Interconnectionality of Language Acquirers’ Instinctive Behaviors, Word Recognition, Receptive Abilities, and Memory Bank in Language Learners’ Enhanced Learning of English as Foreign Language: a multidisciplinary study
Interconnectionality of Language Acquirers’
Instinctive Behaviors, Word Recognition, Receptive
Abilities, and Memory Bank in Language Learners’
Enhanced Learning of English as Foreign Language:
a multidisciplinary study
a thesis submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Letters,
Jember University as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
SARJANA SASTRA
(SS)
in english study
HA RI S UPRIONO
9 8 0 1 1 0 1 0 11 3 0
JEMBER UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FRONTISPIECE .................................................................
....................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................
LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................
LIST OF CHARTS ...............................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
xi
xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCING THE THESIS .............................................
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Background Problems ....................................................
Problems to Discuss .......................................................
Scope of the Study .........................................................
Significance of the Study ...............................................
Goals of the Study..........................................................
Research Methodology...................................................
Hypotheses.....................................................................
Thesis Organization .......................................................
1
8
9
10
11
12
14
14
APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................
MOTTO ............................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ...........................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER II
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
CHAPTER III
3.1
THEORETICAL REVIEWS ONE
Introductory notes: a raging battle.................................
17
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION .................................................
18
20
22
23
Universal Grammar: a universal agreement ...................
LAD: language acquisition device .................................
Acquisition Strategies ....................................................
THE DICHOTOMY OF ACQUISITON AND LEARNING:
Stephen Krashen’s acquisition-learning hypothesis ........
LANGUAGE LEARNING .....................................................
Context of language Learning ........................................
Receptive Abilities.........................................................
SUMMARY .......................................................................
24
26
27
28
30
THEORETICAL REVIEWS TWO
THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNCTIONS ........................................
ii
33
3.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
3.1.3
3.2
3.3
CHAPTER IV
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
CHAPTER V
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.1.1
5.1.1.1.1
5.1.1.1.2
5.1.1.2
5.1.1.2.1
5.1.1.2.2
5.1.1.2.3
5.1.1.2.4
5.1.1.2
5.1.2
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.2
5.1.3
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
5.2.2.2
The Language Processor ................................................
The Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas ................................
Word Recognition ..........................................................
Memory Bank: the neo-cortex ........................................
THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES .......................
SOME NOTIONS ON TEACHING ..........................................
35
36
37
38
38
41
RESEARCH PROJECTS
METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH ...................................
SUBJECTS OF THE RESEARCH ............................................
TYPES OF THE DATA .........................................................
OBJECTS OF THE RESEARCH ..............................................
POPULATION AND SAMPLES..............................................
40
43
44
46
47
ANALYSIS
THEORIES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND LANGUAGE
LEARNING: A historical perspectives................................
Theories of Language Acquisition..................................
The Behaviorists Models of Language Acquisition.........
Pavlov’s Experiment on Classical Conditioning .............
Further Developments ....................................................
The Cognitivists’ Models of Language Acquisition ........
Chomskyan Models of Language Acquisition ................
Piaget’s Theory as a Cognitive Explanation....................
Dan Slobin’s LAD VS Chomsky’s ..................................
Stephen Krashen’s Theories of Language Acquisition ....
The Rate of Language Acquisition .................................
Theories of Language Learning......................................
The Behaviorists Models of Language Learning.............
The Cognitivists Models of Language Learning .............
SUMMARY .......................................................................
DEFINING THE CONCEPTS................................................
Language Acquirer’s Instinctive Behaviors: the
acquisition strategies .....................................................
Receptive Abilities.........................................................
Hearing Ability: the auditory system ..............................
Perceiving the Printed Forms: the visual system..............
iii
50
50
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
60
64
67
68
69
73
74
77
5.2.2.2.1
5.2.2.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.3.1
5.2.3.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.5
CHAPTER VI
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.1.1
6.2.1.2
6.2.1.3
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
6.2.3
CHAPTER VII
7.1
7.2
Biological Base of Human Visual System ......................
Word Recognition: in foreign words study......................
The Memory Bank: the neo-cortex .................................
The Storage System........................................................
The Types of Memory....................................................
THE INTERCONNECTIONS .................................................
Language Acquirer’s Instinctive Behaviors VS. Receptive
Abilities .........................................................................
Language Acquirer’s Instinctive Behaviors VS.
Memory Bank ................................................................
Receptive Abilities VS. Memory Bank............................
ENHANCED LEARNING OF ENGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE
The First Group (S1): subjects with the written data .......
The Second Group (S2): subjects without the written data
Reading Aloud: a psycholinguistic activity ....................
THE HYPOTHESES: more considerations ...........................
77
79
81
82
83
86
87
91
95
100
103
105
108
114
THE RESULTS AND THE DISCUSSIONS
THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH.......................................
Factors of Emotions .......................................................
Inborn Actions Resemble Instinctive Behaviors .............
Defects of Reading Aloud: a stiff practice ......................
Some Observed Errors ...................................................
THE DISCUSSION ..............................................................
Multiple Intelligences and Learning ...............................
Scope/Application..........................................................
Principles .......................................................................
Primary Forms of Intelligence ........................................
The Meeting: learning styles and multiple intelligences..
Defending VAK .............................................................
Modified Strategies of Learning Based on the Works
of Both Sides of the Brain: bringing in the
accelerated learning.......................................................
119
121
122
123
124
126
127
127
127
128
129
130
132
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUDING THE THESIS.................................................
HYPOTHESES REVISITED: what
iv
else to prove?...................
140
141
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................
(ONLINE) CONSENTS ........................................................
APPENDICES ....................................................................
A. More displays on Tita’s strategies
B. Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition
C. B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
D. The Genetic Epistemology
E. Basic Forms of Intelligences
F. Features of Recent Researches on Relevant Topics
G. The Components of Language Processing
H. IQ Test Scores
v
vi
Instinctive Behaviors, Word Recognition, Receptive
Abilities, and Memory Bank in Language Learners’
Enhanced Learning of English as Foreign Language:
a multidisciplinary study
a thesis submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Letters,
Jember University as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
SARJANA SASTRA
(SS)
in english study
HA RI S UPRIONO
9 8 0 1 1 0 1 0 11 3 0
JEMBER UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FRONTISPIECE .................................................................
....................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................
LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................
LIST OF CHARTS ...............................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
xi
xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCING THE THESIS .............................................
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Background Problems ....................................................
Problems to Discuss .......................................................
Scope of the Study .........................................................
Significance of the Study ...............................................
Goals of the Study..........................................................
Research Methodology...................................................
Hypotheses.....................................................................
Thesis Organization .......................................................
1
8
9
10
11
12
14
14
APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................
MOTTO ............................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ...........................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER II
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
CHAPTER III
3.1
THEORETICAL REVIEWS ONE
Introductory notes: a raging battle.................................
17
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION .................................................
18
20
22
23
Universal Grammar: a universal agreement ...................
LAD: language acquisition device .................................
Acquisition Strategies ....................................................
THE DICHOTOMY OF ACQUISITON AND LEARNING:
Stephen Krashen’s acquisition-learning hypothesis ........
LANGUAGE LEARNING .....................................................
Context of language Learning ........................................
Receptive Abilities.........................................................
SUMMARY .......................................................................
24
26
27
28
30
THEORETICAL REVIEWS TWO
THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNCTIONS ........................................
ii
33
3.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
3.1.3
3.2
3.3
CHAPTER IV
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
CHAPTER V
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.1.1
5.1.1.1.1
5.1.1.1.2
5.1.1.2
5.1.1.2.1
5.1.1.2.2
5.1.1.2.3
5.1.1.2.4
5.1.1.2
5.1.2
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.2
5.1.3
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
5.2.2.2
The Language Processor ................................................
The Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas ................................
Word Recognition ..........................................................
Memory Bank: the neo-cortex ........................................
THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES .......................
SOME NOTIONS ON TEACHING ..........................................
35
36
37
38
38
41
RESEARCH PROJECTS
METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH ...................................
SUBJECTS OF THE RESEARCH ............................................
TYPES OF THE DATA .........................................................
OBJECTS OF THE RESEARCH ..............................................
POPULATION AND SAMPLES..............................................
40
43
44
46
47
ANALYSIS
THEORIES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND LANGUAGE
LEARNING: A historical perspectives................................
Theories of Language Acquisition..................................
The Behaviorists Models of Language Acquisition.........
Pavlov’s Experiment on Classical Conditioning .............
Further Developments ....................................................
The Cognitivists’ Models of Language Acquisition ........
Chomskyan Models of Language Acquisition ................
Piaget’s Theory as a Cognitive Explanation....................
Dan Slobin’s LAD VS Chomsky’s ..................................
Stephen Krashen’s Theories of Language Acquisition ....
The Rate of Language Acquisition .................................
Theories of Language Learning......................................
The Behaviorists Models of Language Learning.............
The Cognitivists Models of Language Learning .............
SUMMARY .......................................................................
DEFINING THE CONCEPTS................................................
Language Acquirer’s Instinctive Behaviors: the
acquisition strategies .....................................................
Receptive Abilities.........................................................
Hearing Ability: the auditory system ..............................
Perceiving the Printed Forms: the visual system..............
iii
50
50
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
60
64
67
68
69
73
74
77
5.2.2.2.1
5.2.2.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.3.1
5.2.3.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.5
CHAPTER VI
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.1.1
6.2.1.2
6.2.1.3
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
6.2.3
CHAPTER VII
7.1
7.2
Biological Base of Human Visual System ......................
Word Recognition: in foreign words study......................
The Memory Bank: the neo-cortex .................................
The Storage System........................................................
The Types of Memory....................................................
THE INTERCONNECTIONS .................................................
Language Acquirer’s Instinctive Behaviors VS. Receptive
Abilities .........................................................................
Language Acquirer’s Instinctive Behaviors VS.
Memory Bank ................................................................
Receptive Abilities VS. Memory Bank............................
ENHANCED LEARNING OF ENGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE
The First Group (S1): subjects with the written data .......
The Second Group (S2): subjects without the written data
Reading Aloud: a psycholinguistic activity ....................
THE HYPOTHESES: more considerations ...........................
77
79
81
82
83
86
87
91
95
100
103
105
108
114
THE RESULTS AND THE DISCUSSIONS
THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH.......................................
Factors of Emotions .......................................................
Inborn Actions Resemble Instinctive Behaviors .............
Defects of Reading Aloud: a stiff practice ......................
Some Observed Errors ...................................................
THE DISCUSSION ..............................................................
Multiple Intelligences and Learning ...............................
Scope/Application..........................................................
Principles .......................................................................
Primary Forms of Intelligence ........................................
The Meeting: learning styles and multiple intelligences..
Defending VAK .............................................................
Modified Strategies of Learning Based on the Works
of Both Sides of the Brain: bringing in the
accelerated learning.......................................................
119
121
122
123
124
126
127
127
127
128
129
130
132
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUDING THE THESIS.................................................
HYPOTHESES REVISITED: what
iv
else to prove?...................
140
141
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................
(ONLINE) CONSENTS ........................................................
APPENDICES ....................................................................
A. More displays on Tita’s strategies
B. Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition
C. B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
D. The Genetic Epistemology
E. Basic Forms of Intelligences
F. Features of Recent Researches on Relevant Topics
G. The Components of Language Processing
H. IQ Test Scores
v
vi