Makanan pilihan monyet ekor panjang di Telaga Warna, Bogor, Jawa Barat.
FOOD PREFERENCE OF LONG TAILED MACAQUES
IN TELAGA WARNA, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
LATIF SOFIANA NUGRAHENI
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2016
STATEMENT ABOUT THESIS
I hereby declare that thesis entitled Food Preference of long tailed macaques
in Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java is original result of my own research
supervised under advisory committee and has never been submitted in any form at
any institution before. All information from other authors cited here are
mentioned in the text and listed in the reference at the end part of the thesis.
Bogor, Desember 2015
Latif Sofiana Nugraheni
NIM G352124021
SUMMARY
LATIF SOFIANA NUGRAHENI. Food preference of long tailed macaques in
Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java. Supervised by KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI
and BAMBANG SURYOBROTO.
The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis = crab eating monkey)
have broad geographic distribution areas and they can also live in various altitudes
and habitat. Consequently, they have broad ecological plasticity to adapt to
different environments, particularly in feeding ecology. These conditions make
the macaques have a food preference to certain foods.
The macaques typically eat in the food patch which is generally feeding
sites or food points. They would look for food patches that have abundant food in
the form of an environment that supports the availability of food. In Telaga
Warna, the macaques forage in three feeding sites (I, II and III feeding site) and
they can find natural and artificial foods. However, there are currently
environmental changes that also lead into behavior and diets changes of
macaques.
This study reported that during the last two years, food preference of the
long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna turned into artificial food equipped with
knowing feeding site preference in a food patch.
A study of food preference was conducted in Telaga Warna Bogor, West
Java Indonesia from June to September 2014 in group A (nmax = 49 individu).
Daily activity of the macaques was observed using scanning method, and food
preferences were determined by recording the feeding duration and party size, at
every feeding site in a food patch.
The results showed that food preferences of long-tailed macaques in
Telaga Warna turned into artificial food, and they spend more time at the feeding
site II which have the better quality food than feeding site I and III. The changes
of dietary and behaviors are influenced by changes in the environment followed
by increasing in number of visitors. In Telaga Warna, this matter becomes a
concern because it has a tendency to increase in number of visitors each year.
Thus, it need to be considered, especially for the tourist attractions that attract
visitors in large numbers, so that awareness will be raised for controlling the
management of the tourist area in order to maintain the balance of nature.
Keywords : food preference, food patch, feeding site, Macaca fascicularis
RINGKASAN
LATIF SOFIANA NUGRAHENI. Makanan pilihan monyet ekor panjang di
Telaga Warna, Bogor, Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI
dan BAMBANG SURYOBROTO.
Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis = crab eating monkey)
memiliki area distribusi geografis yang luas dan mereka juga dapat tinggal di
ketinggian dan habitat yang bervariasi. Akibatnya mereka memiliki plastisitas
ekologi yang luas. Kondisi ini membuat monyet ekor panjang memiliki makanan
pilihan untuk makanan tertentu.
Monyet ekor panjang biasanya makan di dalam food patch yang terdiri dari
feeding site atau food point. Mereka mencari food patch yang memiliki makanan
berlimpah di lingkungan yang dapat mendukung ketersediaan makanan. Di Telaga
Warna, monyet ekor panjang mencari makan di tiga feeding site (feeding site I, II
dan III) dan mereka dapat menemukan makanan alami dan buatan. Namun, saat
ini terdapat perubahan lingkungan yang mempengaruhi perilaku dan pola makan
dari monyet ekor panjang.
Penelitian ini melaporkan bahwa selama dua tahun, makanan pilihan dari
monyet ekor panjang di Telaga Warna berubah menjadi makanan buatan yang
dilengkapi dengan mengetahui feeding site pilihan di dalam food patch.
Penelitian tentang makanan pilihan ini dilakukan di Telaga Warna Bogor,
Jawa Barat Indonesia dari bulan Juni sampai September 2014 pada group A (nmax
= 49 individu). Aktivitas harian monyet ekor panjang diamati menggunakan
metode scanning, dan makanan pilihan yang ditentukan dengan mengetahui durasi
makan dan ukuran partai, di setiap feeding site didalam food patch.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makanan pilihan dari monyet ekor
panjang di Telaga Warna berubah menjadi makanan buatan, dan mereka lebih
banyak menghabiskan waktu di feeding site II yang memiliki kualitas makanan
lebih baik daripada feeding site I dan III. Perubahan dari pola makan dan perilaku
dipengaruhi oleh berubahan lingkungan yanhg diikuti oleh pertambahan jumlah
pengunjung. Di Telaga Warna, hal ini menjadi perhatian karena memiliki
kecenderungan peningkatan jumlah pengunjung setiap tahun. Dengan demikian,
perlu diperhatikan, terutama untuk tempat-tempat wisata yang dapat menarik
pengunjung dalam jumlah besar, sehingga akan membangkitkan kesadaran untuk
mengendalikan pengelolaan kawasan wisata untuk menjaga keseimbangan alam.
Keywords : makanan pilihan, food patch, feeding site, Macaca fascicularis
© Copy Right by IPB, 2016
All rights reserved
It is prohibited to cite all or a part of this thesis without referring to and
mentioning the source. Citation is permitted for the purpose of education,
research, scientific paper, report, or critism writing only; and it does not defame
the name and honour of Bogor Agricultural University.
It is prohibited to republish and reproduce all or a part of this thesis without
permission from Bogor Agricultural University.
FOOD PREFERENCE OF LONG TAILED MACAQUES
IN TELAGA WARNA, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
LATIF SOFIANA NUGRAHENI
A Graduate Thesis
in partial fulfilment of Master Science degree in Animal Biosciences
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2016
Examiners: Dr. Entang Iskandar
PREFACE
Alhamdulillah I thank to Allah SWT for all His blessings so that this thesis
is successfully completed. The title of this thesis is Food Preference of long tailed
macaques in Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java.
I want to send my gratitude to my supervisors Dr Kanthi Arum Widayati
and Dr Bambang Suryobroto for all guidance and encouragement as well as
invaluable academic advices for the whole period of my study and research, and to
my examiner for the generous support and great discussion. Thanks to Telaga
Warna as research sites, BKSDA West Java to have given permission for this
research, Pak Aki, Pak Dadang, Pak Inyong and the entire stakeholder that has
helped in providing information and data collection for this research. Special
thank to my parents and my family for your love and support, to all people in Zoo
Corner, BSH 2012, 2013, for their supports for my study.
I hope this paper be useful.
Bogor, December 2015
Latif Sofiana Nugraheni
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
INTRODUCTION
1
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Sample
Method
Data Analysis
2
2
2
3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Daily activity
Food preference
Discussion
4
4
4
5
8
CONCLUSION
10
REFERENCES
10
APPENDIX
12
CURRICULUM VITAE
17
LIST OF TABLES
1
2
3
4
Daily activities of long-tailed macaques in 2014 and 2012
Natural food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
Artificial food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
The number of visitors in Telaga Warna Nature Recreational Park
2012 and 2014
5
6
8
8
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Research location and home range of Troop A long-tailed macaques in
Telaga Warna. Food patch consisted of feeding sites I, II and III. The
map of home range was taken from GPS Visualizer
3
INTRODUCTION
The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis = crab eating monkey)
have broad geographic distribution areas in the tropics of Southeast Asia, covering
the southern part of Bangladesh, continent of Southeast Asia, Malayan Peninsula,
Sunda Archipelago, Nichobar Islands, and the Philippines. In Indonesia, M.
fascicularis are distributed in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Riau, Bangka-Belitung,
Banyat, Karimata archipelago, Anabas, Tambelan, Natuna, Simalur island, Nias,
Java, Bali, Matasuri, Bawean, Maharua, Timor, Lombok, Sumba, Sumbawa and
Flores (Fooden 1995).
M. fascicularis could live in various altitudes from lowland forest near the
sea to the highest mountain forests. They also may be found in several places with
an altitude above 1000 meters above sea level, for example in Malaysia they are
found at an altitude of 1200 meters above sea level, 1800 meters above sea level
in Borneo, 2000 meters above sea level in Sumatra and Java (Fooden 1995;
Fooden 2006). Habitat of M. fascicularis includes mangrove forests, lowland
tropical forests, coastal areas and also near residential areas (Hock and Sasekumar
1979; Wheatley 1989). Consequently, they have broad ecological plasticity to
adapt to different environments. This plasticity is reflected in differences of life
history, reproductive strategy, sizes of groups and feeding ecology (Hadi et al.
2007). Changes of feeding ecology could be seen from the food preference in a
specific habitat.
The species that exist on a specific habitat to survive in abundance is
determined by the density of resources (Macarthur and Levins 1964). M.
fascicularis can take any kind of food available in their home range and adjust
their behavior according to its abundance. This indicates they are omnivorous, but
consume mainly leaves, seeds and fruits (Son 2003, Wheatley 1980, Yeager 1996,
Stewart et al. 2007).
The macaques typically eat in the food patch which is generally feeding
sites or food points. The size of the food patches and patch productivities food can
greatly affect the group size limits either in group monospecific or heterospesific
in various food patch (Perez 1996). The macaques would look for food patches
that have abundant food in the form of an environment that supports the
availability of food.
Those study sites are recreational parks, a high altitude rain forest with a
variety of food sources; natural and artificial food, in which there are some
changes in the environment. In 2012, Nila et al. (2014) reported that the diet longtailed macaques in Telaga Warna was still natural. Nevertheless, the macaques
learned that the visit of tourists is identical with food. The frequency of eating
artificial food was influenced by visitors who come for picnic. The purpose of this
study was to determine a human-induced dietary change of the macaques. By
using the method of Hadi et al. (2007), this study reported that during the last two
years, food preference of the long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna turned into
artificial food equipped with knowing feeding site preference in a food patch.
2
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Sample
This research was conducted in Telaga Warna, Sub-district Cisarua,
District of Bogor and Cianjur, West Java Province, Indonesia. The research area is
located at the longitude 10711’05”E to 10720’00”E and latitude 642”23’S to
643”24’S, based on map from Center for Conservation of Natural Resources
(BKSDA), West Java. The study area consists of the Nature Reserve (Cagar
Alam, Bahasa Indonesia) and Nature Recreation Park (Taman Wisata Alam).
Nature Reserve is a natural state that has a specific plants, animals, and
ecosystems or particular ecosystem that needs to be protected and development
occurs naturally. Meanwhile, the Nature Park is a nature conservation area with
the main purpose of tourism and outdoor recreation by Presidential Decree
(Peraturan Pemerintah No. 68 Tahun 1998). Thus, in Telaga Warna there are
developments related to the tourist area. The management of the park has built
five of ten planned bungalow in 2014. Visitors take advantage of the bungalow
terrace to relax and feed the monkeys.
Preliminary study was conducted every weekend on June 7 – 28, 2014 in
order to habituate with the macaques. Data was collected in July until September
2014 from 06:00 am - 05:00 pm. Observation was terminated when the rain
started. Each individual was identified by differentiating their faces, hair colors,
body sizes, shapes of head and body, and scars in their body. There were two
groups of long-tailed macaques that inhabit the study site, troop A (nmax = 49
individuals; 11 adult males, 12 adult females, 2 sub adult males, 5 sub adult
females, 14 juveniles and 5 infants; nmin = 30 individuals; 10 cencuses) and troop
B (nmax = 21 individuals; 2 adult males, 6 adult females, 2 sub adult males, 2 sub
adult females, 6 juveniles and 3 infants; nmin = 17 individuals; 9 censuses). The
observation was focused on troop A.
Method
Daily Activity
Daily activity of the macaques was observed using scanning method
(Altman 1974). The scanning method was used to estimate the proportion of every
categorized behavior that individuals performed in their activities. The categories
of behavior are agonistic, grooming, mating, playing, resting, eating, and moving.
These behavior categorizations were similar with Md-Zain et al. (2010). The
moving activity was divided into individual and group moving. Individual moving
was categorized as moving from each to another source of food in a particular
feeding site, whereas the group moving was categorized as the moving of all
individuals to find another feeding site.
Feeding Site and Food Preference
In foraging, long-tailed macaques look for food patches with abundant
foods, when found then they formed parties after finding the food patches. In
Telaga Warna, the macaques forage in three feeding sites (I, II and III feeding
site) (Figure 1) around the Nature Recreation Park. Feeding site I is located in the
forest near tea plantation where visitors are just passing through so contacts
between macaques with visitors were rare. Feeding site II is located in tourist
visiting area around a lake. Tourists usually come in family or with friends for a
picnic, playing the raft, playing flying fox, or just sitting around the lake. Feeding
site III is located on forest at mountain cliff so humans almost never visit it.
Legends:
Home range
Feeding site I
Feeding site II
Feeding site III
Sleeping site
Scale 1 : 12.500
Figure 1. Research location and home range of Troop A long-tailed macaques in
Telaga Warna. Food patch is consisted of feeding sites I, II and III. The
map of home range was taken from GPS Visualizer.
Food items consist of natural and artificially provided foods. Food
available in the home range were defined as natural foods, whereas, foods given
manually by human or left-over of tourist meals or macaques got it in the trash
pots were categorized as artificial foods. Some foods obtained from trash
sometimes cannot be recognized so they were included in uncategorized garbage.
Natural food is obtained from the forest in feeding site I, II and III, whereas
artificial food is obtained only in feeding site II.
Data Analysis
Daily Activity
Daily activity of the macaques was analyzed using software R 3.0.3.
Food Preference
A method to determine food preferences of the long-tailed macaques had
been devised by Hadi et al. (2007). Food preferences were determined by
recording the feeding duration and party size, at every feeding site in a food patch.
4
Feeding duration
(session of an observation period x = 1 to m) on a food
item is the time the first individual consumed part of the food item (i) to the time
when the last individual stopped to feed or leave the feeding site. The feeding
durations (T) of a particular food were accumulated for all sessions of an
observation period (that was, month):
For every session, number of individuals that formed a party in feeding
was used to represent the troop. The
site were varies, hence the maximum size
average party size of each session (Ni) calculated by:
Ni =
M
The proportion of food item i that was consumed by the troop in an
observation period was defined as foraging activity P:
Pi =
x 100%
Part of the plant eaten by macaques was collected and recorded, and then
was made into herbarium. Sample of plants were found then matched with local
names that have been recorded previously. Whereas, the non-identified samples
would be identified further by using Backer and van den Brink (1965) as
reference.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Daily activity
Troop A spent their time mostly on moving 30.7%, eating 30.7% and
resting 24.27%. It is similar with the results of Nila et al. (2014) who did research
in 2012, found that moving was 39 %, eating was 33.5% and then resting 12.2%
respectively (Table 1). But in 2014, showed percentage is much different for
moving individual (26.3%) and moving as a group (4.37%), it indicates macaques
spend more time in the same place. The changes in daily activity, especially the
activity of eating and moving, might be influenced by development of bungalows.
Food preference
Long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna spent more time at the feeding site
II. In feeding site II, there was interaction between the visitors with the macaques,
so in addition to their natural food, they also get artificial food from visitors. The
situation makes feeding site II have better quality food than feeding site I and III.
Consequently, it affects on food preferences.
In 2012 Nila et al. (2014) reported, natural food (60.1%) was consumed
more than artificial foods (39.9%). While the results of this study showed that
macaques consumed natural food (39.8%) (Table 2A) and consumed a lot of
artificial foods (60.2%) (Table 2B). The change of dietary patterns and the types
of food consumed are associated with the increasing number of visitors (Table 3).
Table 1 Daily activities of long-tailed macaques in 2014 and 2012
Category
Eating
Moving
Individual
Group
Resting
Playing
Grooming
Agonistic
Mating
2014 (%)
30.43
30.7
26.3
4.37
24.27
9.49
3.37
0.94
0.83
2012 (%)
33.5
39.0
21.8*
17.2*
12.2
9.8
3.5
1.2
0.6
*personal communication
The long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna spent much time to feed natural
food on stalk of grass (Axonopus compresus) which is only found in feeding site
II. At the time of the fruit season (July-August) the macaques ate a lot of fruits
mainly from sarai (Caryota mitis) and pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus). They also
consumed part of nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens) that is, flower, young leaf, and
young bark. Some individuals extracted water from the bulb of orchid
(Chelonistele sulphurea) and fiddlehead of fern (Nephrolepis biserrata). Some
individuals also eat animal that is insect.
In addition, the macaques had many artificial foods from visitors and
trashes. Artificial foods from visitors most often given were peanut and banana.
Furthermore, the macaques took directly from the trash and consumed more
uncategorized garbage (7.157%) and noodle (0.367%). During the observation,
there were the constructions of bungalows around the observation area. Carpenter
planed timber and the waste was eaten by juvenile macaques was 0.056%. The
wood used to build the bungalows included the wood from kempas (Koompassia
malaccensis), bengkiray (Shorea spp.), and johar (Senna siamea).
6
Table 2A Natural food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
Species
Axonopus compresus
Sloanea sigun
Castanea javanica
Chromolaena odorata
Villebrunea rubescens
Schima wallichii
Saurauia distasosa
Musa acuminate
Eugenia raxiflora
Caryota mitis
Litocarpus sundaicus
Magnolia blumer
Castanea argentea
Ficus parientalis
Schefflera scandens
Ficus sp.
Elaeocarpus ganitrus
Fagraea ceilanica
Calamus reinwardtii
Clidemia herta
Ficus punctate
Chelonistele sulphurea
Sub totals plant
Insect
Moss
Fern
Soil
Sub totals non plant
Site Totals
Monthly Totals
Grand Totals
I
0
0
0.034
0
0
0.028
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.233
0.059
0
0
0.017
0.076
0.309
July
II
39.802
0.291
0
0
3.938
0.423
0
0
0
0.676
4.51
0.268
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.056
0
0
0.521
58.360
5.877
0
0
0.113
5.990
64.35
66.208
III
0
0
0
0.019
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.769
0
0.489
0
0
0
0
0.047
0
0
0
0
1.324
0.225
0
0
0
0.225
1.549
I
0
0
0
0
0.049
0.039
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.124
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.31
0
0
0
0.002
0.002
0.312
Proportion (%)
August
II
III
11.052
0
0.119
0
0
0
0
0
1.144
0.002
1.001
0
0.185
0.078
0.008
0
0.009
0
7.511
0
1.479
0.004
0.393
0
0.072
0.071
0
0
0.191
0.045
0.021
0.063
0
0.017
0.075
0
0.003
0
0.022
0
0
0
0.015
0
25.588
0.283
0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0.062
0
0.134
0
25.722
0.283
26.317
39.811
I
0
0
0
0
0.214
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.262
0.03
0
0
0
0.03
1.292
September
II
17.285
0.038
0
0
0.936
0
0.093
0.008
0
4.505
0
0.115
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24.852
0.502
0.021
0.014
0.128
0.665
25.517
26.908
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.006
0
0
0
0
0.041
0
0
0
0.052
0
0.099
0
0
0
0
0
0.099
Maximum
Party Size
12
6
6
4
14
10
9
3
4
12
15
9
11
7
7
6
7
7
4
5
10
10
6
4
2
3
7
Table 2B Artificial food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Proportion (%)
August
I
II
III
0 36.565 0
0
8.418 0
0
1.194 0
0
0.406 0
0
0.784 0
0
0.287 0
0
0.136 0
0
0.362 0
0
0.299 0
0
0.372 0
0
0.172 0
0
0.249 0
0
0.109 0
0
0.112 0
0
0.01
0
0
0.065 0
0
0.066 0
0
0.057 0
0
0.027 0
0
0.039 0
0
0.035 0
0
0.026 0
0
0.028 0
0
0.052 0
0
0.027 0
0
0.011 0
0
0.023 0
0
0.002 0
0
0
0
0
0.003 0
0
0.003 0
0
0.002 0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.22
0
0
49.941
0
0
46.671
0
0
17.49
0
0
22.113
0
0
24.814
0
11
0
0
2.044
0
0
0
0
0
1.043
0.247
0
0
0
0
0.217
0.234
0
0
14
9
0
0.038
0
0
0.03
0
0
0.441
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.095
0.086
0.013
0.054
0.039
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.077
0.313
0.03
0
0
0
0.179
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
10
4
6
4
4
7
Food item
Peanuts
Banana
Chiki
Taro
Tofu
Bread
Chips
Tango
Nuts atom
Corn
Combro
Melon
Pear fruit
Kwaci
Orange
Appel
Nut bread
Strawberry
Cake
French fries
Potato chips
Biskuat
Meatball
Oreo
Watermelon
Brownis
Gemblong
Rose apple
Moci
Chocolate
Salak fruit
Candy
Sub totals food
from visitor
Uncategorized
garbage
Noodle
Sweet potato
Waste of planed
timber
Rice
Banana rind
Siomay
Watermelon rind
Melon rind
Fish
Salad
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
July
II
2.396
8.557
0.447
0.879
0.296
1.184
0.085
0.038
0
0
0
0
0
0.338
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
September
II
III
31.128 0
9.491 0
1.685 0
2.169 0
1.224 0
0.55
0
0.146 0
0.017 0
0
0
0
0
0.024 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.211 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.009 0
0.017 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Maximum
Party Size
15
21
14
11
13
10
10
12
9
11
8
9
5
15
2
4
8
7
4
9
9
6
8
12
7
5
6
2
6
2
2
1
8
Table 2B Artificial food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
Food item
Petai rind
Mizone
Vegetables
Fried chicken
Pulpy orange
Mango
Pop mie
Sub totals food
from trashes
Site Totals
Monthly Totals
Grand Totals
Proportion (%)
August
I
II
III
0
0
0
0 0.004
0
0 0.004
0
0 0.003
0
0 0.001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
July
II
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19.572
0
0
23.742
0
33.792
33.792
0
0
73.683 0
73.683
60.188
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
September
II
III
0.09
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.007 0
0.017 0
0 26.419
Maximum
Party Size
7
2
3
2
1
3
5
0
0 73.090 0
73.090
Table 3 The number of visitors in Telaga Warna Nature Recreational Park 2012
and 2014
Months
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Totals
Number of visitors
2014
2012
1513
1619
1077
1104
1964
1783
1786
1744
2448
1944
3312
2461
1265
1870
5007
2137
2925
1783
3442
1526
2379
1063
2533
1166
29451
20200
DISSCUSION
The macaques would look for food patches that have abundant food. If all
patches were large and had enough productivity, they could accommodate all
group members (Perez 1996). The change of environment gave effect to diet of
macaques. The construction of bungalows reduced feeding site. Nevertheless,
productivity of food increased due to the increasing number of visitors.
The most widely natural food eaten was stalk of grass which was only
found in feeding site II. It is an effort to get protein from stalk of grass (Nila et al.
2014). At the time of the fruit season (July-August) the macaques ate many fruits
mainly from sarai (Caryota mitis) and pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus). In general,
long-tailed macaques that live in forest with minimum frequency of contact with
human tend to be frugivorous (Wheatlhey 1980, Yeager 1996). The report from
Yeager (1996), in secondary forest in Kalimantan the macaques were primarily
frugivorous with 66.7% of their food were fruits. The macaques in Telaga Warna
also consumed part of nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens) which was the flower,
young leaf, and young bark. Some macaques also extracted water from the bulb of
orchid (Chelonistele sulphurea) and fiddlehead of fern (Nephrolepis biserrata).
Some individual of the troop of long-tailed macaques were recorded to eat insects.
In the feeding site I, the macaques obtained grasshoppers and larvae of pests tea
from tree leaves and tea plantation. They captured insects stuck to the trunks of
large trees in the feeding sites II and III and grasshoppers in the grass at the
feeding site II.
The long-tailed macaques ate natural foods most widely in July, which
was the month of fasting. The number of visitors slightly decreased and macaques
spent more time in the forest (feeding site III). But when feeding site III showed a
reduction in the preference, they were switched to feeding site I. This possibility
happened during the fruit season cihampelas that only existed in feeding site I,
macaques had a high preference to eat them.
In addition, the macaques received many artificial foods from visitors. The
most given artificial food were peanut and banana, the same foods were reported
in 2012 by Nila et al. (2014). Similar with Telaga Warna, the most frequent
dietary artificial item of macaques in Ciung Wanara West Java (Yudanegara
2006) and Ubud Bali (Wheatley 1989) was peanuts. The visitors could buy the
peanuts easily from vendors near the study sites (Nila et al. 2014). The long-tailed
macaques consumed uncategorized garbage (7.157%) and noodle (0.367%) from
trash. During the observation, there were the constructions of bungalows around
the observation area. Carpenter planed timber and the waste was eaten by juvenile
macaques was 0.056%. The wood used to build the bungalows included the wood
from kempas (Koompassia malaccensis), bengkiray (Shorea spp.), and johar
(Senna siamea).
Artificial food increased significantly in August, when the Idul Fitri public
holidays. Many visitors came from domestic and abroad to have a picnic. This
continued until September, which indicated that long-tailed macaques in Telaga
Warna was still dependent on the visitors. The same thing happened in Ubud Bali,
and Padangtegal Bali (Wheatley 1989; Fuentes et al. 2007). Wheatley (1989)
noted that the provisioning in Ubud increased of number of human provisioned
food due to the increasing visit of tourists in the decade of 1980s; the same case
can also be said to Pangandaran. According to Hadi et al. (2007) in Ubud and
Padangtegal are national tourism that could attract large number of visitors
annually.
Fuentes et al. (2006) reported that macaques that lived in tourism areas in
across Asia and stretching to Gibraltar and Northern Africa have become tourist
attraction. Telaga Warna is one of the tourist areas that can attract domestic and
foreign visitors. The increasing number of visitors each year, make the animal
behavior and diets became habituated. However, conservation efforts were
sometimes still become problems, such as long-tailed macaques in Bali, they are
regarded as an agricultural pest and then hunted in some areas in Bali (Wheatley
1994). Subsequently, the greatest threat from the trade is in the Indochinese
region, especially in Cambodia where 2003-2004 macaques began to be harvested
from the wild, for illegal trafficking to the USA for pharmaceutical testing,
research, development, and for consumption of traditional medicine in China.
10
Regarding the existence of these issues, this time Macaca fascicularis has been
categorized as of “Least Concern” in the IUCN/SSC 2008 Red List of Threatened
Species (Eudey 2008). This matter has become a concern, especially for the tourist
attractions that can attract visitors in large numbers so that it can lead to conflicts
between human with macaques. Thus, awareness needs to be raised for controlling
the management of the tourist area in order to maintain the balance of nature.
Telaga Warna needs strict rules to prohibit feeding of the macaques by visitors. In
this case, however their welfare should depend heavily on nature, thus it is very
important to control the environment in Telaga Warna.
CONCLUSION
Food preferences of long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna turned into
artificial food because of changes in the environment followed by increasing in
number of visitors.
REFERENCES
Altman J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour
49:227-265.
Backer CA, van den Brink RCB. 1965. Flora of Java. Vol II. Groningen: NVP
Noordhoff.
Eudey AA. 2008. The Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis): Widespread
and Rapidly Declining. Primate Conservation 23:129-132.
Fooden J. 1995. Sytematics review of Southeast Asian Longtail Macaques,
Macaca fascicularis (Raffles [1821]). Fieldiana: Zool 81:1-270.
Fooden J. 2006. Comparative review of Fascicularis-group species of Macaques
(primates: Macaca). Field Zool 107:1-43.
Fuentes A, Shaw E, Cortes J. 2007. Qualitative assessment of macaque tourist
sites in Padangtegal, Bali, Indonesia and the upper rock nature reserve,
Gibraltar. Int J Primatol 28:1143-1158.
Hadi I, Suryobroto B, Perwitasari-Farajallah D. 2007. Food preference of semiprovisioned macaques based on feeding duration and foraging party size.
Hayati J Biosci 14:13-17.
Hock LB, Sasekumar A. 1979. A preliminary study on the feeding biology of
mangrove forest primates, Kuala Selangor. Malay Nat J 33:105-113.
Macarthur R, Levins R. 1964. Competition, Habitat selection, and Character
displacement in a Patchy Environment. Zoology 51:1207-1210.
Md-Zain BM, Sha’ari NA, Mohd-Zaki M, Ruslin F, Idris NI, Kadderi MD, Idris
WMR. 2010. A comprehensive population survey and daily activity
budget on long-tailed macaques of University Kebangsaan Malaysia. J
Biol Sci 10:608-615.
Nila S, Suryobroto B, Arum K. 2014. Dietary variation of long tailed macaques
(Macaca fascicularis) in Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java. Hayati J of
Biosci 21:8-14.
Peres A. 1996. Food Patch Structure and Plant Resource Partitioning in
Interspecific Associations of Amazonian Tamarins. Intl J Primatology
17:695-723.
Son VD. 2003. Diet of Macaca fascicularis in mangrove forest. Vietnam
Laboratory Primate News 42:1-5.
Stewart AE, Gordon CH, Wich SA, Schroor P, Meijaard E. 2007. Fishing in
Macaca fascicularis: A Rarely Observed Innovative Behavior. Intl J
Primatology 29:543-548.
Wheatly BP. 1980. Feeding and ranging of East Bornean Macaca fascicularis. In:
Lindburg DE (ed). The Macaques: Study in Ecology, Behaviour, and
Evolution. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Wheatley BP. 1989. Diet of Balinese temple monkeys, Macaca fascicularis.
Kyoto Univ Overseas Res Rep Stud Asian non-Human Primates 7:62-75.
Wheatley BP, Putra H. 1994. The effects of tourism on conservation at the
monkey forest in ubud, Bali. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 49:245-257.
Yeager CP. 1996. Feeding ecology of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. Int J Primatol 17:51-62.
Yudanegara A. 2006. Aktivitas makan ekor monyet panjang (Macaca
fascicularis) kelompok pancalikan di Situs Ciung Wanara, Ciamis, Jawa
Barat [Skripsi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
12
Appendix 1 Plant natural species and parts consumed by Macaca fascicularis troop A
Food item (spesies)
Axonopus compresus
Sloanea sigun
Castanea javanica
Chromolaena odorata
Villebrunea rubescens
Schima wallichii
Saurauia distasosa
Musa acuminata
Eugenia raxiflora
Caryota mitis
Litocarpus sundaicus
Magnolia blumer
Castanea argentea
Ficus parientalis
Schefflera scandens
Ficus sp.
Elaeocarpus ganitrus
Fagraea ceilanica
Calamus reinwardtii
Clidemia herta
Ficus punctata
Vernacular name
Rumput teki
Beleketebe
Riyung anak
Ki rinyuh
Nangsi
Puspa
Ki leho badak
Pisang hutan
Kopo leutik
Sarai
Pasang
Manglid
Saninten
Cihampelas
Darangdan
Amis mata
Ganitri
Ki terong areuy
Rotan
Harendong bulu
Ki rapet
Fam
Part eaten
Poa
Ela
Fag
Com
Urt
The
Act
Mus
Myr
Are
Fag
Mag
Fag
Mor
Arl
Mor
Ela
Log
Are
Mel
Mor
S
YL
YL
YL
FL, YL, YB
FL
FL
FL
FL
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
Location
Nature Recreational
Nature Reserve
Park
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Average
(%)
Maximum
Party Size
7.57
0.05
0.004
0.002
0.698
0.17
0.04
0.0018
0.0010
1.41
0.75
0.09
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.002
0.01
14
6
6
4
14
10
13
3
4
12
15
9
11
7
7
6
7
7
4
5
10
Location
Average
Maximum
Nature Recreational
(%)
Party
Size
Nature Reserve
Park
0.060
Chelonistele sulphurea
Anggrek
Orc
BB
V
V
10
0.752
Insect
body
V
V
6
0.002
Moss
moss
V
V
4
0.002
Fern
fiddlehead
V
V
2
0.036
Soil
soil
V
V
3
Poa = Poacea, Urt = Urticaceae, Are = Arecaceae, Fag = Fagaceae, Mag = Magnoliaciae, The = Theaceae, Ela = Elaeocarpaceae, Orc = Orchidaceae,
Arl = Araliaceae, Act = Actinidiaceae, Mor = Moraceae, Log = Loganiaceae, Mus = Musaceae, Mel = Melastomaceae, Myr = Myrtaceae, Com =
Compositae, S = Stalks, FL = Flower, YL = Young Leaf, YB = Young Bark, FR = Fruits, BB = Bulbus
Food item (spesies)
Vernacular name
Fam
Part eaten
13
14
Appendix 2 Number of individual and feeding duration in each item by Macaca
fascicularis troop A
Food item
Jul
Ags
Ni
Ti
Ni
Ti
Axonopus compresus
11.8
359
11.1
236
Villebrunea rubescens
8.1
307
8.8
211
Caryota mitis
1.6
45
9.9
176
Litocarpus sundaicus
6.9
139
5.5
68
Magnolia blumer
1.5
19
1.9
48
Schima wallichii
2.1
35
4.9
69
Castanea argentea
1.3
40
2.3
29
Ficus parientalis
0
0
1.2
24
Sloanea sigun
1
31
1.1
25
Chelonistele sulphurea
1.5
37
0.5
7
Schefflera scandens
0.7
26
1.9
52
Saurauia distasosa
0
0
2.6
47
Ficus sp.
0
0
1.1
37
Elaeocarpus ganitrus
0
0
0.5
8
Fagraea ceilanica
1.6
45
9.9
176
Calamus reinwardtii
0.6
10
0.2
3
Musa acuminata
0
0
0.3
6
Castanea javanica
0.6
6
0
0
Clidemia herta
0
0
0.5
10
Ficus punctata
0
0
0
0
Eugenia raxiflora
0
0
0.4
5
Chromolaena odorata
0.4
5
0
0
Ni = Average party sizes (individuals), Ti = Feeding duration (minutes)
Sep
Ni
8.93
7.4
4.4
0
1
0
0
0.9
0.4
0
0
0.7
0
0.5
4.4
0
0.1
0
0
0.7
0
0
Ti
303
222
125
0
24
0
0
82
11
0
0
16
0
10
125
0
7
0
0
9
0
0
Appendix 3 Artificial food that manually given by human
Food item
Peanut
Banana
Chiki
Taro
Tofu
Bread
Chips
Tango
Nuts atom
Corn
Combro
Melon
Pear fruit
Kwaci
Orange
Appel
Nut bread
Strawberry
Cake
French fries
Potato chips
Biskuat
Meatball
Oreo
Watermelon
Brownis
Gemblong
Rose apple
Moci
Chocolate
Salak fruit
Candy
Average (%)
Maximum
Party Size
7.7877
2.9407
0.3696
0.3838
0.2560
0.2246
0.0408
0.0463
0.0332
0.0413
0.0218
0.0277
0.0121
0.0500
0.0246
0.0072
0.0073
0.0063
0.0030
0.0043
0.0039
0.0029
0.0031
0.0058
0.0030
0.0012
0.0026
0.0012
0.0019
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
15
21
14
11
13
10
10
12
9
11
8
9
5
15
2
4
8
7
4
9
9
6
8
12
7
5
6
2
6
2
2
1
16
Appendix 4 Artificial food which taken from trashes
Food item
Uncategorized garbage
Noodle
Sweet potato
Remahan kayu
Rice
Banana rind
Siomay
Watermelon rind
Melon rind
Fish
Rujak
Kulit petai
Mizone (bottled water)
Vegetables
Fried chicken
Pulpy orange (bottled water)
Mango
Pop mie
Average
(%)
7.1574
0.3671
0.0534
0.0566
0.0191
0.0443
0.0048
0.0060
0.0043
0.0011
0.0199
0.0100
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0001
0.0008
0.0019
Maximum Party
Size
11
14
9
8
9
10
4
6
4
4
7
7
2
3
2
1
3
5
CURRICULUM VITAE
Author was born in Banjarnegara in July 18nd, 1990. Author is the first
child of two from the parents, Untung Priyono and Tri Ernawati. In 2008 author
studied in Sebelas Maret University, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training,
in major of Biology education and graduated from Sebelas Maret University in
2012. In February 2013, author entered college in the Graduate School, Major of
Animal Biosciences, Bogor Agricultural University at its own expense, and in the
second semester author got Fresh Graduted scholarship for four semesters.
IN TELAGA WARNA, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
LATIF SOFIANA NUGRAHENI
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2016
STATEMENT ABOUT THESIS
I hereby declare that thesis entitled Food Preference of long tailed macaques
in Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java is original result of my own research
supervised under advisory committee and has never been submitted in any form at
any institution before. All information from other authors cited here are
mentioned in the text and listed in the reference at the end part of the thesis.
Bogor, Desember 2015
Latif Sofiana Nugraheni
NIM G352124021
SUMMARY
LATIF SOFIANA NUGRAHENI. Food preference of long tailed macaques in
Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java. Supervised by KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI
and BAMBANG SURYOBROTO.
The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis = crab eating monkey)
have broad geographic distribution areas and they can also live in various altitudes
and habitat. Consequently, they have broad ecological plasticity to adapt to
different environments, particularly in feeding ecology. These conditions make
the macaques have a food preference to certain foods.
The macaques typically eat in the food patch which is generally feeding
sites or food points. They would look for food patches that have abundant food in
the form of an environment that supports the availability of food. In Telaga
Warna, the macaques forage in three feeding sites (I, II and III feeding site) and
they can find natural and artificial foods. However, there are currently
environmental changes that also lead into behavior and diets changes of
macaques.
This study reported that during the last two years, food preference of the
long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna turned into artificial food equipped with
knowing feeding site preference in a food patch.
A study of food preference was conducted in Telaga Warna Bogor, West
Java Indonesia from June to September 2014 in group A (nmax = 49 individu).
Daily activity of the macaques was observed using scanning method, and food
preferences were determined by recording the feeding duration and party size, at
every feeding site in a food patch.
The results showed that food preferences of long-tailed macaques in
Telaga Warna turned into artificial food, and they spend more time at the feeding
site II which have the better quality food than feeding site I and III. The changes
of dietary and behaviors are influenced by changes in the environment followed
by increasing in number of visitors. In Telaga Warna, this matter becomes a
concern because it has a tendency to increase in number of visitors each year.
Thus, it need to be considered, especially for the tourist attractions that attract
visitors in large numbers, so that awareness will be raised for controlling the
management of the tourist area in order to maintain the balance of nature.
Keywords : food preference, food patch, feeding site, Macaca fascicularis
RINGKASAN
LATIF SOFIANA NUGRAHENI. Makanan pilihan monyet ekor panjang di
Telaga Warna, Bogor, Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI
dan BAMBANG SURYOBROTO.
Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis = crab eating monkey)
memiliki area distribusi geografis yang luas dan mereka juga dapat tinggal di
ketinggian dan habitat yang bervariasi. Akibatnya mereka memiliki plastisitas
ekologi yang luas. Kondisi ini membuat monyet ekor panjang memiliki makanan
pilihan untuk makanan tertentu.
Monyet ekor panjang biasanya makan di dalam food patch yang terdiri dari
feeding site atau food point. Mereka mencari food patch yang memiliki makanan
berlimpah di lingkungan yang dapat mendukung ketersediaan makanan. Di Telaga
Warna, monyet ekor panjang mencari makan di tiga feeding site (feeding site I, II
dan III) dan mereka dapat menemukan makanan alami dan buatan. Namun, saat
ini terdapat perubahan lingkungan yang mempengaruhi perilaku dan pola makan
dari monyet ekor panjang.
Penelitian ini melaporkan bahwa selama dua tahun, makanan pilihan dari
monyet ekor panjang di Telaga Warna berubah menjadi makanan buatan yang
dilengkapi dengan mengetahui feeding site pilihan di dalam food patch.
Penelitian tentang makanan pilihan ini dilakukan di Telaga Warna Bogor,
Jawa Barat Indonesia dari bulan Juni sampai September 2014 pada group A (nmax
= 49 individu). Aktivitas harian monyet ekor panjang diamati menggunakan
metode scanning, dan makanan pilihan yang ditentukan dengan mengetahui durasi
makan dan ukuran partai, di setiap feeding site didalam food patch.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makanan pilihan dari monyet ekor
panjang di Telaga Warna berubah menjadi makanan buatan, dan mereka lebih
banyak menghabiskan waktu di feeding site II yang memiliki kualitas makanan
lebih baik daripada feeding site I dan III. Perubahan dari pola makan dan perilaku
dipengaruhi oleh berubahan lingkungan yanhg diikuti oleh pertambahan jumlah
pengunjung. Di Telaga Warna, hal ini menjadi perhatian karena memiliki
kecenderungan peningkatan jumlah pengunjung setiap tahun. Dengan demikian,
perlu diperhatikan, terutama untuk tempat-tempat wisata yang dapat menarik
pengunjung dalam jumlah besar, sehingga akan membangkitkan kesadaran untuk
mengendalikan pengelolaan kawasan wisata untuk menjaga keseimbangan alam.
Keywords : makanan pilihan, food patch, feeding site, Macaca fascicularis
© Copy Right by IPB, 2016
All rights reserved
It is prohibited to cite all or a part of this thesis without referring to and
mentioning the source. Citation is permitted for the purpose of education,
research, scientific paper, report, or critism writing only; and it does not defame
the name and honour of Bogor Agricultural University.
It is prohibited to republish and reproduce all or a part of this thesis without
permission from Bogor Agricultural University.
FOOD PREFERENCE OF LONG TAILED MACAQUES
IN TELAGA WARNA, BOGOR, WEST JAVA
LATIF SOFIANA NUGRAHENI
A Graduate Thesis
in partial fulfilment of Master Science degree in Animal Biosciences
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2016
Examiners: Dr. Entang Iskandar
PREFACE
Alhamdulillah I thank to Allah SWT for all His blessings so that this thesis
is successfully completed. The title of this thesis is Food Preference of long tailed
macaques in Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java.
I want to send my gratitude to my supervisors Dr Kanthi Arum Widayati
and Dr Bambang Suryobroto for all guidance and encouragement as well as
invaluable academic advices for the whole period of my study and research, and to
my examiner for the generous support and great discussion. Thanks to Telaga
Warna as research sites, BKSDA West Java to have given permission for this
research, Pak Aki, Pak Dadang, Pak Inyong and the entire stakeholder that has
helped in providing information and data collection for this research. Special
thank to my parents and my family for your love and support, to all people in Zoo
Corner, BSH 2012, 2013, for their supports for my study.
I hope this paper be useful.
Bogor, December 2015
Latif Sofiana Nugraheni
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
INTRODUCTION
1
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Sample
Method
Data Analysis
2
2
2
3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Daily activity
Food preference
Discussion
4
4
4
5
8
CONCLUSION
10
REFERENCES
10
APPENDIX
12
CURRICULUM VITAE
17
LIST OF TABLES
1
2
3
4
Daily activities of long-tailed macaques in 2014 and 2012
Natural food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
Artificial food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
The number of visitors in Telaga Warna Nature Recreational Park
2012 and 2014
5
6
8
8
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Research location and home range of Troop A long-tailed macaques in
Telaga Warna. Food patch consisted of feeding sites I, II and III. The
map of home range was taken from GPS Visualizer
3
INTRODUCTION
The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis = crab eating monkey)
have broad geographic distribution areas in the tropics of Southeast Asia, covering
the southern part of Bangladesh, continent of Southeast Asia, Malayan Peninsula,
Sunda Archipelago, Nichobar Islands, and the Philippines. In Indonesia, M.
fascicularis are distributed in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Riau, Bangka-Belitung,
Banyat, Karimata archipelago, Anabas, Tambelan, Natuna, Simalur island, Nias,
Java, Bali, Matasuri, Bawean, Maharua, Timor, Lombok, Sumba, Sumbawa and
Flores (Fooden 1995).
M. fascicularis could live in various altitudes from lowland forest near the
sea to the highest mountain forests. They also may be found in several places with
an altitude above 1000 meters above sea level, for example in Malaysia they are
found at an altitude of 1200 meters above sea level, 1800 meters above sea level
in Borneo, 2000 meters above sea level in Sumatra and Java (Fooden 1995;
Fooden 2006). Habitat of M. fascicularis includes mangrove forests, lowland
tropical forests, coastal areas and also near residential areas (Hock and Sasekumar
1979; Wheatley 1989). Consequently, they have broad ecological plasticity to
adapt to different environments. This plasticity is reflected in differences of life
history, reproductive strategy, sizes of groups and feeding ecology (Hadi et al.
2007). Changes of feeding ecology could be seen from the food preference in a
specific habitat.
The species that exist on a specific habitat to survive in abundance is
determined by the density of resources (Macarthur and Levins 1964). M.
fascicularis can take any kind of food available in their home range and adjust
their behavior according to its abundance. This indicates they are omnivorous, but
consume mainly leaves, seeds and fruits (Son 2003, Wheatley 1980, Yeager 1996,
Stewart et al. 2007).
The macaques typically eat in the food patch which is generally feeding
sites or food points. The size of the food patches and patch productivities food can
greatly affect the group size limits either in group monospecific or heterospesific
in various food patch (Perez 1996). The macaques would look for food patches
that have abundant food in the form of an environment that supports the
availability of food.
Those study sites are recreational parks, a high altitude rain forest with a
variety of food sources; natural and artificial food, in which there are some
changes in the environment. In 2012, Nila et al. (2014) reported that the diet longtailed macaques in Telaga Warna was still natural. Nevertheless, the macaques
learned that the visit of tourists is identical with food. The frequency of eating
artificial food was influenced by visitors who come for picnic. The purpose of this
study was to determine a human-induced dietary change of the macaques. By
using the method of Hadi et al. (2007), this study reported that during the last two
years, food preference of the long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna turned into
artificial food equipped with knowing feeding site preference in a food patch.
2
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Sample
This research was conducted in Telaga Warna, Sub-district Cisarua,
District of Bogor and Cianjur, West Java Province, Indonesia. The research area is
located at the longitude 10711’05”E to 10720’00”E and latitude 642”23’S to
643”24’S, based on map from Center for Conservation of Natural Resources
(BKSDA), West Java. The study area consists of the Nature Reserve (Cagar
Alam, Bahasa Indonesia) and Nature Recreation Park (Taman Wisata Alam).
Nature Reserve is a natural state that has a specific plants, animals, and
ecosystems or particular ecosystem that needs to be protected and development
occurs naturally. Meanwhile, the Nature Park is a nature conservation area with
the main purpose of tourism and outdoor recreation by Presidential Decree
(Peraturan Pemerintah No. 68 Tahun 1998). Thus, in Telaga Warna there are
developments related to the tourist area. The management of the park has built
five of ten planned bungalow in 2014. Visitors take advantage of the bungalow
terrace to relax and feed the monkeys.
Preliminary study was conducted every weekend on June 7 – 28, 2014 in
order to habituate with the macaques. Data was collected in July until September
2014 from 06:00 am - 05:00 pm. Observation was terminated when the rain
started. Each individual was identified by differentiating their faces, hair colors,
body sizes, shapes of head and body, and scars in their body. There were two
groups of long-tailed macaques that inhabit the study site, troop A (nmax = 49
individuals; 11 adult males, 12 adult females, 2 sub adult males, 5 sub adult
females, 14 juveniles and 5 infants; nmin = 30 individuals; 10 cencuses) and troop
B (nmax = 21 individuals; 2 adult males, 6 adult females, 2 sub adult males, 2 sub
adult females, 6 juveniles and 3 infants; nmin = 17 individuals; 9 censuses). The
observation was focused on troop A.
Method
Daily Activity
Daily activity of the macaques was observed using scanning method
(Altman 1974). The scanning method was used to estimate the proportion of every
categorized behavior that individuals performed in their activities. The categories
of behavior are agonistic, grooming, mating, playing, resting, eating, and moving.
These behavior categorizations were similar with Md-Zain et al. (2010). The
moving activity was divided into individual and group moving. Individual moving
was categorized as moving from each to another source of food in a particular
feeding site, whereas the group moving was categorized as the moving of all
individuals to find another feeding site.
Feeding Site and Food Preference
In foraging, long-tailed macaques look for food patches with abundant
foods, when found then they formed parties after finding the food patches. In
Telaga Warna, the macaques forage in three feeding sites (I, II and III feeding
site) (Figure 1) around the Nature Recreation Park. Feeding site I is located in the
forest near tea plantation where visitors are just passing through so contacts
between macaques with visitors were rare. Feeding site II is located in tourist
visiting area around a lake. Tourists usually come in family or with friends for a
picnic, playing the raft, playing flying fox, or just sitting around the lake. Feeding
site III is located on forest at mountain cliff so humans almost never visit it.
Legends:
Home range
Feeding site I
Feeding site II
Feeding site III
Sleeping site
Scale 1 : 12.500
Figure 1. Research location and home range of Troop A long-tailed macaques in
Telaga Warna. Food patch is consisted of feeding sites I, II and III. The
map of home range was taken from GPS Visualizer.
Food items consist of natural and artificially provided foods. Food
available in the home range were defined as natural foods, whereas, foods given
manually by human or left-over of tourist meals or macaques got it in the trash
pots were categorized as artificial foods. Some foods obtained from trash
sometimes cannot be recognized so they were included in uncategorized garbage.
Natural food is obtained from the forest in feeding site I, II and III, whereas
artificial food is obtained only in feeding site II.
Data Analysis
Daily Activity
Daily activity of the macaques was analyzed using software R 3.0.3.
Food Preference
A method to determine food preferences of the long-tailed macaques had
been devised by Hadi et al. (2007). Food preferences were determined by
recording the feeding duration and party size, at every feeding site in a food patch.
4
Feeding duration
(session of an observation period x = 1 to m) on a food
item is the time the first individual consumed part of the food item (i) to the time
when the last individual stopped to feed or leave the feeding site. The feeding
durations (T) of a particular food were accumulated for all sessions of an
observation period (that was, month):
For every session, number of individuals that formed a party in feeding
was used to represent the troop. The
site were varies, hence the maximum size
average party size of each session (Ni) calculated by:
Ni =
M
The proportion of food item i that was consumed by the troop in an
observation period was defined as foraging activity P:
Pi =
x 100%
Part of the plant eaten by macaques was collected and recorded, and then
was made into herbarium. Sample of plants were found then matched with local
names that have been recorded previously. Whereas, the non-identified samples
would be identified further by using Backer and van den Brink (1965) as
reference.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Daily activity
Troop A spent their time mostly on moving 30.7%, eating 30.7% and
resting 24.27%. It is similar with the results of Nila et al. (2014) who did research
in 2012, found that moving was 39 %, eating was 33.5% and then resting 12.2%
respectively (Table 1). But in 2014, showed percentage is much different for
moving individual (26.3%) and moving as a group (4.37%), it indicates macaques
spend more time in the same place. The changes in daily activity, especially the
activity of eating and moving, might be influenced by development of bungalows.
Food preference
Long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna spent more time at the feeding site
II. In feeding site II, there was interaction between the visitors with the macaques,
so in addition to their natural food, they also get artificial food from visitors. The
situation makes feeding site II have better quality food than feeding site I and III.
Consequently, it affects on food preferences.
In 2012 Nila et al. (2014) reported, natural food (60.1%) was consumed
more than artificial foods (39.9%). While the results of this study showed that
macaques consumed natural food (39.8%) (Table 2A) and consumed a lot of
artificial foods (60.2%) (Table 2B). The change of dietary patterns and the types
of food consumed are associated with the increasing number of visitors (Table 3).
Table 1 Daily activities of long-tailed macaques in 2014 and 2012
Category
Eating
Moving
Individual
Group
Resting
Playing
Grooming
Agonistic
Mating
2014 (%)
30.43
30.7
26.3
4.37
24.27
9.49
3.37
0.94
0.83
2012 (%)
33.5
39.0
21.8*
17.2*
12.2
9.8
3.5
1.2
0.6
*personal communication
The long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna spent much time to feed natural
food on stalk of grass (Axonopus compresus) which is only found in feeding site
II. At the time of the fruit season (July-August) the macaques ate a lot of fruits
mainly from sarai (Caryota mitis) and pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus). They also
consumed part of nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens) that is, flower, young leaf, and
young bark. Some individuals extracted water from the bulb of orchid
(Chelonistele sulphurea) and fiddlehead of fern (Nephrolepis biserrata). Some
individuals also eat animal that is insect.
In addition, the macaques had many artificial foods from visitors and
trashes. Artificial foods from visitors most often given were peanut and banana.
Furthermore, the macaques took directly from the trash and consumed more
uncategorized garbage (7.157%) and noodle (0.367%). During the observation,
there were the constructions of bungalows around the observation area. Carpenter
planed timber and the waste was eaten by juvenile macaques was 0.056%. The
wood used to build the bungalows included the wood from kempas (Koompassia
malaccensis), bengkiray (Shorea spp.), and johar (Senna siamea).
6
Table 2A Natural food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
Species
Axonopus compresus
Sloanea sigun
Castanea javanica
Chromolaena odorata
Villebrunea rubescens
Schima wallichii
Saurauia distasosa
Musa acuminate
Eugenia raxiflora
Caryota mitis
Litocarpus sundaicus
Magnolia blumer
Castanea argentea
Ficus parientalis
Schefflera scandens
Ficus sp.
Elaeocarpus ganitrus
Fagraea ceilanica
Calamus reinwardtii
Clidemia herta
Ficus punctate
Chelonistele sulphurea
Sub totals plant
Insect
Moss
Fern
Soil
Sub totals non plant
Site Totals
Monthly Totals
Grand Totals
I
0
0
0.034
0
0
0.028
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.233
0.059
0
0
0.017
0.076
0.309
July
II
39.802
0.291
0
0
3.938
0.423
0
0
0
0.676
4.51
0.268
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.056
0
0
0.521
58.360
5.877
0
0
0.113
5.990
64.35
66.208
III
0
0
0
0.019
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.769
0
0.489
0
0
0
0
0.047
0
0
0
0
1.324
0.225
0
0
0
0.225
1.549
I
0
0
0
0
0.049
0.039
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.124
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.31
0
0
0
0.002
0.002
0.312
Proportion (%)
August
II
III
11.052
0
0.119
0
0
0
0
0
1.144
0.002
1.001
0
0.185
0.078
0.008
0
0.009
0
7.511
0
1.479
0.004
0.393
0
0.072
0.071
0
0
0.191
0.045
0.021
0.063
0
0.017
0.075
0
0.003
0
0.022
0
0
0
0.015
0
25.588
0.283
0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0.062
0
0.134
0
25.722
0.283
26.317
39.811
I
0
0
0
0
0.214
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.262
0.03
0
0
0
0.03
1.292
September
II
17.285
0.038
0
0
0.936
0
0.093
0.008
0
4.505
0
0.115
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24.852
0.502
0.021
0.014
0.128
0.665
25.517
26.908
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.006
0
0
0
0
0.041
0
0
0
0.052
0
0.099
0
0
0
0
0
0.099
Maximum
Party Size
12
6
6
4
14
10
9
3
4
12
15
9
11
7
7
6
7
7
4
5
10
10
6
4
2
3
7
Table 2B Artificial food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Proportion (%)
August
I
II
III
0 36.565 0
0
8.418 0
0
1.194 0
0
0.406 0
0
0.784 0
0
0.287 0
0
0.136 0
0
0.362 0
0
0.299 0
0
0.372 0
0
0.172 0
0
0.249 0
0
0.109 0
0
0.112 0
0
0.01
0
0
0.065 0
0
0.066 0
0
0.057 0
0
0.027 0
0
0.039 0
0
0.035 0
0
0.026 0
0
0.028 0
0
0.052 0
0
0.027 0
0
0.011 0
0
0.023 0
0
0.002 0
0
0
0
0
0.003 0
0
0.003 0
0
0.002 0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.22
0
0
49.941
0
0
46.671
0
0
17.49
0
0
22.113
0
0
24.814
0
11
0
0
2.044
0
0
0
0
0
1.043
0.247
0
0
0
0
0.217
0.234
0
0
14
9
0
0.038
0
0
0.03
0
0
0.441
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.095
0.086
0.013
0.054
0.039
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.077
0.313
0.03
0
0
0
0.179
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
10
4
6
4
4
7
Food item
Peanuts
Banana
Chiki
Taro
Tofu
Bread
Chips
Tango
Nuts atom
Corn
Combro
Melon
Pear fruit
Kwaci
Orange
Appel
Nut bread
Strawberry
Cake
French fries
Potato chips
Biskuat
Meatball
Oreo
Watermelon
Brownis
Gemblong
Rose apple
Moci
Chocolate
Salak fruit
Candy
Sub totals food
from visitor
Uncategorized
garbage
Noodle
Sweet potato
Waste of planed
timber
Rice
Banana rind
Siomay
Watermelon rind
Melon rind
Fish
Salad
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
July
II
2.396
8.557
0.447
0.879
0.296
1.184
0.085
0.038
0
0
0
0
0
0.338
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
September
II
III
31.128 0
9.491 0
1.685 0
2.169 0
1.224 0
0.55
0
0.146 0
0.017 0
0
0
0
0
0.024 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.211 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.009 0
0.017 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Maximum
Party Size
15
21
14
11
13
10
10
12
9
11
8
9
5
15
2
4
8
7
4
9
9
6
8
12
7
5
6
2
6
2
2
1
8
Table 2B Artificial food consumed by long-tailed macaques troop A
Food item
Petai rind
Mizone
Vegetables
Fried chicken
Pulpy orange
Mango
Pop mie
Sub totals food
from trashes
Site Totals
Monthly Totals
Grand Totals
Proportion (%)
August
I
II
III
0
0
0
0 0.004
0
0 0.004
0
0 0.003
0
0 0.001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
July
II
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19.572
0
0
23.742
0
33.792
33.792
0
0
73.683 0
73.683
60.188
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
September
II
III
0.09
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.007 0
0.017 0
0 26.419
Maximum
Party Size
7
2
3
2
1
3
5
0
0 73.090 0
73.090
Table 3 The number of visitors in Telaga Warna Nature Recreational Park 2012
and 2014
Months
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Totals
Number of visitors
2014
2012
1513
1619
1077
1104
1964
1783
1786
1744
2448
1944
3312
2461
1265
1870
5007
2137
2925
1783
3442
1526
2379
1063
2533
1166
29451
20200
DISSCUSION
The macaques would look for food patches that have abundant food. If all
patches were large and had enough productivity, they could accommodate all
group members (Perez 1996). The change of environment gave effect to diet of
macaques. The construction of bungalows reduced feeding site. Nevertheless,
productivity of food increased due to the increasing number of visitors.
The most widely natural food eaten was stalk of grass which was only
found in feeding site II. It is an effort to get protein from stalk of grass (Nila et al.
2014). At the time of the fruit season (July-August) the macaques ate many fruits
mainly from sarai (Caryota mitis) and pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus). In general,
long-tailed macaques that live in forest with minimum frequency of contact with
human tend to be frugivorous (Wheatlhey 1980, Yeager 1996). The report from
Yeager (1996), in secondary forest in Kalimantan the macaques were primarily
frugivorous with 66.7% of their food were fruits. The macaques in Telaga Warna
also consumed part of nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens) which was the flower,
young leaf, and young bark. Some macaques also extracted water from the bulb of
orchid (Chelonistele sulphurea) and fiddlehead of fern (Nephrolepis biserrata).
Some individual of the troop of long-tailed macaques were recorded to eat insects.
In the feeding site I, the macaques obtained grasshoppers and larvae of pests tea
from tree leaves and tea plantation. They captured insects stuck to the trunks of
large trees in the feeding sites II and III and grasshoppers in the grass at the
feeding site II.
The long-tailed macaques ate natural foods most widely in July, which
was the month of fasting. The number of visitors slightly decreased and macaques
spent more time in the forest (feeding site III). But when feeding site III showed a
reduction in the preference, they were switched to feeding site I. This possibility
happened during the fruit season cihampelas that only existed in feeding site I,
macaques had a high preference to eat them.
In addition, the macaques received many artificial foods from visitors. The
most given artificial food were peanut and banana, the same foods were reported
in 2012 by Nila et al. (2014). Similar with Telaga Warna, the most frequent
dietary artificial item of macaques in Ciung Wanara West Java (Yudanegara
2006) and Ubud Bali (Wheatley 1989) was peanuts. The visitors could buy the
peanuts easily from vendors near the study sites (Nila et al. 2014). The long-tailed
macaques consumed uncategorized garbage (7.157%) and noodle (0.367%) from
trash. During the observation, there were the constructions of bungalows around
the observation area. Carpenter planed timber and the waste was eaten by juvenile
macaques was 0.056%. The wood used to build the bungalows included the wood
from kempas (Koompassia malaccensis), bengkiray (Shorea spp.), and johar
(Senna siamea).
Artificial food increased significantly in August, when the Idul Fitri public
holidays. Many visitors came from domestic and abroad to have a picnic. This
continued until September, which indicated that long-tailed macaques in Telaga
Warna was still dependent on the visitors. The same thing happened in Ubud Bali,
and Padangtegal Bali (Wheatley 1989; Fuentes et al. 2007). Wheatley (1989)
noted that the provisioning in Ubud increased of number of human provisioned
food due to the increasing visit of tourists in the decade of 1980s; the same case
can also be said to Pangandaran. According to Hadi et al. (2007) in Ubud and
Padangtegal are national tourism that could attract large number of visitors
annually.
Fuentes et al. (2006) reported that macaques that lived in tourism areas in
across Asia and stretching to Gibraltar and Northern Africa have become tourist
attraction. Telaga Warna is one of the tourist areas that can attract domestic and
foreign visitors. The increasing number of visitors each year, make the animal
behavior and diets became habituated. However, conservation efforts were
sometimes still become problems, such as long-tailed macaques in Bali, they are
regarded as an agricultural pest and then hunted in some areas in Bali (Wheatley
1994). Subsequently, the greatest threat from the trade is in the Indochinese
region, especially in Cambodia where 2003-2004 macaques began to be harvested
from the wild, for illegal trafficking to the USA for pharmaceutical testing,
research, development, and for consumption of traditional medicine in China.
10
Regarding the existence of these issues, this time Macaca fascicularis has been
categorized as of “Least Concern” in the IUCN/SSC 2008 Red List of Threatened
Species (Eudey 2008). This matter has become a concern, especially for the tourist
attractions that can attract visitors in large numbers so that it can lead to conflicts
between human with macaques. Thus, awareness needs to be raised for controlling
the management of the tourist area in order to maintain the balance of nature.
Telaga Warna needs strict rules to prohibit feeding of the macaques by visitors. In
this case, however their welfare should depend heavily on nature, thus it is very
important to control the environment in Telaga Warna.
CONCLUSION
Food preferences of long-tailed macaques in Telaga Warna turned into
artificial food because of changes in the environment followed by increasing in
number of visitors.
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12
Appendix 1 Plant natural species and parts consumed by Macaca fascicularis troop A
Food item (spesies)
Axonopus compresus
Sloanea sigun
Castanea javanica
Chromolaena odorata
Villebrunea rubescens
Schima wallichii
Saurauia distasosa
Musa acuminata
Eugenia raxiflora
Caryota mitis
Litocarpus sundaicus
Magnolia blumer
Castanea argentea
Ficus parientalis
Schefflera scandens
Ficus sp.
Elaeocarpus ganitrus
Fagraea ceilanica
Calamus reinwardtii
Clidemia herta
Ficus punctata
Vernacular name
Rumput teki
Beleketebe
Riyung anak
Ki rinyuh
Nangsi
Puspa
Ki leho badak
Pisang hutan
Kopo leutik
Sarai
Pasang
Manglid
Saninten
Cihampelas
Darangdan
Amis mata
Ganitri
Ki terong areuy
Rotan
Harendong bulu
Ki rapet
Fam
Part eaten
Poa
Ela
Fag
Com
Urt
The
Act
Mus
Myr
Are
Fag
Mag
Fag
Mor
Arl
Mor
Ela
Log
Are
Mel
Mor
S
YL
YL
YL
FL, YL, YB
FL
FL
FL
FL
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
Location
Nature Recreational
Nature Reserve
Park
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Average
(%)
Maximum
Party Size
7.57
0.05
0.004
0.002
0.698
0.17
0.04
0.0018
0.0010
1.41
0.75
0.09
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.002
0.01
14
6
6
4
14
10
13
3
4
12
15
9
11
7
7
6
7
7
4
5
10
Location
Average
Maximum
Nature Recreational
(%)
Party
Size
Nature Reserve
Park
0.060
Chelonistele sulphurea
Anggrek
Orc
BB
V
V
10
0.752
Insect
body
V
V
6
0.002
Moss
moss
V
V
4
0.002
Fern
fiddlehead
V
V
2
0.036
Soil
soil
V
V
3
Poa = Poacea, Urt = Urticaceae, Are = Arecaceae, Fag = Fagaceae, Mag = Magnoliaciae, The = Theaceae, Ela = Elaeocarpaceae, Orc = Orchidaceae,
Arl = Araliaceae, Act = Actinidiaceae, Mor = Moraceae, Log = Loganiaceae, Mus = Musaceae, Mel = Melastomaceae, Myr = Myrtaceae, Com =
Compositae, S = Stalks, FL = Flower, YL = Young Leaf, YB = Young Bark, FR = Fruits, BB = Bulbus
Food item (spesies)
Vernacular name
Fam
Part eaten
13
14
Appendix 2 Number of individual and feeding duration in each item by Macaca
fascicularis troop A
Food item
Jul
Ags
Ni
Ti
Ni
Ti
Axonopus compresus
11.8
359
11.1
236
Villebrunea rubescens
8.1
307
8.8
211
Caryota mitis
1.6
45
9.9
176
Litocarpus sundaicus
6.9
139
5.5
68
Magnolia blumer
1.5
19
1.9
48
Schima wallichii
2.1
35
4.9
69
Castanea argentea
1.3
40
2.3
29
Ficus parientalis
0
0
1.2
24
Sloanea sigun
1
31
1.1
25
Chelonistele sulphurea
1.5
37
0.5
7
Schefflera scandens
0.7
26
1.9
52
Saurauia distasosa
0
0
2.6
47
Ficus sp.
0
0
1.1
37
Elaeocarpus ganitrus
0
0
0.5
8
Fagraea ceilanica
1.6
45
9.9
176
Calamus reinwardtii
0.6
10
0.2
3
Musa acuminata
0
0
0.3
6
Castanea javanica
0.6
6
0
0
Clidemia herta
0
0
0.5
10
Ficus punctata
0
0
0
0
Eugenia raxiflora
0
0
0.4
5
Chromolaena odorata
0.4
5
0
0
Ni = Average party sizes (individuals), Ti = Feeding duration (minutes)
Sep
Ni
8.93
7.4
4.4
0
1
0
0
0.9
0.4
0
0
0.7
0
0.5
4.4
0
0.1
0
0
0.7
0
0
Ti
303
222
125
0
24
0
0
82
11
0
0
16
0
10
125
0
7
0
0
9
0
0
Appendix 3 Artificial food that manually given by human
Food item
Peanut
Banana
Chiki
Taro
Tofu
Bread
Chips
Tango
Nuts atom
Corn
Combro
Melon
Pear fruit
Kwaci
Orange
Appel
Nut bread
Strawberry
Cake
French fries
Potato chips
Biskuat
Meatball
Oreo
Watermelon
Brownis
Gemblong
Rose apple
Moci
Chocolate
Salak fruit
Candy
Average (%)
Maximum
Party Size
7.7877
2.9407
0.3696
0.3838
0.2560
0.2246
0.0408
0.0463
0.0332
0.0413
0.0218
0.0277
0.0121
0.0500
0.0246
0.0072
0.0073
0.0063
0.0030
0.0043
0.0039
0.0029
0.0031
0.0058
0.0030
0.0012
0.0026
0.0012
0.0019
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
15
21
14
11
13
10
10
12
9
11
8
9
5
15
2
4
8
7
4
9
9
6
8
12
7
5
6
2
6
2
2
1
16
Appendix 4 Artificial food which taken from trashes
Food item
Uncategorized garbage
Noodle
Sweet potato
Remahan kayu
Rice
Banana rind
Siomay
Watermelon rind
Melon rind
Fish
Rujak
Kulit petai
Mizone (bottled water)
Vegetables
Fried chicken
Pulpy orange (bottled water)
Mango
Pop mie
Average
(%)
7.1574
0.3671
0.0534
0.0566
0.0191
0.0443
0.0048
0.0060
0.0043
0.0011
0.0199
0.0100
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0001
0.0008
0.0019
Maximum Party
Size
11
14
9
8
9
10
4
6
4
4
7
7
2
3
2
1
3
5
CURRICULUM VITAE
Author was born in Banjarnegara in July 18nd, 1990. Author is the first
child of two from the parents, Untung Priyono and Tri Ernawati. In 2008 author
studied in Sebelas Maret University, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training,
in major of Biology education and graduated from Sebelas Maret University in
2012. In February 2013, author entered college in the Graduate School, Major of
Animal Biosciences, Bogor Agricultural University at its own expense, and in the
second semester author got Fresh Graduted scholarship for four semesters.