Theory of Character and Characterization

life. It can be said that the characters function as representative of human beings in true life. Therefore, it is possible for them to have quality or characteristics. Characterization itself is defined by Rohrberger and Woods as the process by which an author creates character, the device by which he makes us believe a character is the particular type of person he is 1971: 20. Therefore, it is obvious that the author of such literary work uses characters to describe people or human beings as in reality. The strategy is used to emphasize that the characters’ action, statements and thoughts must all be what human beings are likely to do, say, and think under the conditions presented in the work Roberts, 1986: 148. Meanwhile, according to Gill characterization is the way in which a character is created 1995: 135. Therefore, character is the result and characterization is the process. There are usually four strategies or methods to make judgments about the qualities of characters Barnet et all, 1988: 712. Those methods give the details of the characters, which are needed in this study. The first strategy is dealing with the characters’ say. The characters’ speech or dialogue in the story shows their thought and feeling. The readers can know the development of the story or the change of the characters’ life during the story. Moreover, the speech can be a way to show characters’ attitude or connections with one another, and also the motivation of the characters in the story. The second is the characters’ action or what they do in the story. The action also reveals the emotion or the feeling of the characters towards something. 10 The readers are possible to interpret action as the signs of character. Moreover, through the characters’ behavior the identifying of the characters can be done easily. The third is the other characters’ say about a certain character. In daily life, it is very common to see or hear people are talking about other people neither the goodness nor the evil. In stories, that situation is also can be encountered as in reality. What the characters say may give more information and can be a clue to determine another one. The last one is the author’s direct description about the characters. The author may speak about the characters as storyteller or observer who gives description directly.

3. Theory of Formalism

In literary studies, formalism sometimes refers to inquiry into the form rather than the content of works of literature, but usually refers broadly to approaches to interpreting or evaluating literary works that focus on features of the text itself especially properties of its language rather than on the contexts of its creation biographical, historical or intellectual or the contexts of its reception. The term groups together a number of different approaches to literature, many of which seriously diverge from one another. Formalism, in this broad sense, was the dominant mode of academic literary study in the US at least from the end of the Second World War through the 1970s, especially as embodied in René Wellek and Austin Warrens Theory of Literature 1948, 1955, 1962. 11 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI The theory is used as a means to analyze the intended meanings through some features written by the playwright in the play. It takes less consideration of time and historical background of the play.

4. Theory of Personality Structure

There is personality structure that Freud creates to show one’s character. According to Freud, the personality is made up of three major systems, the id, the ego, and the superego. Three of them interact so closely with one another that it is difficult if not impossible to disentangle their effects and weigh their relative contribution to man’s behavior. Behavior is nearly always the product of an interaction among these three systems Lindzey, et al, 1957: 32. Kasschau states that Id is the lustful or drive-ridden part of the unconscious, and it operates in term of the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires, regardless of the consequences 1995: 272. It means that Id wants to obtain pleasure immediately during the times, and it also wants to avoid pain. Kasschau states that superego is actually moral part of the personality-the source of conscience and of high ideals-which operates in terms of a moral principle. The superego then is also the source of guilt feelings, which come from mild as well as serious deviations from what it defines “right” 1995: 272. The superego can create conflict and problem. It is sometimes overly harsh, and crude. It can be said that superego lists the things someone should not do and contains of 12