Enter a destination address of 192.168.1.100 and click Next. Leave the defaults for Protocols and Security and click Next. For the Dial-Out credentials, enter the following:

Understanding Wide Area Networks | 149 If you encounter any problems, consider removing unnecessary services, such as the previ- ously installed DHCP and DNS. Also make sure those roles have been completely removed in the Server Manager. INSTALL RIP GET READY. Now, install RIP by performing these actions: 1. In the Routing and Remote Access snap-in, navigate to: Servername IPv4 General

2. Right click General, then select New Routing Protocol.

3. In the New Routing Protocol window, select RIP version 2 for Internet Protocol and

click OK. This should install RIP into the IPv4 portion of RRAS, as shown in Figure 7-2. 4. Save and close the MMC. Figure 7-1 Configured RRAS server Figure 7-2 RIP installed 150 | Lesson 7 RIP can now take care of what we did with static routes in previous lessons. Keep in mind that for much bigger networks, other protocols are more desirable. ■ Defining Common WAN Technologies and Connections Wide area networks connect multiple local area networks together. If an organization wishes to have a wide area connection to another office, it needs to decide on a networking service and the speed at which it wishes to connect. Budgeting plays a significant role in these types of decisions. THE BOTTOM LINE CERTIFICATION READY How would you define X.25 and Frame Relay? 1.3 Defining Packet Switching Packet switching is how data packets are moved over switched wide area networks. Types of packet switching services include X.25 and Frame Relay. This section defines those two services. Most WANs utilize some type of packet switching technology. Let’s discuss the technology world prior to packet switching and talk about why packet switching is a superior solution. Packet switching services include X.25 and Frame Relay. Before packet switching, there were direct dial-up connections and other archaic forms of communication. Some of the problems associated with these included the following: • Until the early 1970s, data transfer was analog with much static and noise. It was also primarily asynchronous and conducted by dial-up modems. • Data transfer could be as much as 40 overhead and only 60 actual information. Overhead included the allowance for noise, error checking, flagging, stopstart bits, parity, and so on. • Longer data transfers could be disconnected for many reasons, including: ❍ Poor connection ❍ Network degradation ❍ Loss of circuits • After a disconnect, the entire message file would have to be resent, usually after the person dialed out again. DEFINING X.25 Then packet switching arrived. The X.25 communications protocol was one of the first implementations of packet switching, and it is still in use today. Packet switching was originally created to break down large messages into smaller, more manageable segments for transmission over a WAN. Basically, the sending computer sends its message over the LAN to the hardwaresoftware component known as the router. The router then breaks the file into more manageable pieces known as packets. Every packet gets a portion of the original message. Every packet also gets a segmentation number and address info. Each packet is then transmitted over the physical link to the switching system telco, which picks a wire for transmission from the header information of the packet. This establishes a virtual connection or virtual circuit. Next, packets are re-assembled at the receiving router.