The fourth is the past life of the character. The author let the reader to learn something about the character’s past life to see how the character’s
characteristics are shaped. It can be seen through the narrator or conversation. The fifth is thoughts. In a novel there must be a part when the characters
talk to inner monologues, then the personalities can be seen in what they are thinking about.
The sixth way is the reaction of the character. It can be seen on how the character reacts to some situations or events. Also, on how they face the problem
or find the solutions of their problem. The last one is mannerism. The manner or the habits of the character must
be showed the personalities of the character. The personalities can be described by how the character treats other people, their daily behavior, are they have moral or
not. In literary work, character has important role. Actor and actress are the
character in the novel. They are the teller and the actor that reveals the novel through their speech or action. Abrams and Harpham said that:
Character are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral, intellectual,
and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it-the dialogue-and from what they do-the
action 2009:42.
Robert Stanton describes that character is classified into two different types. The first type is major character. It is a character that may dominate the
whole story. The second type is minor character, it is presented in order to explain and help the other character, especially the major character 1965: 17-18
The term “character” is commonly used in two ways: it designates the individuals who appear in the story, as in “How many characters are
there?” and it refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals, as in “How
would you describe his character?” 1965: 17.
Holman and Harmo n stated in their book titled that “characterization is the
creation of imaginary personages who exist for readers as lifelike” 1986: 80. There are three basic methods of characterization that related to character:
a. The explicit presentation of the character by the author through direct explanation whether in a bo
ok’s introduction or throughout the work, illustrated by action 1986: 81.
b. The presentation of the character in action, therefore the reader will be able to conclude the attributes of character from its actions 1986: 81-
82. c. The presentation from within a character without comment on the
character by the author of the impact of the actions and emotions on the character’s inner self, with the expectation that the reader will
come to clear understanding of the attributes of the character 1986: 82.
2. Theory of Motive and Motivation
Normally, every human in this world must have goals in life whether it is short term or lifetime goal. The goals itself appear because of certain motive. The
motive is the main base reason of human doing something or behaving. Motive can explain why a man prefers to ride a motorcycle to go to work rather than a
car. For some people, motivation is something which triggered someone to achieve the goal. There is a relation between motive and motivation. According to
Worchel and Shebilske, The term of motive to describe the condition that energizes and directs the
behavior of organism, but motivation explains why an organism acts in a certain way at a certain time-it provides the bridge between learning and
performance 1989: 373-374.
From his statement, it means that motive is the factor which pushes an organism to act directly while the motivation influences an organism to decide and behave
in certain situation. In this study, the analysis leads to the motive rather than the motivation of the main character to be a concubine.
Charles G. Morris said that “Motive is an inner directing force-a need or want- that arouses the organism and directs behavior toward a goal 1990:408
”. It is s
imilar to Kagan and Havernann’s definition of motive that motive is a desire of goal that has acquired value for the individual 1972:44.
Furthermore, based on Oxford Dictionary 8
th
Edition, motive has two meaning, “motive as a noun is a reason for doing something and motive as
adjective is c ausing movement or action” p.963.
Worchel and Shebilske place two motives into two groups. The first is primary motive, which concerns in our biological needs, e.g. thirst, sexual desire,
hunger, rest, etc. This motive is usually unlearned, common to all animals, and vital for the survival of the organism or the species. The second is social motive
which comes from learning and social interaction, includes the needs for affiliation, aggression, and achievement 1989:374.
Another definition of motive is from David C. Edwards. He classifies motive into three categories, there are 1 Survival motive. It is based on
psychological necessity or other condition of an individual which may directly affect the survival of that individual; 2 Social motives which require the
presence or participation of another individual for their expression or instigation;
3 Self motive. It contributes towards the maintenance of the concept of self or ego which each individual has personally developed. 1969: 70-71
Motives can be further explored through Abraham Maslow ’s hierarchy of
needs 1970 as cited by Gerric and Zimbardo 2008: 122 who formulated the theory hierarchy of needs in five levels. It means that when someone wants to
reach hisher goals, there must the needs that heshe has to fulfill according to the sequence of the levels. Based on Maslow, there are five needs that someone has to
fulfill in order to achieve his goal. The first level is physiological needs, such as food, oxygen, and water. These physiological needs must be fulfilled before step
the higher needs. Biologically every human need energy to do the activities. To get the energy, they need to eat, drink, and sleep. Without fulfill the physiological
needs, they can not be able to fulfill the next level of hierarchy. The next level is safety needs, it is called safety needs because the person’s need of security,
comfort, freedom for fear from dangerous situation or maybe from financial disaster. The third level is attachment or belonging needs. This is a person’s need
of affection, love and to be loved, having a place in a society or group. The fourth is esteem needs, the requirement for balancing the other needs. It needs of
achievement, power, and self-respect. The last is the highest needs, it is self- actualization needs. A self-
actualization need is a person’s need to reach achievement for himself. It means that the person must realize about his personal
potential.
