Beliefs about learning resources
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these beliefs differ across language learners, particularly in terms of individual differences such as gender, age, nationality, learning style, and personality type
Bernat Gvozdenko, 2005; Wenden, 1999; Horwitz, 1999; Rifkin, 2000. A study from Daif 2012 showed that statistical significant gender differences were found in
the areas of English language aptitude, learning and communication, and motivation and expectations
. In addition, Ellis 2008:701 proposes “cultural background could also manipulate varied learner beliefs systematically even though it needs further
investigation”. She argues, “general factors, such as personality and cognitive style, could be more substantially influence learners’ beliefs”.
Meanwhile, the learning situation has included how students experience and understand aspects of the classroom, like instructor behaviors Brown, 2009
. “It also often encompasses the instructor as well as the instructional techniques used
” Gardner, 2005
. Little and Silvius 1984 reported that “past experience, both of education in general and of language learning in particular, played a major role in
shaping attitude language learning where attitude defines as a complex mental orientation involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain
ways ”. It can be inferred students’ experience in case of learning has strong influence
on their belief. Then, the target community also contributes to how student hold their belief
about language learning. Gardner, 2005 states that learner attitudes have often been addressed in the literature in relation to two different targets: attitudes toward the
learning situation often encompassing the instructor as well as the instructional techniques used and attitudes toward the target community. Attitudes toward the
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target community have been addressed in recent work by Yashima 2009, who developed the idea into the notion of “international posture,” which relates to how
students see themselves as “connected to the international community, with concerns for international affairs and their readiness to interact with people from the target
cultures ” Yashima, 2009, p. 146.