1. Definition of Error Analysis
James says that “error analysis is the process of determining the incidence, nature, causes and consequences of unsuccessful language.”
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Error analysis is therefore offered as an alternative of contrastive analysis as an effort to account
the learners’ errors that cannot be explained by it. Dulay and his friends explain “the EA movement can be characterized as an attempt to account for the learner
errors that could not be explained or predicted by the CA or behaviorist theory.”
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James distinguishes error analysis from transfer analysis and contrastive analysis. Transfer analysis compares the learners’ interlangual data with the
respective first language, whereas error analysis compares the learners’ interlangual data with the target language norm and identifies and explains errors
accordingly. In other hand, contrastive analysis compares the learners’ mother tongue data with the target language. “Contrastive analysis took the position at a
learner’s first language ‘interferes’ with his or her acquisition of the second language, and that it therefore comprises the major obstacle to successful mastery
of the new language.”
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According to Brown, error analysis is a surge of study to observe, analyze and classify the learners’ errors.
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In general, Error Analysis is a serious process used by both researchers and teachers to get information about the students’
errors. It involves identifying the errors and their causes, collecting and
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Ibid., p. 1.
28
Heidi Dulay, et al., 1982, op. cit. 141.
29
Ibid., p. 97.
30
H. Douglas Brown 2000, op. cit. 218.
classifying them in the sample according to their hypothesis, describing and explaining the errors.
1. Sample of learners’ language
2. Register each utterance of sample and its context
3. Is the utterance X normal?
wholly or part? 4.
a in some plausible context? YES 4. b in this context? YES ACCEPT nondeviant NO NO
Ungrammatical Unacceptable 5.
Reconstruct intended form NS TARGET FORM and note the miscorrespondences 5. a LEVEL and unit of TL system
6. Describe the error in terms of
5. b Learner modification of target Omission, etc 7. Can the learner self-correct? 7. a YES… Unprompted SLIP
7. b YES… Prompted MISTAKE 7. c YES… IgnoranceIncompetence ERROR
8. Carry out a back-translation of deviant from into learner’s L1 9. Is the translation good? YES INTERLINGUAL InterferenceTransfer
NO Alternative diagnosis INTRALINGUAL, INDUCED, etc.. 10. Determining gravity
11. Remedial workmodify syllabus Table-3 Algorithm for Error Analysis Adopted from S.P. Corder.
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2. Scope of Error Analysis
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