Relationships Species of Popowia Endl.

Table 1. continued Characters Characters state 17 : Pedicel length 1 = 10 mm 0 = 10 mm 18 : Pedicel surface 0 = strigose or hairy 1 = pubescent or tomentose 19 : Sepal shape 0 = triangular 1 = ovate 2 = cordate or sub cordate 20 : Sepal length 0 = 4 mm 1 = 4 mm 21 : Sepal apex 0 = acute or sub acute 1 = obtuse 22 : Outer surface of sepal 0 = hairy 1 = pubescent or tomentose 23 : Petal shape 0 = orbicular or sub orbicular 1 = ovate or elliptic 24 : Outer surface of petal 0 = pubescent or tomentose 1 = villous 25 : Inner surface of petal 0 = pubescent or tomentose 1 = villous 26 : Outer petal length 0 = 4 mm 1 = 4 mm 27 : Inner petal length 0 = 5 mm 1 = 5 mm 28 : Number of ovary 0 = 8 1 = 8 29 : Ovary surface 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent – tomentose 30 : Ripe carpel length 0 = 15 mm 1 = 15 mm 31 : Ripe carpel shape 0 = globose 1 = ovoid 32 : Ripe carpel surface 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 33 : Stalk length 0 = 10 mm 1 = 10 mm 34 : Number of seed 0 = 1 1 = 1 Data matrix of the characters which has been used for the analysis shown in table 2.; when a characters state can not be defined it was noted as “ ? “. The analysis was performed using the PAUP version 4. ob 10 computer program to find the most parsimonious tree. The resulting cladogram is three trees parsimony with 53 tree length, with consistency index CI 0.6415 and retention index 0.5682; tree number one was choosen Fig. 5. The characters, steps, consistency index and resistency index for the morphological characters shown in Appendix 2. Table 2. Data Matrix of Morphological Characters of Popowia Endl. used for Phylogenetic Analysis. Characters Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 M. maingayi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Popowia pisocarpa 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 P. pauciflora 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 P. fusca 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 P. velutina 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 P. perakensis 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 P. tomentosa 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 P. odoardi 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Table 2. continued Characters Species 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 M. maingayi 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Popowia pisocarpa 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 P. pauciflora 1 1 0 0 ? 1 0 0 0 ? 1 P. fusca 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 P. velutina 1 1 0 1 ? 1 1 0 ? 0 2 P. perakensis 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 P. tomentosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 P. odoardi 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Table 2. continued Characters Species 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 M. maingayi 0 1 0 0 1 ? 2 1 ? 1 1 ? Popowia pisocarpa 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 P. pauciflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 0 ? 0 P. fusca 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 ? P. velutina 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? 0 1 1 0 ? P. perakensis 0 1 1 ? ? 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 P. tomentosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 P. odoardi 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 10 10 10 10 8 14 27 30 01 10 10 10 28 33 01 10 8 10 10 10 21 20 21 10 2 10 11 20 23 26 01 12 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 18 29 31 32 10 10 10 10 2 4 5 31 1 12 13 14 17 7 17 25 01 10 01 01 01 11 17 21 23 30 01 10 10 10 01 4 19 02 10 10 23 24 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 21 20 21 10 10 10 10 10 15 34 9 18 22 23 29 32 Mitrephora maingayi Popowia pisocarpa P. pauciflora P. odoardi P. fusca P. velutina P. perakensis P. tomentosa P. tomentosa var. crinita Fig. 8. Cladogram of Popowia Endl. in Malesia Within the cladogram three groups of branching are shown. The first branch is Mitrephora maingayi outgroup separated from Popowia Endl. By a plesiomorph character of the outgroup leaves texture is coriaceous, pedicel length is 2 cm and inner surface of petal is pubescent. The second branch is separated by apex of leaves character 8, Number of nerves character 14, inner petal length character 27 and ripe carpel length character 30. The other Popowia is separated by petioles length character 2, leaves base shape character 10, upper leaves surface character 11, sepal length character 20, petal shape character 23 and outer petal length character 26. The last group finished in three sister group, they are P. pisocarpa and P. pauciflora, they are joined by leaves base shape character 10, reticulation character 15 and number of seed character 34; P. fusca and P. velutina, are joined by apex of leaves character 8, and leaves base shape character 10; the sister group is closely relate with P. tomentosa and P. tomentosa var. crinita is separated by apex of leaves character 8, and leaves base shape character 10.

4.5 . Distribution and Ecology of Popowia

The Annonaceae is a pantropical family with about 130 genera and 2.300 species. It is confined mostly to humid tropical lowland forests. They are abundant common in Asia, Africa, Central and South America and few in Australia. The genus Popowia formerly recorded from Asia and Africa, about 90 species and majority from Tropical Africa. The remainder, Madagascar, S.India, Burma, Siam, Malaya, Indo-China, Malay island to Australia. The species are found mostly in humid areas of secondary forest, only a few species occur in swampy forest and rarely in primary forest. They grow commonly hanging on canopy of trees at the river side, in forest borders, road sides, waste land, and the genus has a wide altitudinal range, from sea level up to the montain area at 0–600 meters altitude. In the Malesian region, only a few species have a wide distribution, namely Popowia pisocarpa Blume Endl. Most species have rather limited range of distribution such as P. fusca King Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, P. hirta Miquel Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, P. velutina King Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra, P. bancana Scheffer Sumatra, and Borneo; P. schefferiana Diels Moluccas and Papuasia. Some species are only known from a single locality of the type collection P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f. and P. perakensis King from Malay Peninsula; P. odoardi Diels from Borneo; P. cuspidata Miquel and P. cordata Moeljono from Java; P. lanceolata Merrill from Philippines, P. beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. pachypetala Diels, P. polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono from Papuasia. Table 3. In the present study, seven species and one varieties are recorded in Malay Peninsula Popowia pisocarpa Blume Endl., P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. velutina King, P. perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair. In Sumatra, six species and one varieties were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume Endl., P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. velutina King, P. bancana Scheffer, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair. In Java, three species were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume Endl., P. cuspidata Miquel, and P. cordata Moeljono. In Borneo, six species and one varieties were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume Endl., P. odoardi Diels, P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. bancana Scheffer, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair. In Philippines, two species were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume Endl., and P. lanceolata Merrill. In Celebes, one species were recorded P.