THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DODGE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA TOWARD THE CONFLICT IN SHEPARD’S BURIED CHILD AN UNDERGRADUATED THESIS
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DODGE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
TOWARD THE CONFLICT IN SHEPARD’S BURIED CHILD
AN UNDERGRADUATED THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Buntara Adi Purwanto
Student Number: 054214082
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011
Go ahead..!!!!!!!!!!
YOU R BELIEF WILL GU IDE YOUWHEN YOU ARE ENCOU NTERING A DEAD
END“ m inum susu b ia r se ha t”..!!!! Otot kawat balung wesi...
Dedidated for: 4llah swt My father, my mother
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Great praise I address to Allah SWT for all I have In my life. My greatgratitude is dedicated for my beloved father Suryanto and my mother Asih Sri
Suparni for their support, facilities, and helps when I encounter a dead end.
Thanks a lot for my brother DwiAri Puja Watara and my sister Hera Nisa Kurnia
Dewi for their way to understand me, so that I can finish this undergraduate thesis.
Great gratitude is sincerely dedicated to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka.
M.Hum who guides and advices me patiently so that I can improve this
undergraduate thesis, especially to get a better format, grammar, and go deeper in
my analysis. I faithfully would like to address my gratitude to Elisa Dwi Wardani,
S.S, M.Hum as my Co. Advisor and Adventina Putranti S.S. M.Hum who has
directed me during the years I studied.My thanks go to my friends who has helped me to do this undergraduate
thesis; Hardian Putra for his excellent thesis, Jonatan Baradiska for his grammar
and critics, Gibson, koh Alvin Ginardi. I also would like to express my glad for
the crazy friends Fuja, Bruno, Sindu, Ian, Yoseph bayu, Yemima, Ucok, Miki,
Yohanes Bayu, Riana, Elsa, and for the lads who still consistent on their idealism
Lenyung Adyatmaka, Riject Adi Renaldi, Lipenk, Galeh, and Mbah Roni. I give
my thanks to those who have given any support for me. I cannot mention their
name, but I will not forget them.My special gratitude is dedicated for Molas Warsi who stands as my inspiration, motivation and for her way to understand me.
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………….............. i
APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………… ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………...... iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ......................................................... iv
DEDICATION PAGE………………………………………………….. v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI.................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………... viii
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….... ix
ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………... x
26 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………………….
61 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION………………………………………….
59 C. The significance of Dodge’s Schizophrenia toward the Conflict…...
58 4. Avolition............................................................................................
55 3. Grossly Disorganized Behavior…………………………...………..
53 2. Disorganized Thinking……………………………………………..
1. Delusion………….....................……………………………………
40 B. The Description of Dodge as a Schizophrenic……….......................... 45
38 4. Vince and The Family ......................................................................
35 3. Dodge and Bradley...........................................................................
30 2. Dodge and Tilden……………………………………………..........
30 1. Dodge and Halie…………………………………………................
27 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Conflict in Buried Child.………………………………….............
25 B. Approach of the Study…..……………………………………………..
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study…...…………………………………………..
23 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study………..…………………………………………...
14 C. Theoretical Framework……..………………………………………….
12 3. Theory of Schizophrenia………………………………………......
10 2. Theory of Characterization………………………………………….
1. Theory of Conflict…………………………………………………
10
6 B. Review of Related Theories…………………………………………….
A. Review of Related Studies……..…….…………………………………
4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW
4 D. Definition of Terms……...……………………………………………..
4 C. Objectives of the Study…………..…………………………………….
1 B. Problem Formulation…………..……………………………………....
70 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………... 72
ABSTRACT
BUNTARA ADI PURWANTO. The Significance of Dodge’s Schizophrenia
toward the Conflict in Shepard’s Buried Child. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2010.The conflict in Shepard’s Buried Child is reflected by a bad relationship
among the members of Dodge’s family. In this case, the main cause is Dodge’s
strange behavior. He possesses a psychological disorder called schizophrenia.
Therefore, the significance of Dodge’s schizophrenia toward the conflict in the
play is interesting to be discussed. Indirectly, it leads the relationship between
Dodge and his family and among the members in the family into a messy
situation.In order to go to the main analysis of the study, the writer will describe the
conflict. The next step is studying Dodge’s psychological disorder named
schizophrenia. After that, the discussion will be focused on the significance of
Dodge’s schizophrenia toward the conflict.The writer uses library research method in this study. The main source of
this study is the Play Buried Child. The writer uses books and internet as the
supporting sources. Theories that are applied in this study are theory of
characterization, theory of conflict, and theory of psychology that includes theory
of schizophrenia, theory of mental health, theory of denial, and theory of
relationship between schizophrenia and a family. The writer uses psychological
approach to analyze the significance of Dodge’s schizophrenia toward the conflict
in the play.The play provides a horror situation in Dodge’s family as a reflection of
the bad relationship between Dodge and his family, and among the members of
the family. The root of the conflict is that an unrevealed murder to a baby that is
done by Dodge. He keeps the event as a secret so that it calls the family’s
curiosity and leads Dodge to become a schizophrenic. Because of that, his
behavior changes into an extreme degree of peculiarity. Therefore, the family gets
difficulties when they are in contact with him. In this case, their curiosity grows
inside their mind plus facing Dodge’s peculiarity resulting on their bad
relationship.
ABSTRAK
BUNTARA ADI PURWANTO. The Significance of Dodge’s Schizophrenia
toward the Conflict in Shepard’s Buried Child. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra
Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010.Konflik dalam Buried Child-nya Shepard diwujudkan dengan hubungan
buruk antar anggota keluarga Dodge. Dalam hal ini, sebab utamanya adalah
kelakuan Dodge yang aneh. Dia mempunyai kelainan psikologi yang disebut
skizofrenia. Oleh karena itu, pentingnya skizofrenianya Dodge terhadap konflik
dalam drama tersebut menarik untuk dibahas. Secara tidak langssung, skizofrenia
menyebabkan pada hubungan antara Dodge dan keluarganya dan antar anggota
keluarga tersebut kedalam situasi yang berantakan.Untuk mendapatkan inti analisis penelitian ini, penulis akan
mendiskripsikan konflik tersebut. Langkah berikutnya adalah meneliti kelainan
psikologi pada Dodge yang dinamakan skizofrenia. Setelah itu, pembahasan akan
difokuskan pada pentingnya skizofrenia pada diri Dodge terhadap konflik.Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka dalam penelitian ini.
Sumber utama dalam penelitian ini adalah Drama Buried Child. Penulis
menggunakan buku-buku dan internet sebagai sumber pendukung. Teori-teori
yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori penokohan, teori konflik dan
teori psikologi yang mencakup teori skizofrenia, teori kesehatan mental, teori
pembantahan dan teori hubungan antara skizofrenia dengan sebuah keluarga.
Penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisis skizofrenianya
Dodge terhadap konflik dalam drama tersebut.Drama itu menyuguhkan sebuah situasi yang mencekam dalam
keluarganya Dodge sebagai perwujudan dari hubungan yang buruk antara Dodge
dan keluarganya dan antar anggota dalam keluarga tersebut. Akar
permasalahannya adalah pembunuhan terhadap seorang bayi yang tidak
terpecahkan yang dilakukan oleh Dodge. Dia menyimpannya sebagai sebuah
rahasia. Hal ini menumbuhkan rasa penasaran pada anggota keluarga dan
menyebabkan Dodge menjadi penderita skizofrenia. Oleh karena itu, Kelakuannya
berubah ke tingkat keanehan yang ekstrim. Jadi, keluarganya kesulitan untuk
menjalin hubungan dengan Dodge. Dalam hal ini, rasa penasaran mereka tumbuh
dalam pikiran ditambah menghadapi keanehannya Dodge yang kemudian
menjadikan hubungan mereka buruk.CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Everybody wants to have a happy family, a family that is made up of father,
mother, son, even daughter. A family will not be a happy family only with a complete member. The word “happy” here is dedicated to the feeling and atmosphere inside the family. It is no doubt that the relationship among the members is very important to gain love. With this kind of feeling, the family will always be able to solve every problem occurred between them. It is undoubted that there will be good communication among them.
The contradictory condition occures in the scenes of Sam Sheppard’s play
Buried Child . Sheppard very skillfully shows the absence of the normal touch of love
in the family. His play contains visual issues of bad relationship between the members in the Dodge family. In other words, the bad relationship in the family in this play is the most dominant problem in this play.
Sam Sheppard’s scenes in Buried Child are the implication of illness, incest, adultery personal violation and spiritual emptiness. The play demonstrates the absence of the touch of love in the family. From the very beginning of the play, there are the visual clues to the decay of personal and familial values: the neglected room, the ill father, and the invisible garden in the backyard. Some words and some sentences said by Dodge in the Shepard’s Buried Child show the unhealthy emotion. The condition is caused by the existence of schizophrenia possessed by Dodge.
Someone with this disorder experiences two or more personalities that take turns controlling the person. (McGrath: 2008)
As stated in the quotation above schizophrenia may control the person who has it. Here, the schizophrenia attacks Dodge’s mind, and then it takes turn to control his behavior. There are many evidences in the play which show some abnormal attitudes, such as declaring a rude sentences without any relation with the context of the conversation and spending all his day in front of broken (having no picture) TV. Therefore, we can conclude that the schizophrenia has a great contribution to influencing Dodge’s attitudes.
Sam Shepard was born in the Midwest, grew up in California, and began his theatrical career as a bit actor. Since 1964, he has dominated avant grade theatre in New York and London, exploring modern American myths and culture in such diverse plays as Tooth of Crime (1972) and Buried Child (1978). (Perrine, 1994:10).
Authors share their idea or criticize something through their works. Shepard’s vision to criticize America’s myth and rituals of family love and ethical values is clearly projected in Buried Child. When Sheppard wrote this play, “The American’s
dream of familial love and individual success achieved by hard work has been
replaced by realities of disease, loss, betrayal, violence murder, and death.” (Milly S.
Baranger, 1994:11). This condition can be seen in the events and actions of the play. Nevertheless, Shepard seems to replace the condition by putting the actions in Buried
Child that contains that condition of American’s dream. Shepard also puts a values symbol by the loss vegetables garden behind the family’s house. It is not lost, not all the members of the family realize that they have a garden. Only Tilden (the oldest son) can see the vegetables that belong to them.
The play Buried Child presents the absence of love in a family. The bad relationship happens between them. The play central action is Vincent’s (grandson) question about his root. Vincent returns to his family from New Mexico and finally reveals the problem. The family is rebuilt in a terrible secret for years. It is about the crime action many years ago. Dodge killed the baby born by Halie (his wife) and he denied that the baby was his child. He killed it and buried it in the backyard (vegetables garden). Everybody realized that the baby was died, but they did not know who killed it and where it was. Everybody had different opinion about the terrible event, and Dodge tried to keep it as a secret during his life. For about thirty years, the secret become a mystery in the family. At the end of this play, the revelation of the secret crime cleanses the spiritual life of the family. At the moment, Dodge’s confession of his murder is followed by his quite death caused by his disease. After this scene, the condition of the family is back to normal. Halie and the others can see their mysterious vegetables garden in the backyard and Tilden finds the skeleton of the baby.
Through the condition of the family and Dodge’s psychological condition, the writer feels the issues are very worthy to be studied. The writer hopes the study can give its contribution to readers to be wise in facing their problem. Therefore, there is no blind impulse that bringing them on a psychological problem and broking their relationship.
B. Problem Formulation
The problems to be discussed in this thesis are formulated in the 3 questions bellow:
1. What is the conflict that happens in the play?
2. How is Dodge described as a schizophrenic?
3. What is the significance of Dodge’s schizophrenia toward the conflict in the play?
C. Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study will answer what we have in the problem formulation above. Firstly, the writer will seek an answer about the conflict that happens in the play. Then, secondly this work will find out how the conflict happens, as at the problem formulation said that it is influenced by Dodge’s schizophrenia. Before discussing the influence, the writer will try to emphasize Dodge’s schizophrenia by supporting the idea from the other opinions about it.
D. Definition of terms
In order to avoid misinterpretation among readers, the writer gives a little explanation on some keywords used in this thesis. Among others are: Nancy Coover Andreasen in DSM IV-TR defines schizophrenia as a personality’s disturbance that may involve a range of cognitive and emotional dysfunction that include perception, inferential thinking, language and communication, behavioral monitoring, affect, fluency and productivity of thought and speech, hedonic capacity, volition and drive, and attention (2003:298-299).
According to Sigmund Freud (2008) in Encyclopedia of Psychology states, that schizophrenia is a lifelong brain disorders and makes it functionless. Schizophrenia causes some effects that can be seen direct or indirectly, such as unusual thought or perception, movement disorder, difficulty in speaking and expressing emotion, problem with memory and organization.
Here, Freud argues that schizophrenia is a brain’s disturbance affected to the personality disorder such as a range of cognitive and emotional dysfunction that include perception , inferential thinking, language and communication, behavioral monitoring, affect, fluency and productivity of thought and speech, hedonic capacity, volition and drive, attention, and problem with memory and organization.
2. Conflict : Holman and Harmon in A handbook of Literature The struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing force in a plot (1986: 107). In addition, Laurence
Perrine in his book Literature; Sound, Sense, and Structure (1974: 44) defines a conflict as a clash of action, ideas, and desires, or wills among two people in the society. He adds a conflict can be categorized in physical, mental, emotional, and
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Sam Shepard shares his knowledge throughout his works such as Buried
that is considered as a reflection toward the American society. By the time,
Child
Buried Child opened in New York in 1978, Sam Shepard had been well- established
as a counterculture playwright. It means that his inspiration comes from the facts which he has seen. There were several critics to respond the Shepard works; it was Shepard’s ability to tap into America’s self-perception in intriguing new ways. Buried Child, for its entire reflection, is a powerful reflection, no matter how ‘funny’ the mirror, of the dilemma of present day America.
In order to understand the play better, the writer needs to give some knowledge based on the comment by others writer. Here the writer tries to pharaphrase the critics, or some comments toward this play.
Milly S. Barranger in Understanding Plays states that this Shepard’s play is structured by the gradual revelation of the family terrible secret (1994: 11). Here, the revelation of the secret crimes releases the members from their spiritual emptiness. He argues that the family has been dominated by the secret for long years, and the revelation of the secret crimes cleanses the spiritual life. It can be proven by the last part of Buried Child. Dodge’s confession about the murder carries the family out from the exorcism. Then, Halie can see what has been covered her eyes before, an abundance vegetables in the mysterious field around the house.
She also says in this Shepard’s play that Shepard imitates the reality of illness, incest, adultery, and personal violation by showing the absence of normal touchstones of love, family, and fidelity. In relation with the statement above, he argues that Shepard has sharply projected America’s myths and rituals of family love and ethical values in Buried Child. According to her, the American dream of familial love and individual success achieved by hard work have been replaced by reality of disease, loss, betrayal, violence, murder, and death. All these condition can be seen throughout the play in all events and actions. In the next sentence of the book which the writer has read, it seemed that there was a communication between Barranger and Sam Shepard during the process he wrote his argument. Nevertheless, Shepard admits the possibility of reviving those lost dream and values symbolized by the abundance of vegetables at the play’s ending. These life-sustaining crops arise mystically from the soil where the buried child of the play’s title is both sign and symbol of the decay of the modern American family. (1994: 10-11)
Heather Solomon pronounces a similar opinion but different angle in her article entitled Buried Child Unearths Humuor and Horror at a newspaper named The
Canadian Jewish News (February 19, 2009). Solomon is a director of Buried Child’s
performance in America. She argues that Buried child combines two atmospheres of humour and horror. The audiences alternately taste the comfort of laughter, and then macabre the next. A combination of two different atmosphres in one play. She adds that Buried child will able to influences the audience to the horror and humour at the same time, this one is the interesting side from Shepard’s play. The next sentences in her article explain about the characters. The most dominant character in the play is
Patriarch Dodge who is a cadaverous retired farmer with a heart condition whose
main companions are now the TV set and his whiskey bottle secreted in the derelict sofa he inhabits. Dodge is the keeper of a horrible secret that touch all members of the family and has each one of them harboring a death wish for him. Then she describes Halie as a straitlaced religious fervour belies her action, especially when she gropes Father Dewis. Agitating their shaky emotional balance is the arrival of a young man claiming to be Dodge and Halie’s grandson named Vince. He acted less believably than others did. She also describes many others characters briefly in her article.
Another related study in relation with the subject is the case study about a person named Jack in http://www.academon.com/lib/paper/. Jack is a 27 years old man diagnosed with schizophrenia. He has been referred to Top Quality Rehabilitation (TQP) to provide supported employment services.
Jack graduated from high school and got a job working in a video store. After working for about 6 months Jack began to hear voices that told him he was no good. He also began to believe that his boss was planting small video cameras in the returned tapes to catch him making mistakes. Jack became increasingly agitated at work, particularly during busy times, and began "talking strangely" to customers. For tape might not be available because it had "surveillance photos of him that were being reviewed by the CIA". After about a year Jack quitted his job one night, yelling at his boss that he couldn't take the constant abuse of being watched by all the TV screens in the store and even in his own home. Then, his parent took him to the hospital. He was given Thorazine by his psychiatrist. This condition was continued for around 7 years. After moved to his own appartement, he became a member of psychosocial clubhouse for people with mental illness. He answered the phones and helped to write a clubhouse newsletter. He had a few friends, but he never had a girlfriend. Jack was very worried about looking for a job. He did not know how to explain his disorder to a potential employer, and he was afraid of becoming overwhelmed.
In this case, Jack has a strong hallucination that leads him to do some abnormal attitudes. Moreover, there is no relation between his attitudes and reality.
Here is the schizophrenia’s direct influence to the person. It caused great damage in Jack’s brain later the brain cannot work normally.
There are similar characteristics as what happen in Jack and Dodge in the play. The effect of strong hallucination when gaining a contact with others such as what happens to Jack at the store and Dodge in his living room, Dodge’s imagination that there is a picture in the broken TV and Jack’s imagination about video camera.
Some similarities also found in the causes to get the schizophrenia as Jack’s worries to his boss’ perspective and Dodge’s worries to his family’s perspective.
By looking at both statements above, the point is already clear that there is an unhealthy relationship among the members of Dodge’s family, and it is caused by Dodge’s keeping secret. It is similar with the article above that the conflict is caused by Dodge’s keeping secret. In other words, the secret becomes the main cause of the conflict. A conflict must be caused by the struggle between the characters (Melissa, Oct 21 2002). Therefore, there must be something in the middle between the conflict and the secret. In the story, there is a strange attitudes expressed by Dodge called schizophrenia. It influences his attitudes later his attitudes causes the conflict. So, in the analysis the writers will talks about the process from the secret schizophrenia Dodge’s behavior conflict.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Conflict
Robert Stanton in an Introduction to Fiction mentions that one of the elements of a plot in a story is a conflict. In every work of fiction contains obvious internal conflict between two desires between a character, and external conflicts; a conflict between a character and others character or its environments (1965: 16).
Holman and Harmon in A Handbook of Literature states that conflict is the struggle that grows out of interplays of the two opposing force. A conflict provides interest, suspense and tension. At least one of the two opposing force is usually a person, or, if an animal or inanimate object, is treated as it were a person. This person against another person (usually the antagonist), struggle against nature, struggle against society; struggle of inastery against two persons; struggle against destiny or fate (1986: 107).
They also define internal conflicts that “it does not show any physical struggle; always puts two elements within a person, always confronts character thought with feeling. (1986: 107). A conflict does not only show the struggle of protagonist against someone or something and some motivations and aims that to be achieved. They have a big influence choice.
Laurence Perrine in his book Literature; Sound, Sense, and Structure defines conflicts as a clash of action, ideas, desires, or wills between two individual among people in the society. Conflicts can be categorized into physical, mental, emotional, or moral. Regardless to those types of conflicts, Perrine states that conflict may be single, clear out and identifiable and multiple, various and difficult to be understood. (1974: 44).
Melissa (English rector) states a conflict as a struggle. It means that every struggle no matter in daily life or literature can be declared as a conflict. According Melissa, there are two classifications of conflict especially in literary world.
a. Internal conflict: Struggle of internal conflict takes place in character’s mind.
She also explains deeper that it is a visual or tangible opposition. So, we can conclude that this is a character dealing with his or her own mind mixed feelings or emotions.
She adds that internal conflict may occur between man vs himself.
b. External conflict: Struggle of external conflict may include between a character and an outside force is an external conflict. In short way, external conflict is occurred between man vs man or man vs his environment (www.questia.com/literary criticism/London,2002).
2. Theory of Characterization
Perrine in his book Literature: Structure, Sound. And Sense (1974: 68 – 69) states that characterization can be presented in two ways: a. Direct Presentation The author tells the quality of the characters in exposition or analysis or has someone else in the story that tells us what the characters are like. This method cannot be used alone; it needs to be supported by the indirect presentation to convince the reader.
b. Indirect presentation The author shows the readers the characters in action and lets the reader infer what they are like from what they think, they say, or they do.
Under circumstances, a change of a character should be reasonable and in the condition such as within the possibilities of characters who make it. The character in a story should not change on suddenly. The character should present the changing of the character gradually. The character should begin the changing by smaller changed that was carefully prepared for. The changing of the character should be sufficiently motivated by the circumstances. The character should have strong motivation or reason in doing his/her action. One cannot change his characteristics so suddenly without any reason and the last one it must follow sufficient time for change. (1974: 68-69)
The author conveys to the reader about what sort of people the characters are in other ways. How to know and understand them, Murphy explains in his book entitled Understanding Unseen. (1972: 161 – 173)
a. Personal description The author can describe a person’s appearances clothes.
b. Characters as seen by others Instead of describing characters directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image.
c. Speech The author can give us an insight to the character of one of the person in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving some clues to reader about his character.
d. Past Life By letting the reader learns something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events that helped to shape person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation, or through the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him.
f. Reaction The author may also give us clue to a person’s character by letting us knows how that person reacts to various situation and event.
g. Direct comment The comment here is by the author. The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.
h. Thoughts The author can gives us direct knowledge of what a person thinking about.
In this respect, he is able to do what he cannot do in real life. i. Mannerism The author can describes a person’s mannerism, and habits or idiosyncrasies, which may tells us something about his character.
3. Theory of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder posessed by Dodge that contributes a significance role in to build the conflict in Buried Child. Here, the writer gives some theories of schizophrenia to get an understanding about this psychological disorder.
Sigmund Frued said that schizophrenia is a severe, lifelong brain disorder.
People who have it may hear voices, see things that are not there or believe that others are reading or controlling their minds. In men, symptoms usually start in the late teens and early 20s. They include hallucinations, or seeing things, and delusions such as hearing voices. (www.medlineplus.com, Mei 24, 2008). Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder and makes it functionless. In this article, Freudian add some effects of schizophrenia such as Unusual thoughts or perceptions, disorders of movement difficulty speaking and expressing emotion, problems with attention, memory and organization. (Sigmund Freud,www.medlineplus.com, Mei 24, 2008)
Here Freud argues that a schizophrenic has something wrong in his brain and it is functionless. The effects are that the person may have an unusual thought and perceptions, disorder movement and he will difficult to express his emotional feeling such as difficulty speaking. Besides, the person will get a problem to give attention to something and difficult to remembering and organizing his/her attitudes.
Nancy Coover Andreasen writes in the DSM-IV TR entitled Schizophrenia
and Other Psychotic Disorders that the charactristics symptom of scizophrenia
involves a range of cognitive and emotional disfunction that include perception, inferential thinking, language and communication, behavioral monitoring, fluency and productivity of tought and speech, hedonic capacity, volition and drive, and attention. Further she explains the limitation of those symptoms; the symptoms will be considered as a symptom of schizophrenia when the signs constellate each other and involve an occupational or social functioning. (2003: 299) She further explains that there are two broad catagories attach to schizophrenia characterisrics symptom; posotive and negative. The positive symtomps appear to reflect a dimunition or loss normal function. This positive symptoms include distortion in tought content (delusion), perception (hallucination), language and toughts process (disorganized speech), and self monitoring behavior (grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviors). These positive symptoms may include two distinct dimensions which may be related to different underlying neutral macanism and clinical correlates. The “psychotic dimension” includes delusions and hallicinations, whereas the “disorganized dimension” includes disorganized speech and bahaviors. Negative symptoms include restriction in the range of intensity and emotional axpression (affective flattening), in the fluency of productivity of tought and speech (alogia), and in the initiation of goal-directed bahavior (avolition). (2003: 299)
She explains deeper about each symptom that is supposed to be the characteristics of schhizophrenia.
Delusions are erroneous belieft that ussualy involve a misinterpretation of perceptions and experiences. Their content may include a variety of themes ( persecutory, referential, somatics, or grandiose). Persecutory delusions are most common. In this case the person believes he or she is being tormented, followed, has this symptom believes that certain gestures, comments, passage from books, newspaper, song lyrics, or other environment cues are specifically directed at him/ her. (2003: 299)
Delusions (Criterion A1) may have a strong effect to an individual perception and belief, it’s called bizarre delusion. Although bizzare dellusions are considered to be especially characteristics of schizophrenia, “bizzareness” may be difficult to judge, especially across diferent cultures. Delusions are deemed bizzare if they are clearly impleusible and not undertandable and do not derive from ordinarry life experiences. An example of bizzare delusion is a person believes that a stranger has removed his or her in ternal organs and has replaced them with someone else’s organs without leaving any wounds or scars. An example of non bizzare delusion is a person false belief that he or she is under surveillance by the police. Delusion can be said as a bizarre when it express loss of control over mind and body among an individual; these includes person belief that his or her tought has been taken away by some outside force (tought withdrawal), that aliens tought have bees put into his or her mind (tought insertion), or that his or her body or action is being acted or manipulated by someone outside force (delusions of control). If the delusions are judged to be bizzare. Only this single symptom is needed to satisfy Criterion A for schizophrenia.
In another word, this symptom is an enough evidence to judge a person to be a schizophrenic. (2003: 299) Sigmund freud also has a notion about this kind of schizoprenia’s symtomp. In
The most important of all explanatory and exonerating consederation remains the facility with which our intellect decides to accept an thereby (and this generally meets with two little acceptance). How easily and frequently intelegent people give reaction of partial feeble-mindedness under such psychological constellation, anyone who is not too conceited may observe this in himself as often as he wishes and aspecially when some of the thought processes concerned are connected with unconcious or repressed motives. (1956; 74)
Hallucination (Criterion A2) may occur in any sesory modalltiy (e.g., Auditory visual, alfactory, gustatory, and tactile), One hallucination which is most common having by people is auditory hallucination. Auditory hallucinations are usually experienced as voices, whether familiar or unfamiliar, that are perceived as distinct from the person’s toughts. The hallucination must accurs in the context of clear sonsorium; Those that occur while falling asleep (hypnegogic) or walking up (Hypnopompic) are considered to be within the range of normal experience. Isolated experiences of hearing ones name called or experiences that lack the quality of an external percept (e.g., a huming in ones head). Should also not be considered as symptomatic of schizophrenia. Or any other Psicotic Disorder. Hallucinations may be a normal part or religious experiences in certains cultural context. Certain types of auditory hallucinations (i.e., two or more voices convicing with one another or voice maintaining running commentary on the person’s tought and bure of behaviour) have been considered to be particularly characteristics of schizoprenia. If these type of hallucination are present, then only this single symptom is needed to satisfy criterion
A. (2003: 300) Disorganized thinking (‘formal thought disorder”) has been argued by some people as the single important feature of schizophrenia. Because it is still difficult to developing the objective definition of “thought disorder” so, the conclusion is also difficult to be drawn. Besides, the primary source to define a definition is based on the individual’s speech. However, the American psychiatric association called this is as Criterion A3. This is the speech of individual with schizophrenia may be disorganized in varieties ways. The person may “sleep of the track” from one topic to another (“derailment of loose association”). The individual will obliquely related or completely unrelated when he/she answering a question (tangentially). And rarely, speech may be severely disorganized that it is nearly incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistics disorganization (incoherent or word salad). This disorganized speech is common and non-specific. Andreasen draws that the symptom must be severe enough to substantially impair effective communication. Less severe disorganization thinking or speech may occur during the prodromal and residual periods of schizophrenia. (2003: 300)