Participial phrases: to shorten the sentence, by omitting the subject in the beginning of sentence
E.g. Irritated by the inefficiency, the boss yelled at the
workers. Based
on the results of the tests, we changed our plan.
Participial adjectives: verb III that have function as adjective E.g. - The bored students sat quietly through the lecture.
- I was pleased to see that the boss liked my idea. With the perfect tenses: tense which happened in the past and
still have effect until now E.g. - Ive stayed at the hotel several times.
- Peter hadnt earned enough money to buy a car yet.
With the passive voice: change of object as subject that followed by to be + VIII
E.g. - The store was closed by the time we got there. - Electrical charge is carried by subatomic
particles.
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C. The Difficulties in Learning Regular and Irregular Verb
As it mentioned in chapter I, the students usually find the difficulties when they learn regular and irregular verb. Generally, they find the difficulties
because of their mother-tongue, they also confused in differences between forming past tense and past participle of regular and irregular verb. Randolph
Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum in A Students Grammar of the English Language give differences between irregular and regular verb:
1. Irregular verbs either do not have the regular –ed inflection
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http:www.geocities.comAthensOlympus7583pastpart.html
2. Irregular verb typically, but not necessary have variation in their
base vowel: Choose-chosen-chosen, write-wrote-written
3. Irregular verb have a varying number of distinct form. Since the-s and –ing forms are predictable for regular and irregular verb alike,
the only one forms that need be listed for irregular verb are the base V, the past V-ed1, and the past participle V-ed2.
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For Irregular verb, the case is more complicated. One generalization we can make is the following: if a verb form ends in –en, it is a past participle.
In other words, al –en forms are past participle forms: for example, given, been, driven eaten, taken
. Unfortunately for it would make the identification of past participles much simpler, the converse is not true. Not all past
participles end in –en. For example, we have already seen that the past participle form of regular verbs is the same, superficially, as their past tense
form: both end in –ed e.g., walked climbed, breathed. In fact, the identical forms for both the past tense and past participle are one characteristic of
regular verbs.
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Other verbs behave like irregular verbs, in that their past participle is distinct from their past tense form ; yet these forms do not end in –en the
characteristic past participle suffix for irregular verbs. Examples include I have run a mile sworn my oath sung a song rung a bell.
Because the irregular verb almost has no the rules of the form and unpredictable, students can remember it well, unless they will make mistake.
For example: 1. I cutted the grass yesterday false I cut the grass yesterday true
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Randolph Quirk and Sidney Grenbaum, A Studen’ts Grammar of the English Language, England:Pearson Education Limited,1990, p.29
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Marcela Frank, Modern English … p. 101
2. the newspaper was readed by me false The newspaper was
read by me true Although regular verb is easy, students should know the rules too,
because there are some rules in it. For example: 1. I stoped the bus at the bust stationfalse
stoped: must be added by double ‘p’ stopped
2. She tryed to be better student false tryed: the end letter must
be changed by ‘I’ tried
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
