A TENOR COMPARATIVE STUDY ON NEWS TEXTS IN THE JAKARTA POST AND LONDON EVENING STANDARD NEWSPAPER RELATED TO THE SMOKING BAN IN PUBLIC PLACES

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A TENOR COMPARATIVE STUDY ON NEWS TEXTS IN THE

JAKARTA POST AND LONDON EVENING STANDARD

NEWSPAPER RELATED TO THE SMOKING BAN IN

PUBLIC PLACES

(Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For The Sarjana Sastra Degree at the English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By:

DEWI WINAHYU JATI C1306002

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2011

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Dewi Winahyu Jati NIM : C1306002

Stated wholeheartedly that the thesis entitled A Tenor Comparative

Study on News Texts in The Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard Newspaper Related to the Smoking Ban in Public Places (Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics) is originally made by the researcher. This is not plagiarism nor made by others. The things related to the other people’s work are written in quotations and included within the bibliography.

If it is then proven that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.

Surakarta, July 2011 The researcher

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MOTTO

"Health, happiness and success depend upon the fighting spirit of each person. The big

thing is not what happens to us in life - but what we do about what happens to us."

(

George Allen)

“Sometimes crying, sometimes getting worse, life isn’t always perfect

But, thankfulness to ALLAH SWT is the best thing

to make us remember who we are”

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to:

 _{My beloved parents ((alm)bapak samto}

& ibu prapti)

 _{My beloved sister (Ika Astuti)}

 _{My Thesis Supervisor (Bapak}

Djatmika)

 _{My Lecturers}

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirrobbil’alamin

All praises just for Allah SWT for the blessing, love and guidance so that the researcher can complete this thesis. This thesis will not complete without support and encouragement from many people. Therefore, the researcher would like to express her gratitude to the following persons who have given important contribution to this thesis. I would like to express my great appreciation deeply to:

1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed.,

Ph.D., for approving this thesis

2. The Head of Non-Regular English Department, Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd.,

for giving me permission to write this thesis.

3. Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A, my thesis supervisor, for his guidance, patience,

support, and advice in completing this thesis.

4. All my lecturers in English Department thank you very much for all

knowledge given to me.

5. My examiner team: Dr. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum, Karunia Purna K,S.S., M.Si,

Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A and Dr.Tri Wiratno, MA thank you for being my thesis examiners.

6. My beloved parents, (alm) Bapak Samto and Ibu Sri Suprapti, you are the best

for me. Thank you very much for your time, love, patience, care and attention.

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spiritually during my study. I miss you, dad and I love you, mom. You are everything for me.

7. My beloved sister, Ika Astuti. You are the best sister I have ever had. You are

my inspiration for always making me to move on. I will also be thankful for

your husband (mas Hasim) and your cute child (Ganendra). You are all being

my spirit and happiness. Dedek Ganendra always makes me laugh and cheers

me up, I love you so much.

8. My big family in Boyolali, Purwokerto, Kebumen and Batang, thank you so

much for the support, prayer, and love.

9. Haryanto “Mas Hary”. Thank you so much for always staying with me in every moment, both in sadness and happiness. You always remind me to be patient and keep smiling. Thank you for the prayer, support, love, attention and everything.

10.My ‘bubu’, ‘bory’ and ‘miory’ which always stay with me during finishing my study in Solo. I love you so much.

11.My best friends Dian and Pina, both of you are sisters for me. Thank you so

much for always staying with me in sadness and happiness. To Dian, thanks a

lot for accompanying me to finish the thesis. To Pina who doesn’t want to be

called ‘Fina’, thank you for your time. To Ti-chan, thank you for the

friendship, I miss to hang out together like what we did in the past. To Citra, thank you for the nice friendship, when will we meet again, hang out, eat out and do karaoke? I miss you.

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12.All my friends in English Department NR ’06 and ‘07, thank you for the nice

friendship. Always keep in touch! To ‘Yume’ and Jenk Tri thank you for

supporting me to finish the thesis, and always cheering me up. To Junior, I am

sorry and thank you for the advice.

13.My lovely friends and sisters in boarding house, Jeng Lisa, Jenk Kemi, Nduk

Teguh, Gini, Rina, Mbak May and Mbak Nita. To Jenk Lisa, thank you so

much for your tasty food, care, support and love. To Dicma’s family, thank

you so much for the nice friendship.

14. For those who have not been listed yet, it does not mean that I have neglected

your support and help. Thank you so much.

Finally, the researcher realizes that this thesis is not perfect. Therefore, the comments and suggestions are needed to make this thesis better. I hope that this thesis will be useful for others.

The researcher

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ………

APPROVAL OF THESIS SUPERVISOR ………..

APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS.

PRONOUNCEMENT ……….

MOTTO………

DEDICATION ………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………..

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………

LIST OF TABLES ………..

LIST OF FIGURES ……….

ABSTRACT ………

……… ……….... ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… i ii iii iv v vi vii x xii xiv xv

I. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background ……….... 1

B. Problem Statements ………... 5

C. Research Limitation ……… 5

D. Research Objectives ………... 6

E. Research Significance ………. 6

F. Research Benefits ………... 6

G. Research Methodology ………. 7

H. Thesis Organization ……….. 8

II. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW A. Mass Media ……….. 9

B. Systemic Functional Linguistics ……….. 13

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D. Register ………. 15

E. Tenor as the Realization of Interpersonal Meaning ……….. 16

F. Lexicogrmmar ………. 18

G. Cohesion ………... 35

H. Text Structure ……….. 38

I. Genre ……… 38

1. Factual Genre ……… 40

2. Story Genre ……… 47

III. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of Research ... 52

B. Data and Source Data ... 52

C. Sample and Sampling Technique ………. 53

D. Research Procedure ……….. 53

E. Technique of Collecting Data ... 54

F. Procedure Data Analysis ………... 54

IV. CHAPTER IV: DATA INTERPETATION AND DISCUSSION A. Introduction ……… ... 56

B. Data Description ……… 57

C. Data Interpretation ……….… 89

D. Discussion ……… . 108

V. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION A. Conclusion ……….… 115

B. Recommendation ………...… 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Table of external conjunction (but) ………... 19

Table 2.2 Table of external conjunction (and) ……….. 19

Table 2.3 Table of hypotactic relation ……….. 19

Table 2.4 Table of elaboration ……….. 20

Table 2.5 Table of extension ………... 20

Table 2.6 Table of enhancement …..……….……….... 21

Table 2.7 Table of locution ………... 21

Table 2.8 Table of idea ………. 21

Table 2.9 Table of mood structure ……… 22

Table 2.10 Table unmarked topical theme ……….. 25

Table 2.11 Table marked topical theme ……….. 25

Table 2.12 Table of unfused finite of interrogative structure ………. 26

Table 2.13 Table of mood adjunct ……….. 26

Table 2.14 Table of polarity adjunct ………... 26

Table 2.15 Table of vocative adjunct………... 26

Table 2.16 Table of comment adjunct ………... 27

Table 2.17 Table of continuity adjunct ………... 27

Table 2.18 Table of conjunctive adjunct ………. 28

Table 2.19 Table of congruent lexis ….….……….. 32

Table 2.20 Table of incongruent lexis ……… 33

Table 2.21 Table of recount genre………... 40

Table 2.22 Table of report genre ………. 41

Table 2.23 Table of procedure genre………... 42

Table 2.24 Table of explanation genre ……… 43

Table 2.25 Table of description genre ………...…. 44

Table 2.26 Table of exposition genre ……….…. 45

Table 2.27 Table of discussion genre….….………. 46

Table 2.28 Table of recount genre ……….. 48

Table 2.29 Table of narrative genre ………... 48

Table 2.30 Table of anecdote genre ………... 50

Table 2.31 Table of exemplum genre ………. 51

Table 4.1 Table of mood system of text 1 ………. 57

Table 4.2 Table of type of clause of text 1 ………... 58

Table 4.3 Table of interdependence and logico-semantic relation of text 1 …. 58 Table 4.4 Table of nominal groups of text 1 ………. 59

Table 4.5 Table of verbal groups of text 1 ……… 60

Table 4.6 Table of text structure of text 1 ………. 64

Table 4.7 Table of mood system of text 2 ………. 73

Table 4.8 Table of type of clause of text 2 ……… 74 Table 4.9 Table of interdependence and logico-semantic relation of text 2 …. 74

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Table 4.10 Table of nominal groups of text 2 ………. 75 Table 4.11 Table of verbal groups of text 2 ……… 76 Table 4.12 Table of text structure of text 2 ………. 80

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Figure of tenor ………... 17

Figure 2.2 Figure of mood system ………... 22

Figure 2.3 Figure of modality system ……… 24

Figure 4.1 Figure of lexical strings of text 1 ……….. 67

Figure 4.2 Figure of conjunctive relation of text 1 ………. 71

Figure 4.3 Figure of lexical strings of text 2 ……….. 88

commit to user 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background

Social connection is a quite tight to mass media. The role of the mass media in the communication process is often seen by many as being beneficial. People easily get a lot of updated information or news everyday which is not only a politic matters, but also technology, health, education, fashion, sport, entertainment even regional cuisine. According to Bachtiar Hakim (2008), newspaper only concerned in politic issue because it is used by politics parties to keep on their authority. In Washington and Jefferson era, newspaper was really in dark era, because the news was used as the media to fall down each party. Moreover, lately centuries, mass media runs rapidly to be more advanced, for instance it has a part in providing the public opinion columns to express the people’s view as a response of that news.

Newspaper is one kind of mass media that has a wide variety of material consumed by the largest people in the world. The practical, cheap and easy functions are the reasons they use it. It is practical because of the variety which contains the editorial opinions, criticisms, persuasions, entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes, weather news and forecast, advice column, food column and other columns, like reviews of movies, plays and restaurants. Second, it is cheap. People need a few bucks to buy the printed newspaper or just to borrow it. The last one it is easy. Many places provide it, for

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instance book shops, stores, even newspaper subscriptions or more than the three of reasons; the simplest one is reading the news on the internet.

Newspaper on the internet or online newspaper has a similar form with printed newspaper, but we do not get a problem in searching the previous news.

By clicking what date of publishing the news in ‘search’ column, we will get any

date or many local, national and international newspapers that we want.

The largest English language newspaper in Indonesia is The Jakarta post.

It is an influential newspaper oriented towards local English-speaking expatriates and the diplomatic community. In many ways, it acts as an unofficial mouthpiece of the Indonesian government into the international community, while in another

country, we know the newspaper namely London Evening Standard. It is the

dominant regional evening newspaper for London and the southeast of England which covers of national and international news and a strong emphasis on City of London finance. The researcher uses both of the newspapers as the source of data in this research.

The Jakarta Postentitled ‘Jakarta to scrap smoking rooms in public places

and buildings’ was published on March 30th

, 2010 by Indah Setiawati (www.thejakartapost.com) while London Evening Standardentitled ‘should we be

smoke free?’ was published on October 27th, 2003 by Ross Lydall (www.thisislondon.co.uk). Those newspapers have difference writers and publishers, but they have similar topics which tell about a smoking ban in public places in Jakarta and London. The topic has been becoming controversial and has

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not been getting the solution yet, because many aspects must be considered before taking the decision whether it is banned or not.

Smoking ban has been becoming the big issue since 1575 and inviting a big attention for public in the world. One of the world's earliest smoking bans was a 1575 Mexican religious council ban that banned the use of tobacco in any

church in Mexico and Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. In the late of the 20th

century, the smoking ban more referred to health reason, particularly for secondhand tobacco. The industry of tobacco held an awareness campaign as a tolerance for people who get the impact of smoke when they were in public places, but the industry avoided smoking ban.

In 2007, America followed to restrict the ban of smoking in public places, 54% of Americans favored a complete ban inside of restaurants, 34% favored a ban in all hotel rooms, and 29% favored a ban inside of bars. Based on the general views of smoking ban above, the researcher intends to develop a deeper research by researching through taking smoking ban issues which occurs in Indonesia and London in news column from the Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard newspapers, and it uses Systemic Functional Linguistics as the research approach. Newspapers need interesting stories. Sometimes the writer even creates stories where there is no absolute evidence and ambiguous. It relates to the language and context is used. For example ‘eyes half closed, he then blew straight

into everyone else’s face’. It is not clear what the speaker actually means, about

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Suzanne Eggins (1994: 8) says without further contextual information, it is not possible to determine which meaning is being made. It means that information is used to know the kinds of meaning which present in language and how these meanings relate to the context in which people speak, write, hear and read (Kappagoda, 2009). In Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), contextual information consists of context of situation and culture.

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is taken as basis to make research possible to conduct since it is designed to account for how the language is used. The study of SFL views language as a system of meanings, accompanied by the forms through which the meaning can be realized. A lot of meanings of text can be found by this study, start from identifying context of situation (register) in its text up to the way the writer constructs his/her opinion. Tenor is one of the register theories concerning with the status, affect, and contact of the participant who are involved in event of a text. The genre itself is seen as ‘a staged, goal oriented social process’ (Martin, 1992: 505). Genre is a stage because meaning is made in steps while genre as a goal oriented social process meaning a process of interaction among member of culture to reach their goal.

Based on the phenomenon above, the research is entitled “A Tenor Comparative Study on News Texts in The Jakarta Post and London Evening

commit to user B. Problem Statements

Based on the research background, some questions are formulated as follows:

1. How is the status realized in the news text in “The Jakarta Post and

London Evening Standard” newspaper?

2. How is the affect realized in the news text in “The Jakarta Post and

London Evening Standard” newspaper?

3. How is the contact realized in the news text in “The Jakarta Post and

London Evening Standard” newspaper?

4. What are the similarities and differences of the news text in “The

Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard” newspaper? C. Research Limitation

The research only focuses on the news texts concerning smoking ban news taken from the online newspapers and published on The Jakarta Post in March

30th, 2010 and London Evening Standard in October 27th, 2003.

This research is aimed to know the reaction of the newspapers writer and

public toward the smoking ban in public places between Jakarta (in The Jakarta

Post newspaper) and London (in London Evening Standard newspaper). The

research applies theory of SFL, specifically in the tenor analysis. It limits to discover the similarities and differences of three elements of tenor; they are status, affect and contact of both texts through analyzing lexicogrammar, cohesion and genre.

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D. Research Objectives

The goal of the research is to know how the tenor of news texts published on the Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard Newspaper concerning the smoking ban in public places. In more detail, these research objectives are:

1. To describe the status realized in the news text in both newspapers.

2. To describe the affect realized in the news text in both newspapers.

3. To describe the contact realized in the news text in both newspapers.

4. To discover the similarities and differences of the news text in both

newspapers.

E. Research Significance

The research is significant for the researcher to describe and determine the tenor of texts of news column of The Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard Newspaper dealing with smoking ban in public places in Indonesia and London. The description includes many aspects from which the tenor of the text can be seen through lexico-grammar system, cohesion and genre.

F. Research Benefits

This research contributes at first hand to the greater understanding of text analysis in the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. The research is then expected to be beneficial for:

1. The English Department Students

This research can be additional references in learning Linguistics mainstream, particularly Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).

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2. Other Researchers

This research contributes to other researchers in giving ideas to analyze further about tenor or other point of view about Systemic Functional Linguistics.

3. The writers

The result of this research can be used by the writers to create their news better and to get higher quality of readability.

4. The readers

The result of this research will stimulate the readers in taking part in the issue and expressing their opinion.

G. Research Methodology

The research moves on with a qualitative research that employs on a descriptive comparative method. In qualitative research, the data were stated in form of words or sentences. Moleong describes qualitative research is a type of research which does not include any calculation or enumeration since the data contained are words (2001: 2). Since the research employed descriptive method, the researcher observed the data and drew the conclusion based on the data.

The data of this research were in the forms of lexico-grammar, the cohesion system, and the genre toward identifying the tenor of the news texts. Besides, this research was a comparative study that has aimed to know the similarities and dissimilarities in both of texts. The source of data of this research

was taken from The Jakarta Post in March 30th, 2010 and London Evening

commit to user H. Thesis Organization

The research systematically is organized into five chapters. They are as follows:

Chapter I consists of Introduction. In this chapter the research introduces research background, problem statements, research limitation, research objectives, Research significance, research benefits, research methodology and thesis organization.

Chapter II consists of Literature Review. It deals with mass media, news text, the Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard profile, Smoking ban issue and Systemic Functional Linguistics.

Chapter III consists of Research Methodology. It covers types of research, data and source of data, sample and sampling technique, research procedure, technique of collecting data and technique of analyzing data.

Chapter IV consists of Data Analysis. It deals with data description, data interpretation and discussion.

Chapter V consists of Conclusion and Recommendation. In this chapter, the research concludes the result and gives some recommendations.

commit to user 9 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Mass Media 1. Newspaper

Generally, newspaper is one kind of mass media that has a wide variety of material consumed by the largest people in the world to follow what exactly happening with this real world. Emery mentions that newspaper belongs to the oldest mass media carrying the messages in written form (1967: 8). Practical, cheap and easy functions are the reasons people use it. It is practical because of the variety which contains the editorial opinions, criticisms, persuasions, entertainment features, news and forecast, plays and restaurants, etc. As the second reason, newspaper is cheap because people need some money to get this, and the last one it is easy because any places provide newspaper, for instance book shops, book stores, even newspaper subscriptions. People usually choose the simplest way to read newspaper that is just opening the computer, connecting to the internet and then looking up to the newspaper online.

2. Internet

Everything can be found on the internet. Therefore it symbolizes the decentralization, knowledge, information and the data extremely which is also called as the primary needs. The advanced era has brought human being into enlarged needs, not only in primary but also in secondary even tertiary needs because internet provides many kinds of entertainment websites.

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Interconnected networking or internet means an association of thousand of

computer’s users that communicate with each other through the network (Black,

1999: 1). It is as the communication medium between one and other people or involved in the large community. Internet provides a lot of kinds of social networks which are able to communicate with people in many countries in the world. Internet as the knowledge means that people can dig up millions of the knowledge in a lot of sciences starting from the traditional or simple knowledge to the modern one which is used to fulfill the human needs.

Internet as the information and the entertainment gets more excited attention. Internet provides many local, national and international newspapers that give the information from many countries. Newspaper on the internet or online newspaper has a similar form with printed newspaper, but we do not get a problem in searching the previous news. We can get the news which was published on yesterday or a week ago even years ago by clicking and choosing the

date what we want in ‘search’ column. On the other side, internet as the

entertainment purposes to entertain people who may use to cut the work for a while or just look for the fun such as the movie, music, game, etc that easily to access.

3. The Jakarta Post

The Jakarta Post is the largest daily newspaper in English language published in Indonesia. The newspaper was launched on April, 25 1983 owned by PT. Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office is in our nation's capital, Jakarta.

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The Jakarta Post is a small but influential newspaper oriented towards local English-speaking emigrant and the diplomatic community. In many ways, it acts as an unofficial mouthpiece of the Indonesian government into the international community. It seems like what Bill Tarrant says that the Jakarta post becomes a prestigious independent broadsheet with extensive national and international influence (Tarrant, 2008: 104).

The latest years, we can find the Jakarta Post newspaper on the internet by

clicking www.thejakartapost.com. Furthermore, the online newspaper has similar

content with the printed one such as headlines, national, archipelago, opinion, reader’s forum, world, country profile, business, reportage, city, sports, features, entertainment guide, and the last is people column. The news usually belongs to the headline column completed with picture in color like the general newspapers.

4. London Evening Standard

The newspaper begins the name The Standard in morning paper from June, 29 1857 which under ownership by James Johnstone and continued to evening paper in two years later and then it is called Evening Standard newspaper. This newspaper is used to report the war event, such as American Civil War, Austro-Prussian War or Franco-Prussian War. Evening Standard becomes the annual sponsored of Evening Standard Award since the 1950s, awarded the annual and the Evening Standard British Film Award since the 1970s.

London Evening Standard is a free local daily newspaper in tabloid format published on Monday up to Friday in London. It is called Evening, because

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certainly published in evening and it emphasized city of London finance, but starting On October 12, 2009 the newspaper became a free newspaper.

It covers a mix among local, national and international news, and it also provides column of business, financial reporting, and has a tradition of extensive arts coverage. Moreover, London Standard Evening can be read on the internet. It has the same content with the printed ones that can be accessed through

www.standard.co.uk. It continues with www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/ as of October 2009. The online newspaper also has various pages. They are home, news, business, money, comment, sport, video, entertainment, life & style, travel, showbiz, offers and games, and each of those pages has many columns, for instance the news has a politics, pictures, news itself, Londoner’s diary, travel news, news archive, etc completed with the picture, sponsor and advertisement.

5. The Smoking Ban

A smoking ban is a controversial subject. Those who do not smoke, and have never smoked, often think that there is no reason to employ a public smoking ban. Smokers, however, think that it is a personal right to be able to smoke in public, and the smoking ban issue is important and personal for them. Moreover, this might seem like a new issue. The disagreement surrounding a motion to ban smoking in public places has been around for a while.

The first known smoking ban occurred in 1575 and was given by Mexican religious council. The council banned who ever use of tobacco in any church in Mexico and Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. The Pope also held ban smoking in the church, for instance Pope Urban VII in 1590 and Urban VIII in 1624. They

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announced “Anyone who was caught smoking or chewing tobacco near a church was excommunicated”.

It was not until the twentieth century that the health problems associated with tobacco use came to light in the public eye. That was the time when businesses provided smokers with their own separate locations, so they could smoke without exposing the rest of the customers to the dangers and annoyance of smoke.

In 1990s, California became the first state to issue a smoking ban, and this was in restaurants. Since that time, many cities have taken up the drive to ban cigarette smoking in public locations, particularly restaurants. In fact, recent estimates show that as many as thirty-four states have cities that have some sort of ban smoking laws.

B. Systemic Functional Linguistics

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a functionally based theory which examines the functions that language has evolved to serve in society such as a view involves the examination of real language events to understand the purposes language serves in a variety of context, and to understand the way language itself functions (Harrison, 2004: 1).

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is originally introduced by M. A. K Halliday in 1960’s. Halliday considers that function and semantic are basis of human language and communicative activity. A key concept in Halliday’s approach is the “context of situation” which takes the language as the use. Bloor says people use the language to make meanings. They do so in specific situations,

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and the form of the language that they use in discourse is influenced by the complex aspects of those situations (2004: 4). The situation affects the form of written English, which is not only the choice of word but also the grammar that is used. The situation can also have such a confining effect on language that society often develops clear conventions of use (like those associated with business meetings or formal greetings) which have to be learned before newcomers to the circumstances can behave appropriately. The context in which language is used frequently leads over time to the development of specific socially recognized forms that is known as genres and style or register.

C. Text and Context

Text is one of the main elements that play a significant role in communication. People speak a text, read a text, listen to a text, write a text, and even translate a text. A text is also defined as unit of language in use to utter the meaning contextually. A context of the text has a big role to know the meaning of the text. Widdowson mentions that people may know what the language means but still not understand what is meant by its use in certain text. It cannot be separated for both contexts, namely context of situation and culture (2006: 4).

Santosa mentions that context of situation refers to the social process of an event or occurrence belongs to the participant, time and place, etc that supports the situation while the context of culture means the value and norm which become the background of that occurrence (2003: 15-16). In linguistics, there are three aspects of context in any situation that have linguistic consequences: field, mode and tenor.

commit to user D. Register

A register is a language variety which is based on the use. It is different from dialect which is also a language variety based on the user (Santosa, 2003: 47). A register is related to social context. The register of schools in Indonesia, for instance, is different from that of schools in Australia.

There are three dimensions of variation which are characterized by register.

First is what is being called field that refers to what is going on in a social process,

second one refers to the people involved in the communication and the relationship

between them that is called tenor and the third is mode which considers how the

language functions in the interaction, whether it is written or spoken.

Field talks about what is happening or what the language is being used to talk about. Field is the contextual projection of experiential meaning which describes the question when, where, how and why the event is going on and so on. In a text, a field can be realized by text structure, cohesion, transitivity, clause system, group system, and system of lexis.

Mode concerns to the role language which are playing in an interaction. Mode is a projection of the textual meaning which is divided into channel and medium. Channel refers to the medium used to express the language whether it is written, spoken or both while Medium refers to the medium used to express the language whether it is one way or two way oral communication: audio, audio-visual, or written communication.

Tenor has to do with who are taking part in the transaction as well as the “nature of the participants, the status and roles (Halliday, 1985: 12). As with

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interpersonal meaning, in general tenor concerns to semiotics of relationship that has three dimensions, they are status, contact and affect.

E. Tenor as the Realization of Interpersonal Meaning

Tenor generally is defined as the social role relationship played by the participants. The role itself has a link between language and context and it is tight with the situation that will have the impact on how we use language. For instance, we will not talk to the greengrocer the same way you talk to your mother (Eggins, 1994: 63). Bloor mentions, language here is used by the people to participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on role and to express and understand feelings, attitude and judgment (2004: 11).

Tenor refers to whole aspects of the participants who play the role in the

social process. The role itself covers the participants’ characteristics and their

social status including what kind of the social role played by those participants and the status relationship whether it is a permanent and temporary. It also refers to the language in use to express the relationship between the role and social status (Santosa, 2003: 50-51).

Tenor as the realization of interpersonal meaning refers to the negotiation of social relationship among participants. It mediates the semiotics of relationship along three dimensions: status, affect and contact (Martin, 1992: 523).

commit to user Figure 2.1 Tenor

Status Equal

Unequal

Tenor Contact Involved

Distant

Affect Marked Positive

Negative

(Martin, 1992: 526) 1. Status

Status in tenor mainly means the social status or the role relationship of the participants. Tenor in analysis presents what social status is like and social role which is played by the participants in a text (Santosa, 2003: 51). Status here is divided into two aspects: equal and unequal which both refer to a symbolic relationship between the positions of the participants in the social process. It is called an equal status when the participants show the democratic or horizontal relationship such as among students or friends. On the other hand, it is called unequal when a participant shows the different position or vertical relationship such as between a doctor and a patient or between a director and a worker.

2. Contact

Contact refers to the language in use. It evaluates the language in the text that is used to measure the text whether it is familiar or not, whether the participant in the text is much involved or distant to know how far the language is understood. Furthermore, contact is also related to the readability of text to measure the level of the difficulties whether it is complex, easy or easiest to be understood (Santosa, 2003: 52).

commit to user 3. Affect

Affect is different from status and contact. Affect in an analysis is more related to the evaluation among the participants who are involved in the text. Poynton in Martin classifies affect into two types: positive and negative evaluation (Martin, 1992: 533). Affect is called positive when the participants

support, show agreement to the participant’s opinion or they respect and praise

between one and another participant. However, affect is called negative when the

participants do criticize, attack or mock, and disagree toward the participant’s

opinion (Santosa, 2003: 51).

F. Lexicogrammar 1. Clause System

Clause is a grammatical unit that consists of one or more groups, and it is made up of identifiable constituents, each of which has its own structure. There are two kinds of clause: minor and major clauses. Minor and major clauses have the same position in telling the rhetoric meaning in the text. Minor clause is a clause without process that has incomplete functional constituents but the clause pragmatically has rhetoric function as a major clause.

On the other hand, major clause is a clause with a process that consists of two types: simplex and complex clause. The clause is called simplex since it has a single process while another clause is called complex since it has two or more processes. Complex clause has two relations: interdependency and logico-semantics relation.

commit to user a. Interdependency Relation

1. Paratactic (1, β, γ…)

It is a parallel or similar relation. The two clauses are independent each

other or they can stand by themselves. It is signed by the external conjunction

and, but, or, so (that), both…and, not only…but also, and this relation is also

signed by thedirect speech, etc.

Table 2.1 External Conjunctions (but)

(7ab) People working in the buildings can still smoke

but they will have to smoke outside

the buildings.

1 ”2

(Taken from the data analysis text 1)

Table 2.2 External Conjunctions (and)

(7cd) should we follow in the footsteps of New York

and ban smoking in all public

building

1 +2

(Taken from the data analysis text 2) 2. Hypotactic (α, , …)

It is a super-ordinate and sub-ordinate relation. It means one clause can stand by itself and the other cannot stand by itself or one/more clauses are

dependent to the main clause. It can be signed by external conjunction after,

before, as, when, if, although, since, while, for, and hypotactic relation can be

signed by the indirect speech, etc.

Table 2.3 hypotactic relation

(5) The city will extend the smoking ban in public places and buildings

after finding

α X

commit to user b.Logico-Semantic Relation

Logico-semantic relation refers to the expansion relation that is through the super-ordinate/sub-ordinate semantic expansion, it is a modification. It can be expanded by hypotactic or paratactic relation.

1. Expansion

a. Elaboration (=)

It expresses the same thing with different wording. Elaboration occurs when one clause elaborates meaning with another clause by further specifying or describing it.

Table 2.4 Elaboration

(8) Following research which shows

α =

(Taken from the data analysis text 2) b.Extension (+)

It means one clause extends the meaning of another by adding something new to it, giving an exception/replacement, and offering an alternative or in other word what is added may be an addition, or an alternation, or an opposition.

Table 2.5 Extension

(7) Should we follow in the footsteps of New York

and ban smoking in all public buildings

1 +2

commit to user c. Enhancement (x)

It means one clause enhances the meaning of another by qualifying it with some circumstantial features on time, place, cause, condition, reason, purpose or concession.

Table 2.6 Enhancement

(5) The city will extend the smoking ban in public places and buildings

after finding

α X

(Taken from the data analysis text 1) 2. Projection

It is a logico-semantic relation of clause complex that one clause projects the others in verbal and idea, like in reported speech: direct and indirect speech.

a. Locution

It is the verbal projection that verbal and verbal behaviors are signed by

verb: say, tell, ask, claim, suggest, etc and locution is symbolized by (“).

Table 2.7 Locution

(17) The BPLHD [he] said would make an assessment

1 ”2

(Taken from the data analysis text 1) b.Idea

It is the mental projection in cognition and perception signed by verb:

understand, realize, see and idea is symbolized by (‘).

Table 2.8 Idea

The Jakarta Environment Management Board (BPLHD) [head of law enforcement [Ridwan Panjaitan]] said

his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree

α ‘

commit to user 1) MOOD System and Structure

Mood system expresses interpersonal meaning realized by four classifications: giving goods & service that is signed by indicative, declarative (Ex: here’s the book), giving information that is signed by indicative, declarative (Ex: this is the book), demanding goods & service that is signed by imperative phrase (Ex: find the book), and the last one is demanding information that is signed by interrogative phrase (Ex: is this the book?). Mood system can be seen in the following figure:

Figure 2.2 Mood System

Indicative Declarative (S^F)

(S&F) Interrogative (F^S) Polar

Mood system (F^S)

Imperative (P) Wh

(Wh^F^S) (Adapted from Santosa, 2003: 109) Mood structure realizes the interpersonal meaning. It refers to the

participant interaction classified in two aspects: giving and demanding. It also

shows a semantic meaning of clause whether it is proposition or proposal.

Proposition is used to exchange the information while proposal enables the exchange of good and service.

Table 2.9 Mood Structure

Good & service Information

Giving Demanding

Here’s the book Find the book

This is the book Is this the book?

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Proposal Proposition

(Ibid: 108) 2) Polarity and Modality System

a. Polarity System

Polarity, according to Halliday, is the choice between positive and negative. It is particularly expressed in the Finite element, for Finite verbal

operator has two forms: positive and negative. The positive form is like in is, was,

has, can, etc while the negative one is the positive form added by „not‟, such is not, was not, has not, cannot. The positive polarity is considered as unmarked theme and the negative one is marked theme.

For example (Taken from the data analysis):

1. 93 percent of the respondents were aware of the regulations (positive polarity).

2. I don’tlike being surrounded by smoke (negative polarity). b. Modality System

Halliday mentions that modality system is defined as the speaker’s

judgment of the probabilities or the obligation, involved what he/she is saying

(1985: 86). It relates to the modality clause such as must, will, etc. Modality

system is used to know whether the clause belongs to the preposition meaning or proposal meaning (Santosa, 2003: 112). Modality stands in the middle of the positive and negative polarity clauses and generally modality is divided into three degrees; they are high (must), medium (will) and low (may).

Modality consists of two types: modalization and modulation. Modalization expresses proposition meaning and it is divided into two, probability

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and usuality while modulation expresses the proposal meaning which consists of two types, obligation and inclination.

Figure 2.3 Modality System

MODALIZATION (Indicative types) [probability] [usuality] It is

Certainly always Probably usually Possibly sometimes

It isn’t

Positive

negative

MODULATION (imperative type)

[obligation] [inclination] Do

Required determined Supposed keen Allowed willing

Don’t

(Adapted from Halliday, 1985: 335) Besides, modalization and modulation can be signed by clauses or verb

groups, for instance I think she is a good girl. The word think shows low

probability. Modality usually can be seen from modal adjunct like probably,

possibly, maybe, generally, etc, for example generally, the crisis will end when there is a political agreement. The word generally shows medium usuality of modalization (Santosa, 2003: 113-114).

3) Theme System

Halliday in Eggins states that theme is the element which serves as “the

starting-point for the message: it is what the clause is going to be about”. It means

theme gives the main information that mentions somewhere in the text or is

It must be It will be It may be

Must do Will do May do

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familiar from the context. Theme is the element which comes first in the clause (1994: 274). Continuously, there are three types of theme: Topical theme, Interpersonal theme and Textual theme.

a. Topical Theme

Topical theme can be assigned from the first position in a clause. The main point to remember of this theme is that every clause must contain one and only one topical theme, or easy definition. We can stop finding the theme if you has already found the Topical Theme. It consists of two types such as Unmarked and Marked Topical Theme.

Unmarked Topical signed as the usual Subject, like mother, my uncle, etc

while Marked Topical is other than Subject, for instance it can be an Object,

Adjunct (name of place), predicator, complement at the beginning of clause, etc.

For example (taken from the data analysis text 2):

Table 2.10 Unmarked Topical Theme

The Mory survey [commissioned…London] Also showed

Unmarked topical theme Table 2.11 Marked Topical Theme

what level of restriction if any They Want

Marked top. theme Rheme

b.Interpersonal Theme

Interpersonal theme is assigned to occur in the beginning of a clause. The constituent functions as Interpersonal Theme is: the unfazed Finite in interrogative

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structure and the Modal Adjunct: Mood, Polarity, Vocative and Comment (Eggins, 1994: 276).

1. Unfused Finite in Interrogative structure (do)

Table 2.12 Unfused Finite in Interrogative structure

Do you Give Blood?

Interpersonal Topical

(Ibid: 278)

2. Mood Adjunct (maybe, I think, just)

Table 2.13 Mood Adjunct

Maybe Stephen Could Help

Interpersonal Topical

(Ibid: 279)

3. Polarity Adjunct (yes / no)

Table 2.14 Polarity Adjunct Yes / no

Interpersonal

This adjunct is analyzed as the interpersonal theme when it occurs in cases yes/no act interpersonally or as the polarity adjunct itself. Note that polarity adjunct is accompanied by the ellipsis position, so it will not be a following by topical theme (ibid: 280).

4. Vocative Adjunct

Table 2.15 Vocative Adjunct

Simon, Isn’t That Where they put the

needle in interpersonal Interpersonal topical

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It is categorized as the Interpersonal theme although it is not constituent of the MOOD element. It occurs before the first topical theme and it consists of one or more than one adjunct in a clause (ibid: 279).

5. Comment Adjunct (fortunately, unfortunately)

Table 2.16 Comment Adjunct

Fortunately, The bomb Didn’t Explode

Interpersonal Topical

This adjunct can be identified from the adverbial expressions of attitude where the attitude relates to the entire clauses. It is classified into the Interpersonal Theme when a comment adjunct occurs before the first topical Theme (ibid: 280).

c. Textual Theme

It refers to the cohesive work in connecting between clause and the context. Textual theme has two types: Continuity Adjunct and Conjunctive Adjunct (Eggins, 1994: 281).

1. Continuity Adjunct (well, umm, err, oh, no…)

It is usually used in spoken dialogue to indicate that speaker’s contribution is

somehow continuous with a previous speaker has said in an earlier turn. Yea/

no can be included this adjunct when it is as the first item in a clause.

Table 2.17 Continuity Adjunct

No, You wouldn’t

Textual Topical

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2. Conjunctive Adjunct (and, then, after, although, but, however, etc)

It occurs before the first topical theme in a clause. The conjunctives (and, but)

which are used to link clauses together within a sentence will necessary occur in the first position in the clause whereas a conjunctive which links sentences to other sentences (however) may occur in other positions.

Table 2.18 Conjunctive Adjunct

And He Proposes marriage

Textual Topical

(ibid: 282) 4) Group System

a. Nominal Group

Basically, nominal is made up of single, a noun. Furthermore the nominal group actually comes from the expansion of the word itself, for

instance, a noun home which only consists of a head because it stands

alone without any modification or called modifier. On the other hand, the

nominal group appears more complicated, consisting of head and the

modifier, for example white house, white is called pre-modifier since it

comes before the head and house is as the head (Bloor, 2004: 138).

There are several kinds of modifier that can be realized by word classes, most frequently by deictic (D), numerals (Num), epithet (E), classifier (C), thing (T), and qualifier (Q) (Santosa, 2003: 100).

1. Thing

It is the main item of this nominal group or it is a nominalization process which becomes the head of the nominal group. It can be noun,

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pronoun, infinitive phrase, and gerund or noun clause (Santosa, 2003: 102).

(13a) The survey said T

(Taken from the data analysis text 1) 2. Deictic

Deictic in a nominal group functions as the determiner. It is realized with this, that, these, those, and also by the article the which is called specific deictic. Meanwhile, non-specific deictic is the indefinite article a/an, each, every, neither, no, either, all, some, etc (Bloor, 2004: 140). Besides, Santosa mentions that deictic is also realized into

possessive items such as his, their, our, John‟s, my sisters‟, etc (2003:

101). For example: (5a) The city will extend D

(6b) his office would revise the 2005 gubernatorial decree. D

(18) A building will then be given one of four ratings [ poor, satisfactory, D

good and very good].

(Taken from the data analysis text 1) 3. Numerative

Numerative is a pre-modifier item that is realized by numbers or

numerals like 1, 2, 1st 2nd, or by such expressions as many, several, a lot

of, etc. (ibid: 140-141)

(13c) and 60 percent of them stated

Num

commit to user 4. Epithet

Epithet is a pre-modifier item that describes the quality of thing in

terms of its size, shape, color or condition. In English, epithet can be

realized into adjective, present participle, and past participle (Santosa,

2003: 101).

(13e) to smoke in public closed areas E T

(Taken from the data analysis text 1) 5. Classifier

It is a pre-modifier item that classifies thing based on the types or

kinds. Classifier can be realized by noun, adjective, and gerund.

(8d) that the non-smoking areas were contaminated by smoking rooms

C T

(Taken from the data analysis text 1) 6. Qualifier

Qualifier functions in the nominal group as the post-modifier that adds information about the thing. It can be realized by adjective clause, present participle phrase, past participle phrase, infinitive phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase and ordinal/cardinal phrase (Santosa, 2003: 103).

(5c) … smoke [[infiltrating non-smoking area]] Q

(Taken from the data analysis text 1) b.Verbal Group

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Mainly, it is a verb group that has a verb as the main point of the group itself. In transitivity, verbal group expresses the event concept such as what is going on, happening, saying, doing, sensing, acting, etc.

In English, based on the form, this verbal group consists of finite and non-finite, the secondary tenses and based on the voice it has active and passive. The finite involves the tenses (past, present, future) and modal (can, must, should, etc) components while the non-finite does not. The active verb shows agent as subject while passive verb shows goal of process, phenomenon, value or verbiage as subject in passive clause (Santosa, 2003:104).

For example:

(15) The survey follows the introduction of smoking bans F / P

(Taken from the data analysis text 2) The verbal group also has logical structure meaning as it realizes

the system of tenses, consisting of primary (α) or modal and secondary

tense ( , , etc), or event. Those tenses have three signs, they are (-) for past, (о) for present, and (+) for future.

(8b) Smoking free regulation would be imposed on all spaces in buildings

αmod pass event

(Taken from the data analysis text 1) 5) Lexis System

Lexis is a system which realizes the ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning of the verbal social process or text. Lexis in textual meaning refers to the congruent and incongruent system continuing with

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technicality and abstraction. However lexis in interpersonal meaning explains the descriptive and attitudinal lexis (Santosa, 2003: 12).

a. Congruent and Incongruent Lexis

Congruent is a process which is realized by a direct process taken from the physical reality change to symbolical reality. It for

example noun is symbolized by nominal group, process/activity is

symbolized by verbal group, circumstance is symbolized by adverbia

groupl, etc. For example:

Arinda got an accident yesterday

Table 2.19 Congruent Lexis

Physical reality Arinda, an accident (noun) Got (process) Yesterday (cir.time)

Symbolical reality Nominal group Verbal group Adverbial group

Based on the example above, we can see those words are called congruent since physical reality match to the symbolical reality, for

instance the words Arinda, an accident are in the physical reality

called noun and then it is still functioned as nominal group in the

symbolical reaality, the word got is in the physical reality called

process and it is called verbal group in the symbolical reality, and the

last is the word yesterday is in the physical reality called circumstance

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Meanwhile, incongruent is a process in which symbol has indirect process with the reality. It is realized by changing a group into other grammatical system. It is called grammatical metaphor that consists of two types: nominalization and abstraction. Abstraction and nominalization is a process of changing verb into noun. This nominalization is used for neutralizing some idea and making brief defiinition so that it is effective in scientific written text. Moreover, there is another type which is made by means of nominalization called technicality. Technicality is a nominalization or abstraction of process that produces the specific terms of certain field (ibid: 123-124).

For example:

The factor of cold lava flood in Boyolali was the explosion of Merapi

Mountain on October, 30th.

Table 2.20 Incongruent Lexis

Physical reality

factor (logical relation ) cold lava flood (process)

explosion (process)

Symbolical reality noun

noun noun

The words factor, cold lava flood and explosion are classified into

incongruent in which the symbol has indirect relation with the physical reality.

commit to user b. Descriptive and Attitudinal Lexis

Descriptive lexis is a lexis that describes the experiential reality without any opinion or implicit meaning while attitudinal lexis tells about the experiential reality that has any implicit meaning, opinion, sense and attitude of the writer toward the reality. Moreover, attitudinal lexis shows the interpersonal meaning of words/text (ibid: 126).

For example:

1. The livestock sector in Nigeria is characterized by low productivity

(descriptive lexis)

2. If there is any specimen lower than a fornicating preacher, it must

be a shady scientist (attitudinal lexis)

(Adapted from Santosa, 2003: 127)

In number 1, the words livestock, sector and low show descriptive lexis

since those words describe the experiential reality without any opinion

from the writer whereas the words specimen, fornicating and shady in

number 2 show the attitudinal lexis because those words contain certain ideology opinion that can be used to attack the other writer. The descriptive lexis is appropriate to use on academic text that describes the phenomena objectively, but attitudinal lexis is appropriate for popular

essay such as politic, economic, and social field essay, etc (ibid: 127).

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Metaphor is related to the meaning as a part of variation expression that describes how the meaning is expressed but it does not describe how the word is used. Halliday divides metaphor into two types: ideational and interpersonal metaphor (1994: 341). Ideational metaphor occurs when

non-living things do activities like what living things do; for example, the

city will extend the smoking ban in public places (taken from the data analysis text 1). Interpersonal metaphor turns on two conditions: mood and modality metaphors. Mood metaphor expresses the function of speech

such as statement, question, offer and command, for example, I‟ll shoot

the pianist while modality metaphor happens when the speaker’s opinion

concerns to the probability, for instance using the word ‘I think‟, I think, it

is going to rain (ibid: 363).

G. COHESION

Cohesion in a text tells about a relationship between first paragraph and the next one that has the correlation meaning. In addition, cohesion also shows the identification of a relationship between the previous paragraph and the next paragraph whether it is recognized as the cohesion or not (Widdowson, 2006: 48), or simply, cohesion is used to link the parts of a text together. The important thing

in the course of cohesion is the writer can establish in the reader’s mind toward

the understanding previous context to the next/new context.

There are two types of cohesion: Grammatical and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion is a unit of form (symbol/textual) and meaning (experiential, logical, rhetorical, or interpersonal) as a result of grammatical

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connection in internal clauses or often called ‘agreement’ between subject and the finite or verb and the external clauses. Martin divides internal clause into 4 types, they are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction (Martin, 1992: 384).

First, reference generally is a pronominalthat isused to refer thing (it, she,

he, her, his, they, etc) or idea (this, that, etc). Eggins states that reference is related to how the writer or speaker introduces participants and then keeps track of them

once they are in the text (1994: 95). For example, Andi and Ali are brothers, they

always together. The words Andi and Ali refer to thing with the word they, so it is called reference relation.

Second, substitution is a replacement of the constituent element in a clause into grammatical form. Grammatically, those constituent is predicator and the compliments. This substitution is used to have effectiveness in avoiding repetition

word, for example: Father gives money to Ika, so do I. the word so do is one of

substitution in English.

Third, Ellipsis is used in an effective need in language. It can be done by omitting a little part or whole constituent element of a sentence. The spoken language like conversation often uses this cohesion, for example:

Andara : “Hi, Ana. How are you today?”

Ana : “Fine”

Andara : “Your shirt is nice?”

Ana : “Thanks”

Actually the words fine and thanks are derivied from I‟m fine and thank you.

However they use the simple answer or it is called ellipsis cohesion. The word

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yes/no question or WH question while the word thanks is called nominal ellipsis

that is an ellipsis within nominal group.

Fourth, conjunction is as we know a connector idea among clauses in grammatical cohesion. This function consists of two conjunctions: internal and external conjunction. Internal conjunction connects the idea of two simplex clauses or two ideas in a paragraph while external conjunction which connects two ideas in complex clauses.

Meanwhile, lexical cohesion describes the lexical connection on a text that has a taxonomic or non-taxonomic relation. Taxonomic relation consists of super-ordinate and composition relation and non-taxonomic has nuclear relation and expectancy activity (Santosa, 2003: 66).

Super-ordinate relation is a lexical relation as the result of a phenomena both of natural and social or scientific. Super-ordinate relation has two types: inclusion and taxonomic relation. Inclusion relation consists of hyponym and co-hyponym and similarity types belonged to antonym, repetition and synonym. On the other hand, taxonomic relation has composition in part-whole cohesive relation, for example garden-plants.

Nuclear relation is a cohesion relation that expands between the nuclear and the peripheral in clause degrees, verbal and noun group. The functions are to add the idea (extension), for example: win-race, try-to win, large-elephant, and the second is to modify the idea (enhancement), for example run-track, run-quickly, boat-in the water. The next type of non-taxonomic relation is an expectancy activity which refers to the chronological activity done by the participants on an

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event which is signed by the chronological of time (take a bath - have breakfast - go to school - study - go home) and logical/consequential relation (getting ill - see doctor - get medicine - heal).

H. Text Structure

Martin (1992: 505) says that text structure refers to “schematic structure”.

It means text structure is defined as staged, goal-oriented social process realized through register. Santosa also mentions that text structure is a unity of form and meaning of text form and its meaning represents one organism structure of opening, body and closing (2003: 60).

Text structure implies genre. The staging of text structure is the unity part of the text and then we should view the general tendency of the staging structure and social function of the text to interpret a text in certain genre. In the staging of text, there may have more than one social function, but the other social function is still more general function of the text. Thus, a text only has one social function and one genre (Ibid: 62).

Wiratno (2003: 4) says a text has a text structure. Generally text structure consists of opening, body and closing, but it does not always run in that ways or it can be mentioned that the different text also has different text structure. A brochure text does not have an opening or preface and a letter does not have conclusion although it has a closing text.

I. Genre

Genre is generally defined as a social process, realized from the cultural value and norm in society. The social process here means using the language as a

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center medium in verbal field such as listening to the radio, sharing, reading newspaper, etc and non-verbal field like in an economic, sport or politic field (Santosa, 2010: 70).

Swales in Santosa (2003: 26) defines genre as a class or type that has certain communication purpose. Therefore, there are variations of those purposes in society and it also means they have many kinds of genre, like in the discourse community; journalist has news, advertisement, reader’s forum, editorial, etc.

In the latest century, genre has brought wide definition in linguistics study, belongs to the SFL. Linguists still have different opinion about this definition, but it provides the same concept that genre consists of two types: macro and micro genre. Macro genre takes place in the super-ordinate culture while genre is in the sub-ordinate culture, like in English Specific Purposes called micro genre. Genre considers to change if it is on the different culture, and time and purpose will do change. This purpose and the stage also will confine the use of language belonged to the text structure (Santosa, 2010: 76).

Micro genre consists of two types based on the social function: factual genre and story genre (Martin, 1992: 562). Factual genre is taken from the daily activity, academic, journalistic, etc which is divided into eight genres: recount, report, procedure, explanation, description, exposition, exploration, and discussion genre. On the other hand, story genre is taken from story social process purposed to entertain or somehow it is used to tease social phenomena. In fact, this genre is unrelated with literature such as in western (Santosa, 2010: 79). This genre contains four types: recount, anecdote, exemplum and narrative.

commit to user 1. Factual Genre

a. Recount Genre

Recount is used to retell past event or something which happened in the past. It purposes to inform or even just to entertain. Recount text does not function to generalize the issue, but having activity structured based on the sequence of time (Santosa, 2010: 77).

This genre is belonged to the factual genre because it is a note of

an event, such as newspaper report, police report, scientific experiment

report, etc. The structure of recount consist of three stage: orientation

(giving the information which answers who, when and where the text

happened), event (ordered in a chronological sequence), and reorientation

(closing text which usually contains personal comment).

Table 2.21 Recount Genre

My Adventure at Leang-Leang Cave

On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang .

It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet; my best friend came to visit it with me!

The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings were turned into a national park, so it was taken care of.

My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called Kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here are the shells and dumped the left over in their 'kitchen'.

Orientation

Events 1

Event 2

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The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.

After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!

Event 4

Reorientation

(Taken from http://najibblog2010.blogspot.com) b.Report Genre

Generally report genre presents information about something. It reports a whole non-living and living thing of the social sequence as a result of observation and analysis (Wiratno, 2003: 41).

In a text, report has two stages: general statement and the

classification, and the description. Report text also has language features like using conditional logical connection (when, so, etc) and using simple present tense.

Table 2.22 Report Genre

Komodo Dragon

Do you know what the largest lizard is? This lizard is

called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of a

few Indonesian islands.

Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) but the average size of komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91 kg).

Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They also hunt other lizards as well as large

General statement & the

classification.

commit to user mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.

The Komodo dragons’ teeth are almost completely

covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed, creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that lives in the Komodo dragons saliva causes septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will bite its prey, and then follow it until the animal is too weak to carry on.

This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey species and habitat loss.

(Taken from http://understandingtext.blogspot.com ) c. Procedure Genre

Procedure tells a set of steps which must be completed in the right way or sequence to reach the goal (Wiratno, 2003: 20). In daily life, most of our activities are related to the procedures. For example, early in the morning, as a student we perform some steps to prepare our school starting take a bath to take breakfast. In doing this, we have to follow the procedure in order to get a good preparation.

There are two generic structures of procedurenamely goal (title of

the text) and step (a series steps oriented to achieving the Goal). However

the generic feature of procedure uses simple present tense and conjunction like numbers to indicate sequence especially in written text.

Table 2.23 Procedure Genre

How To Insert SIM Card

First off all, switch off the phone

Second, pull the battery lock on the back the phone, and hold it in thus position.

Next, slide the cover, and lift the battery.

Then, insert the SIM card into its slot. But, remember, do it carefully.

Um, one more thing, don t forget to make sure the golden

Goal

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connectors on the card face into the phone and ah, the opposite end of the battery until it snaps into place.

Now, slide the cover back onto the mobile phone

Finally, switch on your phone and you will see the signal of your SIM card on the phone screen and, do you know what that means? Good, it means you can start using your phone.

(Taken from http://yuan212.wordpress.com) d.Explanation Genre

In the scientific term, it is used to explain the theory from the beginning and the next growth, and then why choose that theory to solve the problem until how that theory is applied (Wiratno, 2003: 50).

Generally, explanation is a process in the activities which is related to natural phenomena, the scientific world, socio-cultural, or other purpose.

The structure of this genre consists of three stages: general statement and

explanation process while the language feature usually uses simple present tense and passive voice.

Table 2.24 Explanation Genre

Tsunami

The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbor ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.

Subductions of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

General statement

Explanation process

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114 judgment of both texts is proved by the use of modality system, the use of polarity system, the use of attitudinal lexis and clause system. Meanwhile, both texts have different judgment between the writers toward the issue which is indicated by the use of attitudinal lexis and polarity system. The judgment of text 1 is positive while the judgment of text 2 is negative.

Furthermore, viewing from the contact of both texts, the language is used in those texts is quite familiar and readable. It can be proved by the use of dominant simplex nominal and verbal groups, less percentage of the numbers of complex nominal and verbal groups, the use of cohesive relation: lexical string and conjunction relation, metaphors: ideational and interpersonal metaphors, technicality and nominalization, and exposition genre in text1 and discussion genre in text 2. Moreover, contact refers to the degree of involvement among participants. Text 1 belongs to frequent or close intimacy relation between the writer to the readers. It is proved by the use of address form „we” that is presented in both texts. Meanwhile, the use of address form such as mayor, miss, Mr., etc indicate the intimacy between the writer and the readers is far.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

Based on the data analysis in the previous chapter, the conclusion can be drawn as follows:

1. Status

Both texts show that the status both of texts between the writers and the participants, and between the writers and the readers is equal. Based on the lexicogrammar analysis, equal status can be seen from MOOD system in which is all of the clauses are indicative, declarative and proposition clauses. Those clauses mean that the writers give detail information about smoking ban in public places to the target readers.

2. Affect

The news texts of smoking ban in both online newspapers: The Jakarta Post and London Evening Standard apply positive judgment. It can be seen from the relation between the writer toward the issue and the writer to the readers.

The employment of positive judgment of both texts can be detected from polarity system. The texts are dominated by positive polarity. The writers of both texts carry positive tendency by showing the support of smoking ban in public spaces to the readers. The employment of negative polarity in text 2 shows the writer does not agree toward he case.

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Besides, the use of attitudinal lexis in both texts also supports the positive judgment between the writer and the readers. The use some negative attitudinal clauses make the judgment between the writer and the reader in text 2 is negative judgment.

The employment of low and medium probability of both texts can also be signed as providing the positive judgment since the writers express the positive opinion to the readers. In addition, by applying the genre and the text structure, the writers arrange the texts for the readers by describing the attempt of the institutions and government mentioned in the texts to support the issue to support the smoking ban in public places by revising the old rule, campaigning to introduce the ban, voting and giving the sanction. In the case between the writer toward the issue, text 1 is positive judgment with its exposition genre and text 2 negative judgment with its discussion genre in 3. Contact

Based on the data interpretation, the writers of both texts categorize their texts into familiarity language. It can be seen from clause system of both texts which are dominated by simplex nominal and simplex verbal groups and followed by the complex one. It means that the texts absolutely become familiar and easy to be understood by the readers.

The use of cohesive relation (lexical strings and conjunction relation) also supports the familiarity of both texts. It aims to make the texts are clear and to avoid monotonous words since the texts use various words having similar meaning. The employments of ideational and interpersonal metaphors

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in both texts indicate that the texts are easy to understand since the target readers are people who master English.

Further, both texts provide technicality and nominalization which prove that both of texts are familiar for the readers since the readers are people who master English. The use of genre and its structure of both texts prove that the texts are also familiar in language use. The writers want to give detail about the news through the simple structure of the texts. The writers do not provide the recommendation in their texts. They purpose to make the readers have their own conclusion. In addition,the writer of text 1 provides the use of address form ‘we’ which indicates that the writers involve the readers in the text. The writers try to build intimate communication to the readers. Meanwhile, the writer of text 2 applies address form such as ‘mayor’, ‘miss’, and ‘Mr.’ etc which indicate that the intimacy the writer to the readers is far in the text.

4. Similarities and Differences of Both Texts

Based on tenor analysis of both texts, there are similarities and differences between the two texts. Both texts have equal status between the writer, the participants and the readers. It is supported by the use of indicative, declarative functioning as proposition.

From the analysis of affect, the judgment between the writer to the readers is positive. It is proved by the use of modality system, the use of polarity system, the use of attitudinal lexis and clause system. Meanwhile, both texts have different judgment between the writers toward the issue. The

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judgment of text 1 is positive since the writer shows agreement toward the issue while the judgment of text 2 is negative since the writer shows disagreement toward the issue. It can be proved by the use of attitudinal lexis and polarity system.

In addition, the contact of both texts shows quite familiar in using language. It can be proved by the use of dominant simplex nominal and verbal groups, less percentage of the numbers of complex nominal and verbal groups, the use of cohesive relation: lexical strings and conjunction relation, metaphors: ideational and interpersonal metaphors, technicality and nominalization, and exposition genre in text1 and discussion genre in text 2. Moreover, contact refers to the degree of involvement among participants. Text I is involvement contact which is proved by the use of address form we while text 2 is not involvement contact since the text provide address form miss, Mr., and mayor to show the far intimacy between the writer to the readers in the text.

Finally, form the description of tenor analysis, text 1 is more effective in applying the issue than text 2. In text 1, the writer provides one side opinion that is presented in title and subtitle in the text structure. Although, the text does not have conclusion, the readers still can decide their opinion through the writer’s text.

B. Recommendation

This research is proposed to be an additional knowledge in analyzing text to the next researcher. These recommendations are as follows:

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1. The researcher recommends the next researcher especially those who are interested in Systemic Functional Linguistics, to study Systemic Functional Linguistics more deeply since this theory is very useful in comprehending and analyzing the text.

2. This research still applies two texts to find out the comparative study. This is expected to the next researchers to analyze more than two texts from another local and international newspaper to result in more comprehensive tenor analysis.

3. The researcher recommends the next researchers to conduct a further research using other element of SFL such as textual and ideational meaning.