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have been written as “Fayed was living in Casa Grande Residential”. Second, it could have been “Fayed is living in Casa Grande Residential”. Since the
description text is mostly written in present tense and the context of the writing did not indicate any past situation, therefore the best choice is “Fayed is living in
Casa Grande Residential”. d.
Progressive The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 6 was I
am describe my friend. To show the omission of grammatical error about progressive, the researcher picked up this sentence as the example. This sentece
was I am describe my friend. This sentence omitted the –ing form of the main verb “describe”. If it was not added, the sentence would not have been allowed to
stand. Thus, the sentence should have been completed as “I am describing my friend”.
e. Third Person Singular
The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 6 was He like fishing. Third person singular type of omission of grammatical morpheme
error deals with the verb form. It depends on the subject. Here, the subject is the third person. From the sentence He like fishing, it could be concluded that “he”
stood as the subject. The existence of the word “he” as the third person forced the verb to alter. The verb should have been added by -s or -es, depending on the
basic form of the verb. Thus, this sentence should have been “He likes fishing”.
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f. Preposition
The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 5 was He is lazy to go school. The empty space between “go” and “school” showed that the
preposition did not appear in that sentence. By placing a preposition “to” between “go” and “school”, the sentence would be more acceptable. Thus, the correct
sentence is “He is lazy to go to school”. g.
Short plural The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 15 was
He win many the war. The indicator of a short plural error is the noun should be added by -s. From the sentence He win many the war, the word “war” was
emphasized in this discussion. It should have been formed in plural since the word “many” had come previously in that sentence. The word “many” showed that the
war was more than a single war. Moreover, the word “war” was qualified as a countable noun. Thus, the sentence should have been formed as “He wins many
wars”. h.
Long plural The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 29 was
My hobby are watching football and volleyball. The indicator of a long plural error is the noun should be added by -es. The sentence My hobby are watching
football and volleyball was taken as the example. Based on the sentence, there were two hobbies written. Thus, the word “hobby” should have been added by –es
to form a long plural “hobbies”. The final complete sentence should have been “My hobbies are watching football and volleyball”.
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i. Infinitive marker
The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 5 was He like jeer friend. Although there are more than one errors discovered in this
sentence, the analysis would solely focus on the infinitive marker error. The example sentence was He like jeer friend. It omitted the infinitive marker
between “like” and “jeer”. This sentence should have been written completely as “He likes to jeer his friend”. In other words, the infinitive marker “to” should have
been filled between “like” and “jeer”. j.
Irregular past tense The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 30 was
He became the first winner in speech contest when he sit in senior high school. The sentence He became the first winner in speech contest when he sit in senior
high school contained grammatical morpheme error, particularly the irregular past tense. The intended error was the word “sit”. This word should have been formed
in past tense since the previous verb in the sentence appeared in past tense. Thus, the sentence should have been “He became the first winner in a speech contest
when he sat in senior high school”.
2. Addition
Addition errors are the opposite of omissions. Dulay et al. 1982 say, “Addition errors are characterized by the presence of an item which must not
appear in a well-formed utterance” p. 156. Based on the theory of surface
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strategy taxonomy proposed by Dulay et al. 1982, there are three types of addition errors. Those are double marking, regularization, and simple addition.
In this research, from the descriptive text writings of the tenth grade
students of SMA GAMA Yogyakarta, the researcher found neither regularization addition error nor single double marking addition error, but three simple addition
errors were well captured. The thirteen simple addition errors are categorized as twelve articles errors and a single preposition error. The researcher used table
4.1.3 to display examples of simple addition errors. Table 4.1.3 the Classification of Simple Addition
No. Simple Addition
Errors
1 Article
Rafif have a black hair. 2
Preposition He is from outside of Java.
The analysis of table 4.1.3 goes as follows. a.
Article The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 22 was
Rafif have a black hair. Through the sentence picked up by the researcher as the example, the article appeared to show the singular form of the hair. Since the
word hair could be considered as both countable and uncountable, the researcher had to notice more on the content of the text. The researcher discovered that the
writer did not aim to talk over a few hairs. Thus, the article “a” before “black hair” was considered as the addition of article error. Thus the sentence should
have been “Rafif has black hair”.
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b. Preposition
The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 5 was He is from outside of Java. The example sentence of preposition error of simple
addition was the only example discovered by the researcher. This sentence showed that there was a preposition “of” appearing between “outside” and “Java”.
This sentence had the wrong addition of “of”. The sentence should have been “He is from outside Java”.
3. Misformation
Misformation errors are different from the two previous errors types, omission and addition. In misformation errors, the students produce or write
something, although it is incorrect. Dulay et al. 1982 indicate the characterization of misformation errors. They say, “Misformation errors are
characterized by the use of wrong form of the morpheme or structure” p. 169. Dulay et al. 1982 classify misformation errors into two major parts p. 169.
Those are
overregularization and
archialternating form.
Theoretically, overregularization is divided into four classes. Those are reflexive pronoun,
regular past, third person singular, and plural. Meanwhile achialternating form is divided into seven parts, namely auxiliary, preposition, subject pronoun,
possessive pronoun, demonstrative adjective, negative, gerund, and quantifiers.
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The researcher used table 4.1.4 to depict the detail numbers of each errors of misformation.
Table 4.1.4, The Classification of Misformation Errors
Misformation Errors Types
Number of Errors Total Number of Errors
Overregularization 1. Possessive pronoun
13 13
Archialternating form 1. Subject pronouns
2. Prepositions 3. Quantifiers
4. Gerumd 5. Demonstrative
6 9
6 2
1 24
. The examples of overregularization was going to be discussed in the next paragraph, whilst table 4.1.5 dealt with archialternating forms errors.
a. Possessive pronoun
The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 32 was It’s name is Chika. In the sentence taken as the example of possessive pronoun
error, it was well seen that “it’s” was used as the possessive pronoun. Mostly the form of “‘s” was used to indicate the possessive pronoun, such as “my father’s
name”, or “my friend’s name”. Based on the context of the text, the writer looked to use the possessive pronoun of “it” to complete her sentence. The writer
possibly thought that the usage of ‘s was considered as the regular form to
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indicate the possessive form. As a matter of fact, the possessive pronoun of “it” should have been “its”. Thus, the sentence should have been “Its name is chika”.
Table 4.1.5 The Classification of ArchiAlternating Forms
No. ArchiAlternating Forms
Errors
1 Subject Pronoun
She is very cheerfull. Ganis 16 years old. He lives with his family
in Kaliurang.
2 Preposition
Her hobbies are listening of the music and singing.
3 Quantifiers
Ganis is a pretty young women. 4
Gerund I miss laugh and kidding.
5 Demonstrative
Her nickname is Dila. Dila was born on 3 may 1999. Her become
from Ternate.
The analysis of table 4.1.5 goes as follows. a.
Subject Pronoun The example taken from the descriptive text of student number 2 was She
is very cheerfull. Ganis 16 years old. He lives with his family in Kaliurang. The researcher took two sentences from a descriptive text writing of a
student to analyze the subject pronoun error. Two sentences were required to see subject pronoun error. From those three sentences, each sentence had one subject.
In the first sentence, the writer used “she” as the subject, in the following sentence the writer used “Ganis” as the subject while in the last one the writer wrote “he”
as the subject. The second and third sentences would not be claimed as correct, otherwise the subject of the second and the third sentence was resembled to the
first one. In short, the sentences should have been “She is very cheerfull. She is 16 years old. She lives with his family in Kaliurang”.
