1. Self esteem: the way a person sees himself 2. Inhibition: to adapt the language ego
3. Risk- taking: how to „gamble‟ in learning new language
4. Anxiety: associated with uneasiness, frustration, or worry 5. Empathy: relation between language and society
6. Extroversion Similarly, Ellis 1989 explains several variables in personality i.e. anxiety, risk-
taking, tolerance of ambiguity, empathy, self-esteem, and inhibition and extraversion. Thus, it has been proven that extrovert and introvert exist in personality.
2.2.3 Characteristics of Extroversion and Introversion
The idea of extroversion and introversion as type of personality firstly appeared in works of Sigmund Freud. Then Carl Jung 1923 developed these notions. According
to Jung, if the energy tends to run outward, then the individual can be characterized as an extrovert. If the energy runs inward, the individual is characterized as an introvert.
Hans Eysenck, a British psychologist, maintains that the behavioral differences
between introverts and extroverts are due to brain physiology. Extroverts want social activity and excitement because it increases their level of arousal, in contrast to
introverts who stay away from situations deemed social to keep a minimum arousal level. Eysenck based his division on introverts and extroverts on varying degrees of
specific traits, such as excitability, level of activity, liveliness, degree of being social, and impulsiveness.
The typical extrovert is sociable, likes parties, has many friends, needs to have people to talk to, and does not like studying by him-self. He craves excitement, takes
chances, often sticks his neck out, acts on the spur of the moment, and is generally an impulsive individual. He always has a ready answer, and generally likes change. The
typical introvert, on the other hand, is quiet, retiring sort of person, introspective, fond of books rather than people; he is reserved and distant, except with intimate
friends. He tends to plan ahead and distrust the impulse of the moment. He does not like excitement, takes matters of everyday life with proper seriousness, and likes a
well ordered mode of life. Eysenck, 1965. The characteristics of extrovert and introvert cannot be used to judge which
personality is better. In case of social life, extrovert may be considered more desirable. It is due to their open minded characteristic to communicate with many
people, while introvert tends to be more silent. In addition, no scholar mention about good or better personality because it is just the way they express themselves.
The Eysenck theory produces four main types of personality, which he said resembled Galens Four Temperaments:
a Stable extroverts sanguine qualities such as - outgoing, talkative, responsive,
easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership
b Unstable extroverts choleric qualities such as - touchy, restless, excitable,
changeable, impulsive, irresponsible c
Stable introverts phlegmatic qualities such as - calm, even-tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive
d Unstable introverts melancholic qualities such as - quiet, reserved,
pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, and moody.
Graph 2.1 Types of Personality
According to Eysenck, there is no pure extroversion or introversion of one‟s personality. The type of personality may change from one pole to another. In order to
see personality of people, we can only see the dominant type, whether the type is
extrovert or introvert. Therefore, we can classify the individual into extroversion or introversion.
Moreover, Crow and Crow 1958 state that extrovert people are usually fluent in
speaking, free of feeling worry and not easily get ashamed and awkward, love to work with others, and good at adapting with their surroundings. They also put interest
in athletic. In the other hand, introvert people are more fluent in writing than speaking, tend to be serious and anxious, like working alone, often find difficulty in
behaving, and love to read. Meanwhile, Burruss and Kaenzig1999 claim that extroverts and introverts need different kinds of instruction. Introverts prefer to work
on their own than in groups, they do not like being in the centre of attention and need time and space to complete the tasks.
The characteristic of extrovert and introvert personality can bee seen from their style
of work and communication. Hirsh and Kummerow 1994 presented the following statements concerning work and communication styles, which might be said by
extroverts and introvert.
Table 2.2 Work Styles
Extroverts Introverts
1. I seek for different methods to solve
tasks. 2.
I can concentrate on both my work and what is going on around me.
3. I come up with different ideas during
discussions. 4.
I look for inspiration outside myself. 5.
I am bored when my work proceeds slowly and monotonous.
1. I seek for quiet for concentration.
2. I concentrate more on the work itself
than on the world around. 3.
I come up with ideas while I am alone. 4.
I engross in my work and I do not pay attention to other things.
5. I am irritated when I am disturbed and
hurried.
Table 2.3 Communication Styles
Extroverts Introverts
1. When I communicate I usually show my energy and enthusiasm.
2. It is easy for me to talk to one person as well as to many people.
3. I prefer speaking to somebody to writing to him.
4. I easily share information about myself with others.
5. I like sharing my experiences with others.
6. I often must restrain myself from speaking to let other people speak.
7. I think loudly when I draw conclusions. 1. When I communicate I usually do not
show my energy unless I speak to somebody whom I know well.
2. I prefer to talk to one person. 3. I prefer writing to somebody to
speaking. 4. I do not like sharing information about
myself with others. 5. I do not like sharing my experience with
others. 6. I need to be provoked to speaking.
7. I analyze and consider conclusions before presenting them.
By seeing the differences between extroverts and introverts above, we can predict
what activities extraversion students will enjoy, what sort of teaching methods they require and their learning styles are. We also assume that those differences in
especially communication influence the strategy they use in its process.
2.2.4 Communicative Competence
