Type of Research Data and Source of Data

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher would like to present the research methodology, considering the type of research, data and source of data, sample and sampling technique, instrument of the research, research procedure, technique of collecting data, data coding and technique of analyzing data.

G. Type of Research

In this research, the researcher used a descriptive qualitative method. According to Surakhmad 1994, a descriptive research is a kind of research using the techniques of searching, collecting, classifying then analyzing the data. The objective of this method is to describe phenomena. From the data analysis, the researcher will draw a research conclusion. Moleong 1990 stated “A qualitative research is a type of research which does not include any calculation enumeration, because the data produced are in the form of words”, as stated by Miles and Huberman 1992, “…the data concerned appear in words rather than in numbers”. Meanwhile, Bungin 2003 stated “The character of a qualitative research is more flexible rather than in a quantitative research because it doesn’t have to define the concept”. It means that the data is not always consistent with the concept, it can be changed every time when the researcher finds more complete, unique and interesting fact in the field. 31 From some views above, it can be pointed out that in a qualitative research, the researcher just collects the data, organize them, classify, then making the interpretation on data, and in the last, the researcher will draw conclusion based on the data analyzed. It can also be stated that this type of research is more concerned with the reality in the field rather than in what has been thought or imagined subjectively before doing the research. The objective of this research is to understand the social phenomena, therefore, this qualitative research often called “the understanding research”.

H. Data and Source of Data

Arikunto 1998 defined “Data are all facts and numbers which can be made into materials to find information, and source of data is the subject in which data can be obtained”. Data could be in the forms of discourse, sentence, clause, phrase or word which can be obtained from printed media or electronic media, such as magazine, newspaper, book, television, radio or film. The data of this study are the dialogues spoken by the participants containing tact and approbation maxims, which are obtained from the source of data, “Maid in Manhattan” movie and the script of the movie.

I. Sample and Sampling Technique

Hadi 1983 defined “Sample is part of population which is investigated, while sampling is the activity of collecting the samples”. Concerning with the nature of qualitative study, the sampling technique adopted in this research is purposive sampling or criterion based on the purpose of the research. 32 Moleong 1990 stated that sampling technique for a qualitative research was different from that quantitative one. Samples in a qualitative research are related to the context. That is why each datum is treated based on the context. He also clarified that qualitative research did not explore random sampling but purposive sampling. Consequently, the choice of the technique is appropriate to this research. In this purposive sampling technique, the selection of sample is from the source of data that has connection with the problem that are analyzed. The samples are chosen based on certain criteria set up by the researcher. The criteria of choosing this samples are based on Leech’s classification of politeness principles. The samples of this research are the character’s dialogues employ the politeness principles, especially the employment of tact and approbation maxims in the movie “Maid in Manhattan”.

J. Instrument of the Research