xxxii a product of social interaction among the participant involved in the text
Halliday and Hassan, 1985:10 A text cannot be separated from the context. The context can be a
reference to determine the social meaning of a text. The context is divided into two, the context of culture and the context of situation. Context of culture is
realize in the genre and ideology. It includes some value such as philosophical, psychological, ideological, sociological, and cultural values. The culture also give
the purpose and meaning to the text Halliday and Hasan, 1985 Meanwhile, context of situation can be specified into three variables: field
tenor and mode. Field specifies the social happening with reference what is going on, where, when and how it happens. Tenor refers to the social relationship
between those who are taking part. Tenor is about the status and the roles of the participants and kinds of relationship they have. Mode refers to how language is
being used whether the channel of communication is spoken or written. Mode refers to particular functions that are assigned to language in this situation and
rhetorical channel ibid.
G. Spoken and Written
The aspect which is used to evaluate whether a text is spoken or written language style is channel. By analyzing the channel, it can be seen whether the
language of the text tends to be written or spoken. Spoken and written language style here is not interrelated with the language that is said aloud or written down,
xxxiii but it can be seen from the nature of language that is used. The division of
language style above is a continuum. This means that whether the language has the nature of spoken, tends to be spoken, between spoken and written, tends to be
writer, or has the nature of written Santoso,2003:53. According to Gerot and Wignell, the term ‘written language’ does not only
refer to language which is written down, like the term ‘spoken language’ does not only refer to language which is said aloud. The issue here is not just the medium
through which languages transmitted but, more importantly , the way meanings are encoded. 1994 : 161.
Halliday 1985:80 says that written language tends to be densed because it displays much higher ratio of lexical item to total running of words, while
spoken language is sparse. On the other hand, the differences between spoken and written language is one of intricacy in which the information is organized. Spoken
language is more complex that written. Spoken language responds continually to the small but subtle changes in its environment, both verbal and non-verbal, and
in so doing exhibits a rich pattern of semantic, and hence also of grammatical variation that does not explore in writing. Moreover, the complexity of writing
basically lies in its density, the packing together of lexical content, but it is rather simple in grammatical frame. Here, much more of the meaning is expressed by
grammar than by vocabulary. In short, the complexity of written language is lexical and the complexity of spoken language is grammatical.
xxxiv
H. Genre and Generic Structure Potential
