AN ANALYSIS OF HEINRICH HARRER’S CULTURE SHOCKS IN THE MOVIE “SEVEN YEARS IN TIBET"
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher presents: background of the study, statement of the
problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition
of the key terms used in the thesis.
1.1
Background of the Study
Culture is way of life. As Serrat (2008) said, „culture, defined in its broadest sense, is
the totality of a society‟s distinctive ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge. It exhibits the
ways humans interpret their environments‟. Meanwhile, Zion and Kozleski (2005: 3) defines
culture is the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, and artifacts that the members of
society use to interact with their world and with another.
At the present, learning the culture deeply bring us to understanding that people has
prime role in culture. People with their ability as creator; create the way of life or named
culture. People recognize culture as their life guiding, in this stage they become the adherent
and their duty is to save the culture itself. In fact, people also play as the manipulator of
culture when they being out of cultures‟ circle. This phenomenon must become our concern
as long as we are humans‟ culture. There circumstance when people bring the culture abroad.
This proves people as the carrier of culture. After all, the whole concept means that people
living within culture.
Each environment has different culture with another. Each of them has different
thoughts, languages, beliefs, values, habits, and customs. When people come to a new
environment which is unfamiliar, certainly they feel surprised, weird, uncomfortable even
scare and it is called culture shock. Irwin (2007) states culture shock is the depression and
anxiety experienced by many people when they travel or move to a new social and cultural
setting. Another, Bocher & Furnham stated that culture shock describes the impact of moving
from a familiar culture to one which is unfamiliar (2001:57).
Different culture makes different consequence for each of people. For people who
have not any special and specific preparations when they enter the new place, they absolutely
got physical or psychological shock. They will shock with the languages, geographical,
climate, beliefs, values, traditions, foods, habits, rules, technology, and the organization of
society. Besides, it may took a long time for them to adaptation and feel comfort with their
new environment. Whereas for people who have preparations, they easily adapted and
enjoying their new environment.
People faced in cultural shock generally in after the first few weeks of coming to a
new place. As Siregar (2002) states culture is exists by learning and the system to reach
comfortable area in a new place are learning, adaptation, survived, and developed. Based on
the statement above, we can conclude that culture also the media for people to survived and
developed in this life.
Movie is one of the products of culture. Casseti (1999: 73) says that movie is cultural
artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them.
Along with Casseti, Cook (2007: 87) defines movie (also known as films or motion picture)
as a type of communication which uses moving pictures and sound to tell stories or help
people learn about new ideas. Movie-also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen,
moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that
encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of the entertainment industry
(wordiq.com).
Nowadays we can find many kinds of movie which presents about cross culture.
Those of movies are The Last Samurai, Gran Torino, Anna and The King, Meet the
Fockers,The New World, The Karate Kid, The Ramen Girl, Shanghai Noon, Lost in
Translation, The Mexican, Bride and Prejudice, The Terminal, Out of Africa, The Missing,
Eat Pray Love, etc.
There are three previous researchers had studied cross culture based on movie also
based on novel or short story. Firstly, Kelamdari (2012) had studied about culture shocks
using novel as her concentration. Her title was A Study on Cultural Shocks Experienced by
Elizabeth Gilbert in “Eat, Pray, Love” Novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. The result of her study
showed that there were some culture shocks found in the “Eat Pray Love” novel. Elizabeth
Gilbert got language shock when she came to Italy for the first time, she surprised about the
way Italian speaking are very attractive, she felt discomfort when Balinese ask her everything
that she thought it was her privacy, and she was surprised with behavior in Ashram-India.
Secondly, cross culture study based on movie, Dewi (2011) had studied about culture
shocks experienced by Pocahontas in “The New World” movie. Her title was A study On
Culture Shocks Experienced By Pocahontas in “The New World” Movie. This movie was
based on the historical figures Captain John Smith and Pocahontas. Pocahontas was Indiana
girl and she decided to go to England because she felt in love with Captain John Smith. In
this study, it was found that Pocahontas got shock experiences such as: she got shocks when
she saw a gun powder, surprised with oil lamp and porcelain figures on the mantel, shocked
when she washed her face with soap, felt difficult wearing corset and shoes, confused when
see a book, and about the language.
Thirdly, Setiawati (2007) had studied about cross cultural experienced by Bob Harris
in “Lost in Translation” movie. The title of her study was A Study on Cross Cultural Shocks
Experienced by Bob Harris in Entering New Culture and New Environment in “Lost in
Translation” Movie. The result of the study were Bob Harris got cultural shocks experience
such as: surprised about the way of Japanese director speaking when filming a commercial
for Suntory whisky, felt difficult eating Japanese food, and surprised with Japanese etiquette.
The researcher is interested in analyzing culture shocks from movie because of some
reasons. First, movie is not only an entertainment but such an inspiration from human‟s life
or visualization of imagination life. In fact, good movie must be supported by good story,
good directing, good actors, and good artistic. The good movie can entertain and bring the
viewer feeling of the story deeply. Second, cross culture is interesting to be studied in English
Department because we get information about the culture in different places although we
have not visited the places directly.
Moreover, the researcher chooses “Seven Years in Tibet” movie because of some
reasons. “Seven Years in Tibet” based on the true story experienced by Heinrich Harrer,
“Seven Years in Tibet” tells about Tibetan culture specifically, and “Seven Years in Tibet”
accepts the Best Actor for Brad Pitt in 1998 Rembrandt Awards.
Finally, this study will explore more about cultural shocks faced by Heinrich Harrer,
the effect of Heinrich Harrer‟s cultural shocks toward himself, and the ways of Heinrich
Harrer solve his cultural shocks. The movie is based on book Seven Years in Tibet written by
Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer. The movie is directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud and
starred Brad Pitt and David Thewlis.
The researcher expects this cultural shocks study will give positive contribution to the
readers. Because there are the importance‟s of learning cultural shocks such as: increase
intercultural understanding and lesson to enrich our perspective about life.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Dealing with the analysis that will be conducted, the researcher of this study has made
the statement of problem. There are as follows:
1. What are the cultural shocks faced by Heinrich Harrer in the movie “Seven Years in
Tibet”?
2. What are the effects of Heinrich Harrer‟s cultural shocks toward himself?
3. How does Heinrich Harrer solve his cultural shocks?
1.3
Purpose of the Study
The purposes of this study will be expressed as follows:
1. To find out the kinds of cultural shocks faced by Heinrich Harrer in the movie “Seven
Years in Tibet”.
2. To identify the effects of Heinrich Harrer‟s cultural shocks toward himself.
3. To know the ways Heinrich Harrer solves his cultural shocks.
1.4
Significance of the Study
Every research must have its contribution. Firstly, the result of this study is expected
to give theoretical contributions which enrich the literature of culture particularly about cross
culture.
Secondly, this study is expected to give practical contribution. To the students who
have a plan to study abroad, this study can be used as a reference. To the next researchers
who are interested in research about culture shocks, this study can be used as additional
literature to conduct the similar research. To the cross culture understanding teachers, the
result of this study can be used as additional document in teaching learning process. To the
BIPA (Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing) teachers, this study can be used as a reference
to teach foreign students.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study is the cultural shocks experienced in entering new
environment. Meanwhile, the limitation of this study is only on the cultural shocks faced by
Heinrich Harrer as the main character in “Seven Years in Tibet” movie.
1.6
Definition of the Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, there are several key terms that must be clarified.
The definitions of key terms are provided as follows:
1. Analysis
:
is the process of breaking up a concept, proposition,
linguistic complex, or fact into its simple or ultimate
constituents (Audi, 1999).
2. Culture
:
is the system of shared beliefs, values, custom, and
artifacts that the members of society use to interact with
their world and with another (Zion and Kozleski, 2005:
3).
3. Culture shock
:
is the depression and anxiety experienced by many
people when they travel or move to a new social and
cultural setting (Irwin, 2007).
4. Heinrich Harrer
:
is the main character of “Seven Years in Tibet” movie.
5. Movie
:
is cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which
reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them (Casseti,
1999: 73).
6. Seven Years in Tibet
:
is the title of the movie.
AN ANALYSIS OF HEINRICH HARRER’S CULTURE SHOCKS
IN THE MOVIE “SEVEN YEARS IN TIBET”
PUBLICATION PAPER
BY:
DIEN RATNA BUDIATI
07360225
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2013
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim
Alhamdulillah, the greatest thanks belongs to Allah SWT for giving health and
blessing, the researcher can finish this thesis. Sholawat is also presented to the beloved
prophet Muhammad SAW for bringing brightness.
There are many persons who involved in the processing of completing this thesis.
Therefore, she would like to express her attitude to the following persons:
1. Her advisor, Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si as her first advisor and Dr. Mas’udi, M.Ed as
her second advisor, who has provided guidance and patience in completing this thesis.
2. Her beloved parents, Kamtur Sulaiman and Asmainah who always give advice and
pray. Her lovely sister and brother, Galuh Ema Wijayanti and Arif Trifah Reza.
Special gratitude also delivered to her beloved Johan Wahyudi, who always caring
and helping.
3. Thanks to Denis, Mbak Cicik, Putri, Mia, Ratih, Sandra, Luli, Mbak Ira, Galuh, Bang
Roni, Bapak Supriyadi, M.Pd, Bapak Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si, BAA team, and
all of whose name cannot be mentioned one by one. Special thanks also delivered to
her lovely family in Katamati and Cremona for the supporting and caring.
Malang, 28 October 2013
The Researcher,
Dien Ratna Budiati
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...............................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ........................................................................................
ii
MOTTO ........................................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study .............................................................................
1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................
5
1.3 Purpose of the Study ...............................................................................
5
1.4 Significance of the Study .......................................................................
6
1.5 Scope and Limitation .............................................................................
6
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ........................................................................
7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Culture ....................................................................................................
8
2.2 Elements of Culture ................................................................................
11
2.2.1 Religion or Belief ..........................................................................
11
2.2.2 Social System or Organization ......................................................
13
2.2.3 Knowledge .....................................................................................
14
2.2.3.1 Experience .........................................................................
14
2.2.3.2 Authority ...........................................................................
14
2.2.3.3 Deductive Reasoning .........................................................
15
2.2.3.4 Inductive Reasoning ..........................................................
15
2.2.3.5 The Scientific Approach ....................................................
16
2.2.4 Language ........................................................................................
17
2.2.5 Art ..................................................................................................
19
2.2.6 Economic System ..........................................................................
19
2.2.7 Technology ....................................................................................
20
2.3 Culture Shock .........................................................................................
21
2.4 Culture Shock Process ............................................................................
22
2.4.1 The Honeymoon Stage...................................................................
22
2.4.2 The Distress Stage .........................................................................
22
2.4.3 Re-integration Stage ......................................................................
22
2.4.4 Autonomy Stage ............................................................................
23
2.4.5 Independent Stage ..........................................................................
23
2.5 Elements Contributing Culture Shock .....................................................
23
2.6 The Effects of Culture Shock ...................................................................
25
2.7 Solving Culture Shock .............................................................................
26
2.8 Movie or Film ..........................................................................................
28
2.9 Tibet .........................................................................................................
29
2.9.1 Tibetan Religion ............................................................................
30
2.9.2 Tibetan Language ..........................................................................
32
2.9.3 Tibetan Food ..................................................................................
35
2.9.4 Sky Burial ......................................................................................
37
2.9.5 Tibetan Etiquettes and Taboos .......................................................
40
2.9.6 Tibetan People ...............................................................................
42
2.9.7 Tibetan Arts ...................................................................................
47
2.9.8 Tibetan Government ......................................................................
50
2.9.9 The 14th Dalai Lama ......................................................................
52
2.10 Austria ....................................................................................................
53
2.10.1 Language ......................................................................................
54
2.10.2 Religion ........................................................................................
54
2.10.3 General Attitudes .........................................................................
54
2.10.4 People Appearance ......................................................................
55
2.10.5 Greetings ......................................................................................
55
2.10.6 Gestures .......................................................................................
55
2.10.7 Visiting ........................................................................................
55
2.10.8 Eating ...........................................................................................
56
2.10.9 Family ..........................................................................................
56
2.10.10 Dating and Marriage ..................................................................
57
2.10.11 Diet.............................................................................................
57
2.10.12 Austrian Home ...........................................................................
58
2.10.13 Conservatism .............................................................................
58
2.10.14 Relationship and Communication..............................................
59
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................
60
3.2 Approach ................................................................................................
61
3.2.1 Mimetic Approach ........................................................................
61
3.2.2 Pragmatic Approach .....................................................................
61
3.2.3 Expressive Approach ....................................................................
62
3.2.4 Objective Approach ......................................................................
62
3.3 Object of the Study .................................................................................
63
3.4 Data Collection .......................................................................................
63
3.6 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................
64
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Finding ...................................................................................................
65
4.1.1The Cultural Shocks Faced By Heinrich Harrer .............................
65
4.1.1.1Belief Shock .......................................................................
65
4.1.1.2 Language Shock ................................................................
74
4.1.1.3 Knowledge Shock..............................................................
74
4.1.1.4 Social System Shock .........................................................
76
4.1.1.5 Different Cuisine ...............................................................
80
4.1.2 The Effects of Heinrich Harrer’s Cultural Shocks Toward
Himself ..........................................................................................
81
4.1.2.1 Spiritual .............................................................................
81
4.1.2.2 Principle of Life.................................................................
83
4.1.2.3 Art ......................................................................................
85
4.1.2.4 Custom...............................................................................
87
4.1.2.5 Relationship ......................................................................
88
4.1.3 The Ways of Heinrich Harrer to Solve His Cultural Shocks .........
91
4.1.3.1 Solving Belief Shocks .......................................................
91
4.1.3.2 Solving Language Shock ...................................................
93
4.2 Discussion ...............................................................................................
94
4.3 Lesson ......................................................................................................
96
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................
98
5.2 Suggestion ..............................................................................................
99
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
THE SYNOPSIS OF “SEVEN YEARS IN TIBET” MOVIE
Seven Years in Tibet is a 1997 movie based on book Seven Years in Tibet written by
Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer on his experiences in Tibet between 1944 until 1951
during the Second World War and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army’s invasion of Tibet
in 1950. The movie was directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud. The cast of the movie are; Brad
Pitt as Heinrich Harrer, David Thewlis as Peter Aufschnaiter, B. D. Wong as Ngawang
Jigme, Mako as Kungo Tsarong, Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė as Ingrid Harrer, Jamyang Jamtsho
Wangchuk as young The 14th Dalai Lama and Lhakpa Tsamchoe as Pema Lhaki.
Heinrich Harrer (Brad Pitt) and his pregnant wife Ingrid (Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė) are
being driven to the train station in Graz, for Harrer’s departure on the expedition to the
Himalayas.
The biggest avalanche comes at August 4th, 1939. Peter Ausfschnaiter (David
Thewlis) as the leader order going down as a team. Not for Heinrich Harrer. He insists taking
up the journey until reached the summit. Everybody in a team disagree with him. On reaching
the base, they learned that Britain has declared war on Germany, so they are arrested by
British Indian authorities and taken by truck to Dehra Dun prison camp.
In Dehra Dun prison camp, Harrer accepted a letter following a divorce paper from
Ingrid. The marriage seemed not his purpose yet until those letters comes, that is, the start of
his losing experienced, a chance to know his son, Rolf.
One month later, finally Harrer escaped from prison camp with the other friends including
Aufschnaiter.
As usual, Harrer prefer travelled on his own, separated from the other. In Northern
India, Aufschnaiter met with Harrer while the rest of the group has been recaptured. Together
they cross the border into Tibet-The Roof of the World.
Tibet is the highest country on
earth and the most isolated. Not a chance for foreigner in Forbidden City of Lhasa (capital
city of Tibet). But after some heroic experienced, finally they arrived in Tibet. In fact, they
lived in Lhasa as guests in Kungo Tsarong’s house.
For a long time Harrer survived and lived in a strange country until the war of
German was ended. But then he decided not coming back to Austria after he received the
letter from his son. Harrer was regret and hopeless because of the rejection of his son.
Meanwhile Harrer sad in his loneliness, the young The 14th Dalai Lama asked him to come to
the Potala Palace. The 14th Dalai Lama interested learns from Harrer any knowledge outside
of Tibet, particularly western culture.
At the time when China proclaimed the People’s Liberation Army invaded Tibet,
Harrer and also Ausfschnaiter stand to fight for Tibet. At last, the kind of friendship brings
some reflection for Harrer. The young the 14th Dalai Lama shared wisdom of life that he
never knows before. While seven years lived in Tibet teaches Harrer the value of great
simplicity in life.
APPENDIX
THE SUBTITLE OF “SEVEN YEARS IN TIBET” MOVIE
The Subtitle
101
00:16:41,934 --> 00:16:45,062
Dalai Lama photo. Good protection.
102
00:16:45,137 --> 00:16:48,004
Take it, Si Hib.
It will protect you.
103
00:16:48,073 --> 00:16:51,440
No, that means nothing to me.
104
00:16:51,510 --> 00:16:54,138
Dalai Lama. Dalai Lama photo.
105
00:16:54,213 --> 00:16:55,976
Si Hib, take it.
106
00:16:56,048 --> 00:16:57,982
Good protection for you.
237
00:35:52,016 --> 00:35:53,244
Yes.
238
00:35:53,317 --> 00:35:56,286
Just smile and say yes.
It's better that way.
239
00:35:59,891 --> 00:36:02,086
It's amazing what you learn
in prison, isn't it?
240
00:36:11,969 --> 00:36:13,527
Tibet.
241
00:36:16,240 --> 00:36:18,834
- No foreigners allowed in Tibet.
- Oh, please!
242
00:36:18,910 --> 00:36:20,434
No foreigner!
243
00:36:20,511 --> 00:36:22,502
Oh, please!
The Scene
Heinrich Harrer met the old men who
insisted him take the photo of the 14th
Dalai Lama.
Heinrich
Harrer
Tibetan language.
didn’t
understand
244
00:36:29,654 --> 00:36:32,817
Yes. Thank you. Of course.
245
00:37:00,384 --> 00:37:02,352
No translation needed.
246
00:37:33,918 --> 00:37:36,216
Some people are glad to see us.
247
00:37:36,287 --> 00:37:38,585
Don't let it get to your head.
248
00:37:38,656 --> 00:37:42,786
When the Tibetans clap hands, it means
they are driving out evil forces.
605
01:21:08,296 --> 01:21:09,524
Worms.
606
01:21:09,598 --> 01:21:12,089
Please, no more hurting worms.
607
01:21:12,167 --> 01:21:14,294
- Please.
- Worms?
608
01:21:14,369 --> 01:21:19,432
In a past life, this innocent worm
could have been your mother.
609
01:21:19,507 --> 01:21:21,441
Please, no more hurting.
610
01:21:21,509 --> 01:21:24,444
It's impossible. Please, no more.
611
01:21:26,414 --> 01:21:28,780
But you see, Tibetans believe...
612
01:21:28,850 --> 01:21:32,342
all living creatures were
their mothers in a past life.
613
01:21:32,420 --> 01:21:36,823
So we must show them respect
and repay their kindness.
614
01:21:36,892 --> 01:21:40,760
And never, never
Heinrich Harrer thought Tibetans clap
hands because glad met him.
Heinrich Harrer got shock when Jam
Yang said worms is their mother.
harm anything that lives.
615
01:21:40,829 --> 01:21:44,265
You can't ask a devout people
to disregard a precious teaching.
616
01:21:44,332 --> 01:21:46,266
Yes, but Your Holiness...
617
01:21:48,770 --> 01:21:52,501
with true respect,
we can't possibly...
618
01:21:54,910 --> 01:21:57,640
I'm sorry, but we can't
possibly rescue all the worms...
619
01:21:57,712 --> 01:22:00,545
not if you want a theater
finished in this lifetime.
620
01:22:00,615 --> 01:22:03,880
You have a clever mind.
Think of a solution.
565
01:15:21,316 --> 01:15:25,047
Do you know the rules
of protocol concerning my son?
566
01:15:26,989 --> 01:15:32,052
Not exact... I know one bows
and performs prostrations.
567
01:15:33,629 --> 01:15:36,097
When you are in the presence
of His Holiness...
568
01:15:36,164 --> 01:15:38,462
you must always be standing...
569
01:15:38,534 --> 01:15:42,470
bent in obeisance,
hands folded in supplication.
570
01:15:42,538 --> 01:15:46,565
If seated, you must always
be seated lower than he.
571
01:15:46,642 --> 01:15:50,601
Never look him in the eye.
Heinrich Harrer didn’t understand the
rules of protocol concerning the 14th
Dalai Lama.
Never speak before he does.
572
01:15:50,679 --> 01:15:53,739
Always refer to him
as "Your Holiness."
573
01:15:53,815 --> 01:15:57,842
Never turn your back to him.
And never, never touch him.
584
01:18:53,662 --> 01:18:54,856
Yellow head.
585
01:19:04,706 --> 01:19:07,231
You have hair on your arms too?
And legs?
586
01:19:17,586 --> 01:19:19,611
- How about you?
- Mr. Harrer.
673
01:28:12,053 --> 01:28:14,851
Do you listen to news
from your country?
674
01:28:14,922 --> 01:28:18,949
From Austria?
No, not really.
676
01:28:21,062 --> 01:28:24,725
- Why? It's your home.
- Not anymore it isn't.
677
01:28:24,799 --> 01:28:27,427
But don't you have
friends and family there?
678
01:28:27,502 --> 01:28:30,130
A few friends, no family.
680
01:28:36,344 --> 01:28:38,574
Why? Is everyone dead?
681
01:28:41,049 --> 01:28:44,450
Do you know there's another sentence
construction aside from the question?
682
01:28:47,422 --> 01:28:49,754
I was married,
but I'm divorced.
Heinrich Harrer asking the 14th Dalai
Lama a privacy question.
Heinrich
Harrer
looks
uncomforted
because the 14th Dalai Lama asked him a
personal questions.
928
02:04:41,941 --> 02:04:44,774
Butter tea.
It was never my cup of tea.
929
02:04:48,247 --> 02:04:52,343
- One was enough.
- Yes, we must follow the custom.
930
02:04:52,418 --> 02:04:57,219
A fresh cup of tea is poured
for the loved one departing.
931
02:05:02,094 --> 02:05:06,360
It sits untouched.
Heinrich Harrer dislike the taste of butter
tea.
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“Eat Pray Love” Novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. Thesis. Malang: UMM Press
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Pustaka Jaya Utama
Kuper, Adam. 1999. Culture the Anthropologists‟ Account: USA: First Harvard University
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New York: Routledge
Paderson, P. 1995. The Five Stages of Culture Shock: Critical Incidents Around the World.
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
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for Urban.
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher presents: background of the study, statement of the
problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition
of the key terms used in the thesis.
1.1
Background of the Study
Culture is way of life. As Serrat (2008) said, „culture, defined in its broadest sense, is
the totality of a society‟s distinctive ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge. It exhibits the
ways humans interpret their environments‟. Meanwhile, Zion and Kozleski (2005: 3) defines
culture is the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, and artifacts that the members of
society use to interact with their world and with another.
At the present, learning the culture deeply bring us to understanding that people has
prime role in culture. People with their ability as creator; create the way of life or named
culture. People recognize culture as their life guiding, in this stage they become the adherent
and their duty is to save the culture itself. In fact, people also play as the manipulator of
culture when they being out of cultures‟ circle. This phenomenon must become our concern
as long as we are humans‟ culture. There circumstance when people bring the culture abroad.
This proves people as the carrier of culture. After all, the whole concept means that people
living within culture.
Each environment has different culture with another. Each of them has different
thoughts, languages, beliefs, values, habits, and customs. When people come to a new
environment which is unfamiliar, certainly they feel surprised, weird, uncomfortable even
scare and it is called culture shock. Irwin (2007) states culture shock is the depression and
anxiety experienced by many people when they travel or move to a new social and cultural
setting. Another, Bocher & Furnham stated that culture shock describes the impact of moving
from a familiar culture to one which is unfamiliar (2001:57).
Different culture makes different consequence for each of people. For people who
have not any special and specific preparations when they enter the new place, they absolutely
got physical or psychological shock. They will shock with the languages, geographical,
climate, beliefs, values, traditions, foods, habits, rules, technology, and the organization of
society. Besides, it may took a long time for them to adaptation and feel comfort with their
new environment. Whereas for people who have preparations, they easily adapted and
enjoying their new environment.
People faced in cultural shock generally in after the first few weeks of coming to a
new place. As Siregar (2002) states culture is exists by learning and the system to reach
comfortable area in a new place are learning, adaptation, survived, and developed. Based on
the statement above, we can conclude that culture also the media for people to survived and
developed in this life.
Movie is one of the products of culture. Casseti (1999: 73) says that movie is cultural
artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them.
Along with Casseti, Cook (2007: 87) defines movie (also known as films or motion picture)
as a type of communication which uses moving pictures and sound to tell stories or help
people learn about new ideas. Movie-also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen,
moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that
encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of the entertainment industry
(wordiq.com).
Nowadays we can find many kinds of movie which presents about cross culture.
Those of movies are The Last Samurai, Gran Torino, Anna and The King, Meet the
Fockers,The New World, The Karate Kid, The Ramen Girl, Shanghai Noon, Lost in
Translation, The Mexican, Bride and Prejudice, The Terminal, Out of Africa, The Missing,
Eat Pray Love, etc.
There are three previous researchers had studied cross culture based on movie also
based on novel or short story. Firstly, Kelamdari (2012) had studied about culture shocks
using novel as her concentration. Her title was A Study on Cultural Shocks Experienced by
Elizabeth Gilbert in “Eat, Pray, Love” Novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. The result of her study
showed that there were some culture shocks found in the “Eat Pray Love” novel. Elizabeth
Gilbert got language shock when she came to Italy for the first time, she surprised about the
way Italian speaking are very attractive, she felt discomfort when Balinese ask her everything
that she thought it was her privacy, and she was surprised with behavior in Ashram-India.
Secondly, cross culture study based on movie, Dewi (2011) had studied about culture
shocks experienced by Pocahontas in “The New World” movie. Her title was A study On
Culture Shocks Experienced By Pocahontas in “The New World” Movie. This movie was
based on the historical figures Captain John Smith and Pocahontas. Pocahontas was Indiana
girl and she decided to go to England because she felt in love with Captain John Smith. In
this study, it was found that Pocahontas got shock experiences such as: she got shocks when
she saw a gun powder, surprised with oil lamp and porcelain figures on the mantel, shocked
when she washed her face with soap, felt difficult wearing corset and shoes, confused when
see a book, and about the language.
Thirdly, Setiawati (2007) had studied about cross cultural experienced by Bob Harris
in “Lost in Translation” movie. The title of her study was A Study on Cross Cultural Shocks
Experienced by Bob Harris in Entering New Culture and New Environment in “Lost in
Translation” Movie. The result of the study were Bob Harris got cultural shocks experience
such as: surprised about the way of Japanese director speaking when filming a commercial
for Suntory whisky, felt difficult eating Japanese food, and surprised with Japanese etiquette.
The researcher is interested in analyzing culture shocks from movie because of some
reasons. First, movie is not only an entertainment but such an inspiration from human‟s life
or visualization of imagination life. In fact, good movie must be supported by good story,
good directing, good actors, and good artistic. The good movie can entertain and bring the
viewer feeling of the story deeply. Second, cross culture is interesting to be studied in English
Department because we get information about the culture in different places although we
have not visited the places directly.
Moreover, the researcher chooses “Seven Years in Tibet” movie because of some
reasons. “Seven Years in Tibet” based on the true story experienced by Heinrich Harrer,
“Seven Years in Tibet” tells about Tibetan culture specifically, and “Seven Years in Tibet”
accepts the Best Actor for Brad Pitt in 1998 Rembrandt Awards.
Finally, this study will explore more about cultural shocks faced by Heinrich Harrer,
the effect of Heinrich Harrer‟s cultural shocks toward himself, and the ways of Heinrich
Harrer solve his cultural shocks. The movie is based on book Seven Years in Tibet written by
Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer. The movie is directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud and
starred Brad Pitt and David Thewlis.
The researcher expects this cultural shocks study will give positive contribution to the
readers. Because there are the importance‟s of learning cultural shocks such as: increase
intercultural understanding and lesson to enrich our perspective about life.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Dealing with the analysis that will be conducted, the researcher of this study has made
the statement of problem. There are as follows:
1. What are the cultural shocks faced by Heinrich Harrer in the movie “Seven Years in
Tibet”?
2. What are the effects of Heinrich Harrer‟s cultural shocks toward himself?
3. How does Heinrich Harrer solve his cultural shocks?
1.3
Purpose of the Study
The purposes of this study will be expressed as follows:
1. To find out the kinds of cultural shocks faced by Heinrich Harrer in the movie “Seven
Years in Tibet”.
2. To identify the effects of Heinrich Harrer‟s cultural shocks toward himself.
3. To know the ways Heinrich Harrer solves his cultural shocks.
1.4
Significance of the Study
Every research must have its contribution. Firstly, the result of this study is expected
to give theoretical contributions which enrich the literature of culture particularly about cross
culture.
Secondly, this study is expected to give practical contribution. To the students who
have a plan to study abroad, this study can be used as a reference. To the next researchers
who are interested in research about culture shocks, this study can be used as additional
literature to conduct the similar research. To the cross culture understanding teachers, the
result of this study can be used as additional document in teaching learning process. To the
BIPA (Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing) teachers, this study can be used as a reference
to teach foreign students.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study is the cultural shocks experienced in entering new
environment. Meanwhile, the limitation of this study is only on the cultural shocks faced by
Heinrich Harrer as the main character in “Seven Years in Tibet” movie.
1.6
Definition of the Key Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, there are several key terms that must be clarified.
The definitions of key terms are provided as follows:
1. Analysis
:
is the process of breaking up a concept, proposition,
linguistic complex, or fact into its simple or ultimate
constituents (Audi, 1999).
2. Culture
:
is the system of shared beliefs, values, custom, and
artifacts that the members of society use to interact with
their world and with another (Zion and Kozleski, 2005:
3).
3. Culture shock
:
is the depression and anxiety experienced by many
people when they travel or move to a new social and
cultural setting (Irwin, 2007).
4. Heinrich Harrer
:
is the main character of “Seven Years in Tibet” movie.
5. Movie
:
is cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which
reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them (Casseti,
1999: 73).
6. Seven Years in Tibet
:
is the title of the movie.
AN ANALYSIS OF HEINRICH HARRER’S CULTURE SHOCKS
IN THE MOVIE “SEVEN YEARS IN TIBET”
PUBLICATION PAPER
BY:
DIEN RATNA BUDIATI
07360225
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
OCTOBER 2013
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim
Alhamdulillah, the greatest thanks belongs to Allah SWT for giving health and
blessing, the researcher can finish this thesis. Sholawat is also presented to the beloved
prophet Muhammad SAW for bringing brightness.
There are many persons who involved in the processing of completing this thesis.
Therefore, she would like to express her attitude to the following persons:
1. Her advisor, Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si as her first advisor and Dr. Mas’udi, M.Ed as
her second advisor, who has provided guidance and patience in completing this thesis.
2. Her beloved parents, Kamtur Sulaiman and Asmainah who always give advice and
pray. Her lovely sister and brother, Galuh Ema Wijayanti and Arif Trifah Reza.
Special gratitude also delivered to her beloved Johan Wahyudi, who always caring
and helping.
3. Thanks to Denis, Mbak Cicik, Putri, Mia, Ratih, Sandra, Luli, Mbak Ira, Galuh, Bang
Roni, Bapak Supriyadi, M.Pd, Bapak Dr. Arif Budi Wurianto, M.Si, BAA team, and
all of whose name cannot be mentioned one by one. Special thanks also delivered to
her lovely family in Katamati and Cremona for the supporting and caring.
Malang, 28 October 2013
The Researcher,
Dien Ratna Budiati
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...............................................................................................
i
LEGALIZATION ........................................................................................
ii
MOTTO ........................................................................................................
iii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study .............................................................................
1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................
5
1.3 Purpose of the Study ...............................................................................
5
1.4 Significance of the Study .......................................................................
6
1.5 Scope and Limitation .............................................................................
6
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ........................................................................
7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Culture ....................................................................................................
8
2.2 Elements of Culture ................................................................................
11
2.2.1 Religion or Belief ..........................................................................
11
2.2.2 Social System or Organization ......................................................
13
2.2.3 Knowledge .....................................................................................
14
2.2.3.1 Experience .........................................................................
14
2.2.3.2 Authority ...........................................................................
14
2.2.3.3 Deductive Reasoning .........................................................
15
2.2.3.4 Inductive Reasoning ..........................................................
15
2.2.3.5 The Scientific Approach ....................................................
16
2.2.4 Language ........................................................................................
17
2.2.5 Art ..................................................................................................
19
2.2.6 Economic System ..........................................................................
19
2.2.7 Technology ....................................................................................
20
2.3 Culture Shock .........................................................................................
21
2.4 Culture Shock Process ............................................................................
22
2.4.1 The Honeymoon Stage...................................................................
22
2.4.2 The Distress Stage .........................................................................
22
2.4.3 Re-integration Stage ......................................................................
22
2.4.4 Autonomy Stage ............................................................................
23
2.4.5 Independent Stage ..........................................................................
23
2.5 Elements Contributing Culture Shock .....................................................
23
2.6 The Effects of Culture Shock ...................................................................
25
2.7 Solving Culture Shock .............................................................................
26
2.8 Movie or Film ..........................................................................................
28
2.9 Tibet .........................................................................................................
29
2.9.1 Tibetan Religion ............................................................................
30
2.9.2 Tibetan Language ..........................................................................
32
2.9.3 Tibetan Food ..................................................................................
35
2.9.4 Sky Burial ......................................................................................
37
2.9.5 Tibetan Etiquettes and Taboos .......................................................
40
2.9.6 Tibetan People ...............................................................................
42
2.9.7 Tibetan Arts ...................................................................................
47
2.9.8 Tibetan Government ......................................................................
50
2.9.9 The 14th Dalai Lama ......................................................................
52
2.10 Austria ....................................................................................................
53
2.10.1 Language ......................................................................................
54
2.10.2 Religion ........................................................................................
54
2.10.3 General Attitudes .........................................................................
54
2.10.4 People Appearance ......................................................................
55
2.10.5 Greetings ......................................................................................
55
2.10.6 Gestures .......................................................................................
55
2.10.7 Visiting ........................................................................................
55
2.10.8 Eating ...........................................................................................
56
2.10.9 Family ..........................................................................................
56
2.10.10 Dating and Marriage ..................................................................
57
2.10.11 Diet.............................................................................................
57
2.10.12 Austrian Home ...........................................................................
58
2.10.13 Conservatism .............................................................................
58
2.10.14 Relationship and Communication..............................................
59
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................
60
3.2 Approach ................................................................................................
61
3.2.1 Mimetic Approach ........................................................................
61
3.2.2 Pragmatic Approach .....................................................................
61
3.2.3 Expressive Approach ....................................................................
62
3.2.4 Objective Approach ......................................................................
62
3.3 Object of the Study .................................................................................
63
3.4 Data Collection .......................................................................................
63
3.6 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................
64
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Finding ...................................................................................................
65
4.1.1The Cultural Shocks Faced By Heinrich Harrer .............................
65
4.1.1.1Belief Shock .......................................................................
65
4.1.1.2 Language Shock ................................................................
74
4.1.1.3 Knowledge Shock..............................................................
74
4.1.1.4 Social System Shock .........................................................
76
4.1.1.5 Different Cuisine ...............................................................
80
4.1.2 The Effects of Heinrich Harrer’s Cultural Shocks Toward
Himself ..........................................................................................
81
4.1.2.1 Spiritual .............................................................................
81
4.1.2.2 Principle of Life.................................................................
83
4.1.2.3 Art ......................................................................................
85
4.1.2.4 Custom...............................................................................
87
4.1.2.5 Relationship ......................................................................
88
4.1.3 The Ways of Heinrich Harrer to Solve His Cultural Shocks .........
91
4.1.3.1 Solving Belief Shocks .......................................................
91
4.1.3.2 Solving Language Shock ...................................................
93
4.2 Discussion ...............................................................................................
94
4.3 Lesson ......................................................................................................
96
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................
98
5.2 Suggestion ..............................................................................................
99
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
THE SYNOPSIS OF “SEVEN YEARS IN TIBET” MOVIE
Seven Years in Tibet is a 1997 movie based on book Seven Years in Tibet written by
Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer on his experiences in Tibet between 1944 until 1951
during the Second World War and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army’s invasion of Tibet
in 1950. The movie was directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud. The cast of the movie are; Brad
Pitt as Heinrich Harrer, David Thewlis as Peter Aufschnaiter, B. D. Wong as Ngawang
Jigme, Mako as Kungo Tsarong, Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė as Ingrid Harrer, Jamyang Jamtsho
Wangchuk as young The 14th Dalai Lama and Lhakpa Tsamchoe as Pema Lhaki.
Heinrich Harrer (Brad Pitt) and his pregnant wife Ingrid (Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė) are
being driven to the train station in Graz, for Harrer’s departure on the expedition to the
Himalayas.
The biggest avalanche comes at August 4th, 1939. Peter Ausfschnaiter (David
Thewlis) as the leader order going down as a team. Not for Heinrich Harrer. He insists taking
up the journey until reached the summit. Everybody in a team disagree with him. On reaching
the base, they learned that Britain has declared war on Germany, so they are arrested by
British Indian authorities and taken by truck to Dehra Dun prison camp.
In Dehra Dun prison camp, Harrer accepted a letter following a divorce paper from
Ingrid. The marriage seemed not his purpose yet until those letters comes, that is, the start of
his losing experienced, a chance to know his son, Rolf.
One month later, finally Harrer escaped from prison camp with the other friends including
Aufschnaiter.
As usual, Harrer prefer travelled on his own, separated from the other. In Northern
India, Aufschnaiter met with Harrer while the rest of the group has been recaptured. Together
they cross the border into Tibet-The Roof of the World.
Tibet is the highest country on
earth and the most isolated. Not a chance for foreigner in Forbidden City of Lhasa (capital
city of Tibet). But after some heroic experienced, finally they arrived in Tibet. In fact, they
lived in Lhasa as guests in Kungo Tsarong’s house.
For a long time Harrer survived and lived in a strange country until the war of
German was ended. But then he decided not coming back to Austria after he received the
letter from his son. Harrer was regret and hopeless because of the rejection of his son.
Meanwhile Harrer sad in his loneliness, the young The 14th Dalai Lama asked him to come to
the Potala Palace. The 14th Dalai Lama interested learns from Harrer any knowledge outside
of Tibet, particularly western culture.
At the time when China proclaimed the People’s Liberation Army invaded Tibet,
Harrer and also Ausfschnaiter stand to fight for Tibet. At last, the kind of friendship brings
some reflection for Harrer. The young the 14th Dalai Lama shared wisdom of life that he
never knows before. While seven years lived in Tibet teaches Harrer the value of great
simplicity in life.
APPENDIX
THE SUBTITLE OF “SEVEN YEARS IN TIBET” MOVIE
The Subtitle
101
00:16:41,934 --> 00:16:45,062
Dalai Lama photo. Good protection.
102
00:16:45,137 --> 00:16:48,004
Take it, Si Hib.
It will protect you.
103
00:16:48,073 --> 00:16:51,440
No, that means nothing to me.
104
00:16:51,510 --> 00:16:54,138
Dalai Lama. Dalai Lama photo.
105
00:16:54,213 --> 00:16:55,976
Si Hib, take it.
106
00:16:56,048 --> 00:16:57,982
Good protection for you.
237
00:35:52,016 --> 00:35:53,244
Yes.
238
00:35:53,317 --> 00:35:56,286
Just smile and say yes.
It's better that way.
239
00:35:59,891 --> 00:36:02,086
It's amazing what you learn
in prison, isn't it?
240
00:36:11,969 --> 00:36:13,527
Tibet.
241
00:36:16,240 --> 00:36:18,834
- No foreigners allowed in Tibet.
- Oh, please!
242
00:36:18,910 --> 00:36:20,434
No foreigner!
243
00:36:20,511 --> 00:36:22,502
Oh, please!
The Scene
Heinrich Harrer met the old men who
insisted him take the photo of the 14th
Dalai Lama.
Heinrich
Harrer
Tibetan language.
didn’t
understand
244
00:36:29,654 --> 00:36:32,817
Yes. Thank you. Of course.
245
00:37:00,384 --> 00:37:02,352
No translation needed.
246
00:37:33,918 --> 00:37:36,216
Some people are glad to see us.
247
00:37:36,287 --> 00:37:38,585
Don't let it get to your head.
248
00:37:38,656 --> 00:37:42,786
When the Tibetans clap hands, it means
they are driving out evil forces.
605
01:21:08,296 --> 01:21:09,524
Worms.
606
01:21:09,598 --> 01:21:12,089
Please, no more hurting worms.
607
01:21:12,167 --> 01:21:14,294
- Please.
- Worms?
608
01:21:14,369 --> 01:21:19,432
In a past life, this innocent worm
could have been your mother.
609
01:21:19,507 --> 01:21:21,441
Please, no more hurting.
610
01:21:21,509 --> 01:21:24,444
It's impossible. Please, no more.
611
01:21:26,414 --> 01:21:28,780
But you see, Tibetans believe...
612
01:21:28,850 --> 01:21:32,342
all living creatures were
their mothers in a past life.
613
01:21:32,420 --> 01:21:36,823
So we must show them respect
and repay their kindness.
614
01:21:36,892 --> 01:21:40,760
And never, never
Heinrich Harrer thought Tibetans clap
hands because glad met him.
Heinrich Harrer got shock when Jam
Yang said worms is their mother.
harm anything that lives.
615
01:21:40,829 --> 01:21:44,265
You can't ask a devout people
to disregard a precious teaching.
616
01:21:44,332 --> 01:21:46,266
Yes, but Your Holiness...
617
01:21:48,770 --> 01:21:52,501
with true respect,
we can't possibly...
618
01:21:54,910 --> 01:21:57,640
I'm sorry, but we can't
possibly rescue all the worms...
619
01:21:57,712 --> 01:22:00,545
not if you want a theater
finished in this lifetime.
620
01:22:00,615 --> 01:22:03,880
You have a clever mind.
Think of a solution.
565
01:15:21,316 --> 01:15:25,047
Do you know the rules
of protocol concerning my son?
566
01:15:26,989 --> 01:15:32,052
Not exact... I know one bows
and performs prostrations.
567
01:15:33,629 --> 01:15:36,097
When you are in the presence
of His Holiness...
568
01:15:36,164 --> 01:15:38,462
you must always be standing...
569
01:15:38,534 --> 01:15:42,470
bent in obeisance,
hands folded in supplication.
570
01:15:42,538 --> 01:15:46,565
If seated, you must always
be seated lower than he.
571
01:15:46,642 --> 01:15:50,601
Never look him in the eye.
Heinrich Harrer didn’t understand the
rules of protocol concerning the 14th
Dalai Lama.
Never speak before he does.
572
01:15:50,679 --> 01:15:53,739
Always refer to him
as "Your Holiness."
573
01:15:53,815 --> 01:15:57,842
Never turn your back to him.
And never, never touch him.
584
01:18:53,662 --> 01:18:54,856
Yellow head.
585
01:19:04,706 --> 01:19:07,231
You have hair on your arms too?
And legs?
586
01:19:17,586 --> 01:19:19,611
- How about you?
- Mr. Harrer.
673
01:28:12,053 --> 01:28:14,851
Do you listen to news
from your country?
674
01:28:14,922 --> 01:28:18,949
From Austria?
No, not really.
676
01:28:21,062 --> 01:28:24,725
- Why? It's your home.
- Not anymore it isn't.
677
01:28:24,799 --> 01:28:27,427
But don't you have
friends and family there?
678
01:28:27,502 --> 01:28:30,130
A few friends, no family.
680
01:28:36,344 --> 01:28:38,574
Why? Is everyone dead?
681
01:28:41,049 --> 01:28:44,450
Do you know there's another sentence
construction aside from the question?
682
01:28:47,422 --> 01:28:49,754
I was married,
but I'm divorced.
Heinrich Harrer asking the 14th Dalai
Lama a privacy question.
Heinrich
Harrer
looks
uncomforted
because the 14th Dalai Lama asked him a
personal questions.
928
02:04:41,941 --> 02:04:44,774
Butter tea.
It was never my cup of tea.
929
02:04:48,247 --> 02:04:52,343
- One was enough.
- Yes, we must follow the custom.
930
02:04:52,418 --> 02:04:57,219
A fresh cup of tea is poured
for the loved one departing.
931
02:05:02,094 --> 02:05:06,360
It sits untouched.
Heinrich Harrer dislike the taste of butter
tea.
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