meaningfully at all. For examples are our concepts of war, death, friendship, or love.
It means that is speaker or the author who imposes his or her unique meaning on the world through language. Our shared conceptual map must be
translated into a common language, so that the reader can correlate the author’s concepts and ideas with certain written words, spoken sounds, or visual images.
Words mean what the author intends that they should mean. With this approach and theories above writer has purpose to represent women in Sense and Sensibility
Film.
B. Cinematographic Elements
According to Oxford learner’s Dictionary, film is a series of moving pictures recorded with sound that tells a story, shown on television or the cinema.
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The story refers to a making story that is created based on either imagination or reality. In film or video scene consists of a sequence of shots. Each shot is made
from a different perspective and then they are joined together. In film, the cinematographer sets the camera shots and decides what camera movement is
necessary for a scene.
a. Camera Placements
It is important to differences between camera movements and camera placements. Camera movements are used to position the viewer so that they can
understand the relationships between the characters. Camera placements are used
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AS Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English,Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 573.
to demonstrate different aspects of setting, themes, and characters. These are very important for shaping meaning in film as well as in other visual texts.
Table 1. Standard camera shots using different length lenses
The Field of View FOV is the angle described by a cone with the vertex at the cameras position. It is determined by the cameras focal length, with the
shorter the focal length the wider the FOV. Shot
Visual Composition Use
Extreme long shot characters are small in
frame; all or major parts of buildings appear
establishes physical context of action; shows
landscape and architectural exteriors
Long shot All or nearly all of the
standing person; large parts of a building
shows a large scale action; shows whole groups of
people; displays large architectural details
Medium shot Character shown from
waist up; medium-sized architectural details
small groups such as two or three people
Close-up Head and neck of
character; objects about the size of the desktop
computer fill frame focus on one character;
facial expression very important
Extreme close-up The frame filled with just
part of a character or very small objects
facial features in a character or small objects
Camera position Field of view
Figure. 1. The Field of view
b. Camera Movements
In film and video production, the cinematographer sets the camera placements and decides what camera movement is necessary for a scene. The
camera angle helps to determine the point of view of the camera. This is very important since viewers have seen much TV or film and this has conditioned
them to interpret the cameras eye level as containing meaning.
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A good idea is to observe existing film and video and to determine how far above ground level
the camera is for a particular scene and use that information. 1.
A birds eye angle animation on right is an angle that looks directly down upon a scene. This angle is often used as an establishing angle,
along with an extreme long shot, to establish setting. 2.
A high angle animation on right is a camera angle that looks down upon a subject. A character shot with a high angle will look
vulnerable or small. These angles are often used to demonstrate to the audience a perspective of a particular character. The example
above demonstrates to us the perspective or point of view of a vampire. As a viewer, we can understand that the vampire feels
powerful.
3. An eye-level angle animation on right puts the audience on an
equal footing with the characters. This is the most commonly used angle in most films as it allows the viewers to feel comfortable with
the characters.
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G. Scott Owen, Traditional Film Camera Technique, accessed on March 27, 2010. http:www.traditional_film_camera_techniqu.htm, p. 2.
4. A low angle animation on right is a camera angle that looks up at a
character. This is the opposite of a high angle and makes a character look more powerful. This can make the audience feel vulnerable and
small by looking up at the character. This can help the responder feel empathy if they are viewing the frame from another characters point
of view.
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c. Lighting