Qualitative Data Analysis Descriptive Statistics

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5. Test

This instrument was used to measure students‟ progresses in their reading competence after the action research. It would be conducted before and after the action research. From the test, the researcher would know the improvement of reading competence before and after jigsaw method implementation. The test was in a form of multiple choices see appendix D. According to Johnson Christensen 2012, the tests are commonly used in the quantitative research to measure the attitudes, the personality, the self-perceptions, the aptitude, and the performance of the research participants.

E. Data Analysis Technique

In this section, the researcher would discuss the technique for analyzing the data.

1. Qualitative Data Analysis

Cohen, Manion, and Morrinson 2011 state that qualitative data analysis makes sense of data in terms of participants‟ definitions of the situation, the nothing patterns, the themes, the categories and the regularities. In this research, the researcher employed a narrative discourse as the data analysis from the interview, the field notes, and the discussion that was held after the observation. Cohen et al. 2011 state that a narrative analysis reports the personal experiences or the observation. Next, the narrative discourse brings the original insights to the familiar situations. Thus, in this research, the researcher elaborated the interview, the field notes, and the discussion by interpreting the English teacher utterances in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 32 the interview, adding the additional notes from the observers, and interpreting the discussion result. Moreover, a narrative discourse was strongly interpretative, with meanings constructed through the observations and language.

2. Descriptive Statistics

In this data analysis, the researcher employed the questionnaire result, observation checklist result, and individual test result with the measures of the central tendency. According to Ary et al. 2010, measures of central tendency or averages is a convenient way of reviewing data to find single index that can represent a whole set of measurement. Central tendency of a series of scores is the way in which they tend to gather round the middle of a set of scores, or where the majority of score are located Cohen et al. 2011. The researcher applied the total mean score from the questionnaire results, observation checklist results, and individual test results. According to Ary et al. 1979, “the mean is the sum of all the scores in a distribution divided by the number of cases,” in terms of formula, it is: ̅ Besides, the researcher classified the results of the individual test by using the category from Masidjo 1995. The classification was listed below: Table 3.1. Masidjo’s category of scores Category Scores Very good 9 – 10 Good 8 – 8,9 Sufficient 6,5 – 7,9 Bad 5,5 – 6,4 Very Bad ... 5,5 33

F. Research Procedure