Interaksi Macaca Fascicularis-Manusia Di Telaga Warna, Bogor, Jawa Barat
Macaca fascicularis-HUMAN INTERACTION IN TELAGA
WARNA, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
CITRA MALIKA HARDIN
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
PRONOUNCEMENT ABOUT THESIS, RESOURCES AND
DEVOLUTION OF COPY RIGHT
I declare that thesis titled Macaca fascicularis-Human Interaction in Telaga
Warna, Bogor, West Java is truly my work with the direction of the supervising
commision and has not been submitted in any form in any college. All the
resources or report from published works or unpublished from authors has been
mentioned in the text and listed in bibliography at the end of this thesis.
I hereby assign the copyright of my thesis to the Bogor Agricultural
University.
Bogor, July 2015
Citra Malika Hardin
NIM G34110052
ABSTRAK
CITRA MALIKA HARDIN. Interaksi Macaca fascicularis-Manusia di Telaga
Warna, Bogor, Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI dan
ENTANG ISKANDAR.
M. fascicularis dapat tinggal di berbagai kondisi habitat, salah satunya di
habitat terganggu seperti hutan wisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari
tentang interaksi M. fascicularis dengan manusia (pengunjung) di Cagar Alam
dan Taman Rekreasi Telaga Warna, Bogor. Bentuk interaksi sosial antara Macaca
fascicularis dan manusia (pengunjung) ada dua yaitu interaksi afiliasi dan
interaksi agonistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas (App) memiliki
frekuensi tertinggi dalam kategori afiliasi (45,03%) dan aktivitas intimidasi (In)
memiliki frekuensi tertinggi dalam kategori agonistik (44,69%). Aktivitas
menggigit pengunjung jarang ditemukan di Telaga Warna (0,06%) dari total
frekuensi. Hal ini menunjukkan interaksi agonistik lebih tinggi daripada interaksi
afiliasi. Meskipun banyak interaksi fisik dengan manusia, tetapi M. fascicularis di
Cagar Alam dan Taman Rekreasi Telaga Warna tidak toleran terhadap sentuhan
manusia. M. fascicularis di Telaga Warna juga mengkonsumsi makanan dari
pengunjung. Aktivitas pemberian makanan oleh pengunjung disebabkan adanya
kontak langsung dengan M. fascicularis. Pisang menjadi jenis makanan tertinggi
(40,57%) yang disukai M. fascicularis. Selain itu, seiring meningkatnya jumlah
pengunjung yang datang di akhir pekan, kesempatan untuk mendapatkan makanan
dan terjadinya interaksi antara M. fascicularis-Manusia semakin tinggi.
Kata Kunci: agonistic, affiliation, approaching, intimidasi, wisatawan.
ABSTRACT
CITRA MALIKA HARDIN. Macaca fascicularis-Human Interaction in Telaga
Warna, Bogor, West Java. Supervised by KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI and
ENTANG ISKANDAR.
M. fascicularis lives in various habitat conditions such as disturbed habitat
like tourism forests. This research aim to study about interaction of M.
fascicularis with humans in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and Recreational Park.
The forms of social interaction between Macaca fascicularis and human (visitors)
are affiliation and agonistic interactions. The result showed that approaching
activity (App) has the highest frequency that is 45.03% in the affiliation category
and intimidating activity (In) has the highest frequency that is 44.69% in the
agonistic category. Biting activity of visitors is rarely found in Telaga Warna
Nature Reserve and Recreational Park (0.06%) of the total frequency. Agonistic
interactions was higher than affiliation interactions in the site. Although many
physical interaction with humans, but the long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna
Nature Reserve and Recreational Park is not tolerant to the human touch.
Interaction between macaques and humans in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and
Recreational Park is potentially high risk. The macaques also consumed foods by
visitors. Feeding activity by visitor caused highest direct contact with macaques.
Bananas became the highest food item (40.57% of the total) preffered by visitors.
In addition, increasingly coincident the number of visitors in weekend, the
opportunity to get food and interaction between macaques-visitors was higher.
Keyword : agonistic, affiliation, approaching, intimidate, tourism
Macaca fascicularis- HUMAN INTERACTION IN TELAGA
WARNA, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
CITRA MALIKA HARDIN
Thesis
As one of the requirements for a
bachelor of science
in
Department of Biology
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
FOREWORD
The author utter praise and gratitude to Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala so that
thesis can be completed. The selected theme in the research conducted since
January 2015 is Macaca fascicularis-Human Interaction in Telaga Warna,
Bogor, West Java.
The author thankful to Mrs. Dr. Kanthi Arum Widayati and Mr. Dr Entang
Iskandar as supervisor also to Mrs. Dra. Hilda Akmal M.Si who has given many
suggestion. Besides that, the author thankful to Association of Foerestry and
Natural Resources (BKSDA) because this research could be through due the
licensing from BKSDA.
Expression of thanks are also extended to my beloved father, sister, two
brothers for all the prayers and their affection, to my friends Dian Rahma Pratiwi,
Winati Nurhayu, Aurora Fathyaa, Ade kurniawan, H. Senopati, Ahmad I.
NurMahdy, zoology families for inspiring me and to all my friends 47 & 48 force
of biology who had given the spirit to the author.
I hope this thesis helpful.
Bogor, July 2015
Citra Malika Hardin
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE
viii
LIST OF FIGURE
viii
INTRODUCTION
1
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1
Research site
1
Data collection
2
Methods
2
Type of Activity
3
Data analysis
3
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3
Result
3
Discussion
5
CONCLUSION
8
REFERENCES
8
CURRICULUM VITAE
9
TABLE
1 Percentage of Daily Activity in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and
Recreational Park
2 Percentage of Macaques-Human Interaction in Telaga Warna Nature
Reserve and Recreational Park
3 Frequency of affiliation and agonistic of six classes macaques in
Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and Recreational Park
4 Percentage of Macaque-Human interaction monthly in Telaga Warna
Nature Reserve and Recreational Park
3
4
4
5
FIGURE
1 Food items given by human
2 The average of daily macaque-human interaction
5
5
INTRODUCTION
The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is member of the genus
Macaca, family Cercopithecidae and Order Primate. M. fascicularis has a wide
geographical distribution that includes Southeast Asian region, Mauritus Island,
Ngeuar Island, Republic of Palau, and Hongkong (Wheatley 1980). M.
fascicularis live in various habitats such as lowland forest, coastal magrove forest
and montane forest (Fooden 2006). M. fascicularis could lived in various
conditions such as primary forests that are not influenced by human and in
disturbed areas such as tourism forests (Fakhri et al. 2012). They are extremely
adaptable species who can lived in canopy forest, riverine, coastal forest,
mangrove, nipa swamp, and disturbed habitat like places where with humans live
(Gumert et al. 2011).
M. fascicularis lived in social group consists of many males and many
females (multi-male multi-female). M. fascicularis has behavioral activities like
agonistic, grooming, mating, playing, resting, feeding and moving. M. fascicularis
is frugivorus, but if the fruit is slightly available or even is not available M.
fascicularis can eat other types of food available in the habitat where they lived.
The other types food are young leaves, shoots, insects, etc. (opportunistic
omnivore) (Wheatley 1989).
There are few studies exist on the interaction of long-tailed macaques and
human. At Padangtegal, Bali, M. fascicularis has a higher rates of biting than
those in Gibraltar (11.4% vs. 1.2% of aggressive interactions), and the macaques
in Gibraltar appear more tolerant to humans by touching and physically
interacting with them (Fuentes et al. 2007). In contrast to Bali and Gibraltar,
interaction patterns between humans and long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis)
are different in Singapore (Fuentes et al. 2008). In Singapore, human tend to
rarely involved physical contact between macaques and humans (Fuentes et al.
2008). According to Nila et al. (2014), M. fascicularis in Telaga Warna consumed
natural (60.1% of total) and food from visitors (39.9%), but still no data reported
about their interaction to human. This research aim to study about interaction M.
fascicularis with humans in Telaga Warna.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Research site
This research was conducted in Telaga Warna, Telaga Warna is a Nature
Reserve which located in Subdistrict Cisarua, Bogor District, West Java Province,
Indonesia (6⁰702'S, 106⁰996'E). Telaga Warna Nature Reserve has an 368.25 ha
region area. In 1981, five ha region of 368.25 ha was used as a Natural Recreation
Park (according to agriculture ministry's decision number 481/kpts/Um/6/1981). It
has a lake and recreation flying fox area. Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and
Recreational Park visited by both foreigner and local people. There are four
2
primate species in habited in Nature Reserve: two leaf eater monkeys [surili
(Presbytis comata) and lutung (Trachypithecus auratus)], javan gibbon
(Hylobathes moloch) and long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) (Nila et al.
2014). Among the four primates, this study focuses on long-tailed macaques.
Long-tailed macaques is the only primates who made direct interaction with
visitors frequently.
Data collection
This study was conducted from January until April 2015. In order to
familiarize the presence of observer around macaques and count group size and
group composition of troop A in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and Recreational
Park. Habituation process was done by feeding the macaques with crump of dried
noodle every weekends. These observations were made at 09:00 until 18:00 with
interval time every one minute. Observation time was divided at 9:00 until 12:00
in the morning, 13:00 until 15:00 in the afternoon and 16:00 until 18:00 in the
evening. During the observation time, all forms of behavior and interaction of
long-tailed macaques were recorded. The materials in this research are note book,
stationary, stopwatch, pen and Digital Single Lens Reflect (DSLR).
The troop A has 53 individuals which composed of 11 adults male (>5
years old), 12 adults female (>5 years old), 4 subadults female (3.5-6 years old), 5
subadults male (3.5-6 years old), 3 juvenils female (1-3 years old), 8 juvenils male
(1-3 years old), 10 infants (
WARNA, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
CITRA MALIKA HARDIN
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
PRONOUNCEMENT ABOUT THESIS, RESOURCES AND
DEVOLUTION OF COPY RIGHT
I declare that thesis titled Macaca fascicularis-Human Interaction in Telaga
Warna, Bogor, West Java is truly my work with the direction of the supervising
commision and has not been submitted in any form in any college. All the
resources or report from published works or unpublished from authors has been
mentioned in the text and listed in bibliography at the end of this thesis.
I hereby assign the copyright of my thesis to the Bogor Agricultural
University.
Bogor, July 2015
Citra Malika Hardin
NIM G34110052
ABSTRAK
CITRA MALIKA HARDIN. Interaksi Macaca fascicularis-Manusia di Telaga
Warna, Bogor, Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI dan
ENTANG ISKANDAR.
M. fascicularis dapat tinggal di berbagai kondisi habitat, salah satunya di
habitat terganggu seperti hutan wisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari
tentang interaksi M. fascicularis dengan manusia (pengunjung) di Cagar Alam
dan Taman Rekreasi Telaga Warna, Bogor. Bentuk interaksi sosial antara Macaca
fascicularis dan manusia (pengunjung) ada dua yaitu interaksi afiliasi dan
interaksi agonistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas (App) memiliki
frekuensi tertinggi dalam kategori afiliasi (45,03%) dan aktivitas intimidasi (In)
memiliki frekuensi tertinggi dalam kategori agonistik (44,69%). Aktivitas
menggigit pengunjung jarang ditemukan di Telaga Warna (0,06%) dari total
frekuensi. Hal ini menunjukkan interaksi agonistik lebih tinggi daripada interaksi
afiliasi. Meskipun banyak interaksi fisik dengan manusia, tetapi M. fascicularis di
Cagar Alam dan Taman Rekreasi Telaga Warna tidak toleran terhadap sentuhan
manusia. M. fascicularis di Telaga Warna juga mengkonsumsi makanan dari
pengunjung. Aktivitas pemberian makanan oleh pengunjung disebabkan adanya
kontak langsung dengan M. fascicularis. Pisang menjadi jenis makanan tertinggi
(40,57%) yang disukai M. fascicularis. Selain itu, seiring meningkatnya jumlah
pengunjung yang datang di akhir pekan, kesempatan untuk mendapatkan makanan
dan terjadinya interaksi antara M. fascicularis-Manusia semakin tinggi.
Kata Kunci: agonistic, affiliation, approaching, intimidasi, wisatawan.
ABSTRACT
CITRA MALIKA HARDIN. Macaca fascicularis-Human Interaction in Telaga
Warna, Bogor, West Java. Supervised by KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI and
ENTANG ISKANDAR.
M. fascicularis lives in various habitat conditions such as disturbed habitat
like tourism forests. This research aim to study about interaction of M.
fascicularis with humans in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and Recreational Park.
The forms of social interaction between Macaca fascicularis and human (visitors)
are affiliation and agonistic interactions. The result showed that approaching
activity (App) has the highest frequency that is 45.03% in the affiliation category
and intimidating activity (In) has the highest frequency that is 44.69% in the
agonistic category. Biting activity of visitors is rarely found in Telaga Warna
Nature Reserve and Recreational Park (0.06%) of the total frequency. Agonistic
interactions was higher than affiliation interactions in the site. Although many
physical interaction with humans, but the long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna
Nature Reserve and Recreational Park is not tolerant to the human touch.
Interaction between macaques and humans in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and
Recreational Park is potentially high risk. The macaques also consumed foods by
visitors. Feeding activity by visitor caused highest direct contact with macaques.
Bananas became the highest food item (40.57% of the total) preffered by visitors.
In addition, increasingly coincident the number of visitors in weekend, the
opportunity to get food and interaction between macaques-visitors was higher.
Keyword : agonistic, affiliation, approaching, intimidate, tourism
Macaca fascicularis- HUMAN INTERACTION IN TELAGA
WARNA, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
CITRA MALIKA HARDIN
Thesis
As one of the requirements for a
bachelor of science
in
Department of Biology
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
FOREWORD
The author utter praise and gratitude to Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala so that
thesis can be completed. The selected theme in the research conducted since
January 2015 is Macaca fascicularis-Human Interaction in Telaga Warna,
Bogor, West Java.
The author thankful to Mrs. Dr. Kanthi Arum Widayati and Mr. Dr Entang
Iskandar as supervisor also to Mrs. Dra. Hilda Akmal M.Si who has given many
suggestion. Besides that, the author thankful to Association of Foerestry and
Natural Resources (BKSDA) because this research could be through due the
licensing from BKSDA.
Expression of thanks are also extended to my beloved father, sister, two
brothers for all the prayers and their affection, to my friends Dian Rahma Pratiwi,
Winati Nurhayu, Aurora Fathyaa, Ade kurniawan, H. Senopati, Ahmad I.
NurMahdy, zoology families for inspiring me and to all my friends 47 & 48 force
of biology who had given the spirit to the author.
I hope this thesis helpful.
Bogor, July 2015
Citra Malika Hardin
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE
viii
LIST OF FIGURE
viii
INTRODUCTION
1
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1
Research site
1
Data collection
2
Methods
2
Type of Activity
3
Data analysis
3
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3
Result
3
Discussion
5
CONCLUSION
8
REFERENCES
8
CURRICULUM VITAE
9
TABLE
1 Percentage of Daily Activity in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and
Recreational Park
2 Percentage of Macaques-Human Interaction in Telaga Warna Nature
Reserve and Recreational Park
3 Frequency of affiliation and agonistic of six classes macaques in
Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and Recreational Park
4 Percentage of Macaque-Human interaction monthly in Telaga Warna
Nature Reserve and Recreational Park
3
4
4
5
FIGURE
1 Food items given by human
2 The average of daily macaque-human interaction
5
5
INTRODUCTION
The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is member of the genus
Macaca, family Cercopithecidae and Order Primate. M. fascicularis has a wide
geographical distribution that includes Southeast Asian region, Mauritus Island,
Ngeuar Island, Republic of Palau, and Hongkong (Wheatley 1980). M.
fascicularis live in various habitats such as lowland forest, coastal magrove forest
and montane forest (Fooden 2006). M. fascicularis could lived in various
conditions such as primary forests that are not influenced by human and in
disturbed areas such as tourism forests (Fakhri et al. 2012). They are extremely
adaptable species who can lived in canopy forest, riverine, coastal forest,
mangrove, nipa swamp, and disturbed habitat like places where with humans live
(Gumert et al. 2011).
M. fascicularis lived in social group consists of many males and many
females (multi-male multi-female). M. fascicularis has behavioral activities like
agonistic, grooming, mating, playing, resting, feeding and moving. M. fascicularis
is frugivorus, but if the fruit is slightly available or even is not available M.
fascicularis can eat other types of food available in the habitat where they lived.
The other types food are young leaves, shoots, insects, etc. (opportunistic
omnivore) (Wheatley 1989).
There are few studies exist on the interaction of long-tailed macaques and
human. At Padangtegal, Bali, M. fascicularis has a higher rates of biting than
those in Gibraltar (11.4% vs. 1.2% of aggressive interactions), and the macaques
in Gibraltar appear more tolerant to humans by touching and physically
interacting with them (Fuentes et al. 2007). In contrast to Bali and Gibraltar,
interaction patterns between humans and long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis)
are different in Singapore (Fuentes et al. 2008). In Singapore, human tend to
rarely involved physical contact between macaques and humans (Fuentes et al.
2008). According to Nila et al. (2014), M. fascicularis in Telaga Warna consumed
natural (60.1% of total) and food from visitors (39.9%), but still no data reported
about their interaction to human. This research aim to study about interaction M.
fascicularis with humans in Telaga Warna.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Research site
This research was conducted in Telaga Warna, Telaga Warna is a Nature
Reserve which located in Subdistrict Cisarua, Bogor District, West Java Province,
Indonesia (6⁰702'S, 106⁰996'E). Telaga Warna Nature Reserve has an 368.25 ha
region area. In 1981, five ha region of 368.25 ha was used as a Natural Recreation
Park (according to agriculture ministry's decision number 481/kpts/Um/6/1981). It
has a lake and recreation flying fox area. Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and
Recreational Park visited by both foreigner and local people. There are four
2
primate species in habited in Nature Reserve: two leaf eater monkeys [surili
(Presbytis comata) and lutung (Trachypithecus auratus)], javan gibbon
(Hylobathes moloch) and long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) (Nila et al.
2014). Among the four primates, this study focuses on long-tailed macaques.
Long-tailed macaques is the only primates who made direct interaction with
visitors frequently.
Data collection
This study was conducted from January until April 2015. In order to
familiarize the presence of observer around macaques and count group size and
group composition of troop A in Telaga Warna Nature Reserve and Recreational
Park. Habituation process was done by feeding the macaques with crump of dried
noodle every weekends. These observations were made at 09:00 until 18:00 with
interval time every one minute. Observation time was divided at 9:00 until 12:00
in the morning, 13:00 until 15:00 in the afternoon and 16:00 until 18:00 in the
evening. During the observation time, all forms of behavior and interaction of
long-tailed macaques were recorded. The materials in this research are note book,
stationary, stopwatch, pen and Digital Single Lens Reflect (DSLR).
The troop A has 53 individuals which composed of 11 adults male (>5
years old), 12 adults female (>5 years old), 4 subadults female (3.5-6 years old), 5
subadults male (3.5-6 years old), 3 juvenils female (1-3 years old), 8 juvenils male
(1-3 years old), 10 infants (