xxxi elements in language are explained by reference to its function in total linguistics
system. They determine the text related to the context in which it is used.
F. Text and Context
Systemic Functional Linguistics focuses on the study of language as resource of meaning. Language itself is a product of social process either it is
verbal or non-verbal process, which occurs as a text Santoso, 2003 : 15 . The text cannot be determined from the length or words, sentences or paragraph or
even from the extension of grammatical forms such as group of words, sentence and paragraph ibid, p.10
Text is defined as language that is functional, doing some job in some context. It is interactive event, a social exchange of meaning as a result of social
interaction between which participants that is involved in the text Halliday, 1985. In that respect, Systemic Functional Linguistics defines texts as language
which is doing some job in context. In the text we can find both written and spoken language as the social system and structure of meaning realized in verbal
and non verbal way. In relation with this kind text conception, Systemic Functional Linguistics
treats a text in two parts; one is as a product, and the other one is as process. A text as product, text is an output of interaction, something that can be recorded
and studied, and also it can be represented in systemic terms. On the other hand, text as a process, the text is an interactive event, a social exchange of meaning as
xxxii a product of social interaction among the participant involved in the text
Halliday and Hassan, 1985:10 A text cannot be separated from the context. The context can be a
reference to determine the social meaning of a text. The context is divided into two, the context of culture and the context of situation. Context of culture is
realize in the genre and ideology. It includes some value such as philosophical, psychological, ideological, sociological, and cultural values. The culture also give
the purpose and meaning to the text Halliday and Hasan, 1985 Meanwhile, context of situation can be specified into three variables: field
tenor and mode. Field specifies the social happening with reference what is going on, where, when and how it happens. Tenor refers to the social relationship
between those who are taking part. Tenor is about the status and the roles of the participants and kinds of relationship they have. Mode refers to how language is
being used whether the channel of communication is spoken or written. Mode refers to particular functions that are assigned to language in this situation and
rhetorical channel ibid.
G. Spoken and Written
