Traces of objects Real evidence

In addition, in traficking cases where “juju” was used, the victims often have speciic scarring on their bodies from the “juju” ritual. This appears in Anthony Harrison United Kingdom 191 where the victims had scars on particular parts of their bodies which corre- sponded to the scars arising from “juju” rituals. The absence of “real evidence” when it would be expected Sometimes the lack of certain forms of “real evidence” when one would expect them to appear, can contribute to prove traficking and allied crimes. For example, if in a brothel, there are no signs of condoms, it may mean that the women are not permitted to ask clients to use them, thus contributing to prove their exploitation. Sources of “real evidence” The term “real evidence” is used to describe objects including people and animals submitted in evidence for the purpose of gathering impressions about their properties, rather than their content which would be classiied as testimonial or documentary evidence. “Real evidence” can be an important source of evidence in traficking in persons cases. “Real evidence” may assume many forms, including, but not limited to: • Photographs e.g. of a victim’s appearance, of a situation concerning the defendantvictim or of the living or working conditions of the victim • Video-recordings e.g. of sexual exploitation • Tools to hurt someone, such as electric shockers • Chains and locks which denote imprisonment • Sex toys and condoms • Fingerprints, biological traces and traces of objects • Marked money • Unexplained large amounts of cash • Behaviour during testimony e.g. crying, confusion, lack of emotion, evasiveness • Appearance of witness e.g. tattoos which denote ownership of the perpetrator over the victim

2.9 Evidence gathered by special investigative techniques

Some jurisdictions seek supporting evidence by means of special investigative techniques such as “stings” or entrapment initiatives; wiretapping; or surveillance of premises or persons. The evidence gathered in these ways can yield testimonial, documentary or “real” evidence. Caution must be exercised in learning from these cases, as different jurisdictions have dis- parate rules about the admissibility of evidence obtained by using such techniques. An example of an undercover operation which yielded “real evidence” can be found in Maycabalong Philippines, 192 in which police, informed of possible sexual exploitation of women by two men, conducted an undercover operation after a three-day long surveillance. During this operation, a police oficer posed as a customer and dusted the money to be paid 191 See Index of all cases. 192 See Index of all cases.