B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Characterization
In order to reveal the characteristics of the main character in the play, we need to use characterization theories. One of the theories is from M.H. Abrams,
who says that the way of characterizing people is divided into two ways, showing and telling.
In showing, the author simply presents the characters acting and talking and leaves the reader to infer the motives and dispositions that lie behind
what they say and do… In telling, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and dispositions
qualities of the character Abrams, 1993: 24.
This theory indicates that by looking at the way a character talks and acts, we can figure out the real characteristics of a character, even the real motives of doing
something in the deepest heart of a character. The similar theory was stated by Christopher R. Reaske in his book
entitled How to Analyze Drama. He stated that in drama, the way of characterizing a person must be shown through the dialogues 1966: 40.
Furthermore, he also mentioned some devices of characterization in drama. 1. The Appearance of the Character
The physical appearance is described by the playwright in the stage direction to give the first understanding of a character 1966: 46.
2. Asides and Soliloquies The character is described as he or she speaks, when a character speaks in short
asides or long soliloquies 1966: 46.
3. Dialogue between Characters The characteristic of a character is described through the way he or she talks to
the other characters 1966: 47. 4. Hidden Narration
The character is described in a way where another character narrates something about that character 1966: 47.
5. Language The personality of a character is described through the use of language and
expressions when he or she talks to another character 1966: 48. 6. Character in Action
The character is depicted through the way he or she acts in the play to give a better insight of his or her personality 1966: 48.
From those six devices of characterization according to Reaske, all of them are important ways to define a person’s characteristics. It can be noticed that most of
those ways of characterizing concern on the dialogues. According to the author, the dialogues are the most effective ways to define characteristics, especially in a
drama or play, which does not have any narration or description 1966: 40.
2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology
The purpose of this theory, as mentioned in the subtitle, is to give clarification that there is a connection between psychology and literature. Richard
A. Kalish stated in his book entitled The Psychology of Human Behavior that
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