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C. Research Subjects
The subjects involved in this study are the tenth grade students of SMA GAMA Yogyakarta
. The researcher chose the tenth graders as the subject because they have a chance to learn descriptive text in semester two, as it is written in
kurikulum 2006 .
In this study, the researcher focuses on two classes of the tenth grade students of SMA GAMA Yogyakarta. Those are tenth grade students of XA and
XB. The tenth grade students of XA consists of 21 students and the tenth grade students of XB consists of 23 students. Thus, the tenth grade students of SMA
GAMA Yogyakarta could provide 44 descriptive texts writings.
In addition, to answer the research question number two, the researcher selected 6 students from both class ten as the subjects. In selecting the students
from both two classes to be interviewed, the researcher carried out a purposive sampling. Dattalo 2008 says “Purposive sampling can be used to select
participants based on their knowledge of a particular topic” p. 6. The topic here is descriptive text. In short, the participants will be selected based on their
descriptive text writing results. Staying in the same page, Barreiro and Albandoz 2001 say that purposive sampling tries to make the sample representative,
depending on the researcher’s purpose or opinion p. 5. Ary et al. 2010 say “Qualitative studies more typically use purposive selection techniques based on
particular criteria” p. 421. Since the researcher employs purposive sampling to conduct the interview, the criteria are: two students will be those who gain the
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high score with minimum errors, two other students will be those who produce the average errors, and the rest is those who produce more errors than the other
participants.
D. Research Instrument and Data Gathering Technique
The research instruments employed by the researcher are document and interview. Documents, in the form of descriptive text writings, are used as the
instrument of the first research question. Bowen 2008 notes “Document analysis is a systematic procedure for reviewing or evaluating documents, both printed and
electronic materials” p. 27. In the same line, Ary et al. 2010 say “materials analyzed can be textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches, television
programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of a host of other types of documents” p. 457.
The authenticity of the document in document analysis is guaranteed by Ary et al. 2010. They say “An advantage of document analysis is its
unobtrusiveness” p. 459. Thus the researcher is not allowed to make an intervention during the writing time. As Bowen 2008 says that document
contains words and images that have been recorded without a researcher’s intervention p. 27. Furthermore, based on Kurikulum 2006, the particular topic
of descriptive text learnt for tenth grade students is not particularly exposed. Therefore, the researcher conducts a document analysis on students’ descriptive
text writings with person, thing, animal, and place as the particular topic. Since there are 44 tenth grade students of SMA GAMA Yogyakarta, it is
going to provide 44 students’ descriptive writing to be analyzed. The tenth grade
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of SMA GAMA Yogyakarta is divided into two classes. Thus the data will be taken twice because each class has different schedule to learn English. In addition the
data will be collected after the English teacher of tenth grade students of SMA GAMA Yogyakarta
finishes teaching each class. Meanwhile to answer the research question number two, the researcher
employs an interview guideline as the instrument, while interview as technique is made and applied by the researcher. Best and Krahn 1986 state that interview is
in a sense of oral questionnaire, which helps the researchers obtain the answer from the subjects orally and face to face p. 186. It means that the interview is
conducted face to face between the researcher and the participant. There are six students who are interviewed by the researcher. Moreover Boyce and Neale
2006 say that a in-depth interview is a qualitative research technique that involves conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of
respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea, program, or situation p. 3. Thus, in this study the researcher employs an in-depth interview to
obtain factors of errors from the selected six students by using a purposive sampling as it is elaborated previously.
The researcher collects data from this interview twice as each class has different occasion in learning English. The researcher conducts the interview
during the rest periods. The answers of the participants in this interview are recorded and later it will be written as the script of the interview. This script of the
interview is going to be analyzed by the researcher to figure out the factors
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