the six selected scenes that representing the whole scene (there are eleven scenes) in the play. The percentages for the each of type of sentences will be described below:

No Types of Sentences Frequency Percentage

1 Simple sentence 205 54, 96%

2 Compound sentence 35 9, 38%

3 Complex sentence 107 28, 69%

4 Compound – complex sentence 26 6, 97%

Total 373

4.4.

The Characteristics of the Play

Writing that contains mostly short, simple sentences can be uninteresting or even irritating to read. Writing that consists of mostly long, complex sentence is usually difficult to read. Good writers, therefore, use a variety of sentence types. They also occasionally start complex (or compound-complex) sentences with the dependent clause and not the independent clause (http://esl.fis.edu/learners/advice/syntax.htm). According to the previous statement the writer summarized that the play is interesting because there is a variety of sentence types in Tennessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire.

59

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusions

From the previous explanation and the analysis, the writer concluded that:

• The play has four types of sentences which are simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound – complex sentence.

• The most occurred sentence type is simple sentence; it is 54, 96% or 205 sentences from the total number of the data. Second, complex sentence; it is 28, 69% or 107 sentences from the total number of the data. Third, compound sentence; it is 9, 38% or 35 sentences. The last is compound-complex sentence; it is 6, 97% or 26 sentence from the total number of the data.

•

• Tennessee Williams in his play A Streetcar Named Desire used a variety of sentence types in order to make it more interesting and easier to understand so the readers are interested in reading the play.

60

5. 2. Suggestions

Finally the writer suggests to the readers who are interested in analyzing sentence structure to make more details explanation about sentence structure that portrayed in tree diagram and to collect the data accurately because there are many various sentences contain in the play.

A Streetcar Named Desire is a good and an interesting play to be analyzed. Tennessee Williams used some linguistic field studies to express his ideas. Thus, there are still lot of data can be analyzed in term of Morphology or Semantic.

As the additional information in terms of Syntax, the reader should have some methods and references as the reference to improve the way of the analysis.

61

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