Aid to the core countries

59 Document 3:12 2013–2014 Report from NVE. 44 In an interview, NVE stated that the project manager in TANESCO is part of the management team for hydropower generation, and that the manager actively contributes to the project’s activities and reporting to the embassy. While the project initially had a budget of NOK 25 million, this has since increased to NOK 67.5 million due to a signiicant price increase for maintenance work and the expense for a hired consultant. The cost analysis was prepared in a feasibility study in 2009. It was, according to NVE, the basis of the original budget for the project, but turned out to be incorrect. The tenders that came in were over twice as high as the estimate. This is partly due to real inlation and partly because it was not suiciently taken into account that the old power plants need spare parts that are no longer in production. 45 The embassy agreed on this basis to increase the budget to a total of NOK 67.5 million. Since the maintenance work has not yet begun, just NOK 2.3 million had been spent at 31 December 2013 on the project, mainly on courses. 46 The maintenance work was advertised internationally as a single contract in March 2012, but resulted in one incomplete tender. It was then decided to split the invitation to tender into ten diferent contracts. Negotiations with the tender winners were held in the autumn of 2013. 47 Start-up of the maintenance work was thus delayed by almost two years. 48 NVE stated that at the time of the decision to split the contract into ten contracts, it was also determined that NVE would, on behalf of TANESCO, hire an external consultant with an engineering background to quality assure the work. This resulted in a NOK 7 million increase in the project budget. The embassy in Tanzania stated in an interview that NVE does not have core compe- tencies in upgrading power plants, but that it was chosen as the Norwegian partner on the basis of relevant experience with facilitating similar projects. In addition, NVE could be engaged on short notice without extensive and time-consuming tendering processes. NVE stated in an interview that they assist TANESCO in obtaining the necessary technical expertise for the project, and that in this connection, they have signed a framework agreement with the Norwegian power company Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk NTE. This is in addition to the consultant who is to follow up the agreements for TANESCO. NVE also pointed out that the embassy itself could have entered into consulting agreements directly, but that it wanted to take advantage of NVE’s expertise in capacity development and project management. According to the Ministry of Foreign Afairs, the agreement with NTE has not yet been used in NVE’s collaboration with TANESCO. For there to be any long-term beneit of maintenance work, TANESCO must prioritise adequate maintenance. In an interview, NVE pointed out that TANESCO’s failure to prioritise the maintenance of power plants over the past ten years raises questions. According to NVE, it is important to ensure the sustainability of the project to prevent a new application for support and maintenance in ten years’ time. The embassy in Tanzania pointed out in an interview that TANESCO’s inancial crisis will continue to create uncertainty about whether required maintenance will be prioritised and executed. The embassy stressed that it still makes economic sense to inance the maintenance of power plants, because the power crisis in Tanzania will worsen if the hydropower plants break down due to decay. 44 Only the first part of the agreement is discussed here. 45 Interview with NVE on 12 September 2013 and TANESCO 2013 Meeting with officials from Auditor General of Norway, p. 3. 46 TANESCONVE 2013 Capacity building and emergency repair project of existing hydropower plants in Tanzania. Annual pro- gress report 2013, p. 7. 47 TANESCO 2013 Meeting with officials from Auditor General of Norway, p. 2; TANESCONVE 2013: Capacity building and emergency repair project of existing hydropower plants in Tanzania. Annual progress report 2013, p. 5. 48 TANESCONVE 2013 Capacity building and emergency repair project of existing hydropower plants in Tanzania. Annual progress report 2013, p. 8. 60 Document 3:12 2013–2014 Report Renovation of the Wesha power station on the island of Pemba Zanzibar In connection with electriication projects in Zanzibar see Section 4.3.2, NOK 17.4 million was granted to repair the 30-year-old Wesha diesel power plant on the island of Pemba. At that time, the plant was the sole source of power on the island, and repair of generators was considered necessary to ensure a stable power supply. According to Norad’s inal evaluation of the project, the repairs were delayed, which led to huge budget overruns, partly because the original manufacturer of the generators was the sole producer of spare parts. Due to lack of maintenance and knowledge of the extent of the problems at the power plant, the generators were still not working as they should when the inal evaluation of the electriication projects was prepared in 2009. By the time the projects were completed, a modern electricity grid had been built on Pemba. According to Norad’s inal evaluation of the project, there was, however, no stable power supply on the island before the Norwegian-supported subsea power cable was in place in 2010 see Section 4.4.1. According to the same evaluation, the challenges at the power plant were underestimated and should have been foreseen. The Ministry of Foreign Afairs related that alternatives to repairing the old power station were considered. They were not prioritised because they would entail a large investment cost and because it was considered detrimental to invest in non-renewable technology when the subsea cable to Pemba was already under production.

4.2.2 Norwegian authorities’ facilitation of private investment

According to the plan for the Clean Energy for Development Initiative, better national framework conditions for the private sector are a prerequisite for increasing private investment. With the exception of the embassy with responsibility for Liberia, all embassies in core countries state in their activity plans for the period 2007–2013 that they are working to improve the framework conditions for private actors through out- reach and dialogue with national authorities. Norwegian aid authorities have essentially two types of measures aimed at obtaining private investors in the energy sector and in developing countries in general. The Norwegian Investment Fund for Developing Countries, Norfund, contributes risk capital for speciic investment projects. In addition, Norad’s business schemes provide facilitation support for companies that want to invest in developing countries. The investment fund Norfund is the most important instrument for attracting private capital in Norwegian development assistance. Norfund’s investments in renewable energy accounted for NOK 4.76 billion in 2000–2013. 49 Through its investments, Norfund shall create viable, proitable activities that would otherwise not have been initiated because of high risk. 50 Norfund acts as a minority shareholder and cannot as a general rule have an equity stake of more than 35 per cent in a company. 51 The capital Norfund contributes is meant to reduce the risk enough so that a partner company will decide to make an investment that would not otherwise take place. After four to ten years, Norfund usually sells its stake in the company. 52 Norfund invests primarily in the form of equity, but also helps with loans. Half of all new capital that the Ministry of Foreign Afairs supplies to Norfund must be invested in renewable energy. 53 The plan for the Clean Energy for Development Initiative states that the Ministry will work to ind new forms of cooperation in order 49 Norad’s Norwegian Aid Statistics database. 50 The Norfund Act 1997. 51 Instruks for Norfund Instructions for Norfund 2004. 52 Source: www.norfund.no. Retrieval date 29 January 2014. 53 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2013 Letter of Allocation No. 12013 Norfund, p. 1. 61 Document 3:12 2013–2014 Report to strengthen the ability of the least developed countries, particularly in Africa, to attract investments from Norfund and other Norwegian investors. The 2007 plan for the Clean Energy for Development Initiative and 2009 action plan point out that Norfund is a key Norwegian investor in the energy sector in developing countries. Norad supports feasibility studies and Business Matchmaking programmes in selected countries where contact and cooperation are facilitated between Norwegian and local companies. The support in 2000–2012 contributed just under NOK 10 million for core countries, mainly for feasibility studies. 54 In addition, Norad, together with Norfund, operates the Guidance Oice for Commercial Development in Developing Countries, which provides professional advice and guidance to companies wishing to invest in developing countries. Norfund’s investments in renewable energy Norfund invested NOK 500 million in renewable energy projects in Africa in 2000–2013. This represents 11 per cent of Norfund’s investments in renewable energy. Figure 7 Norfund’s investments in renewable energy in 2000–2013, broken down by geographic regions 10,5 61 18 10,5 Africa Latin America Asia Other E.g. capital contribution in SN Power Source: Norad’s Norwegian Aid Statistics database Figure 7 shows the geographic distribution of Norfund’s investments in renewable energy in 2000–2013. The igure shows that nearly two-thirds of Norfund’s invest- ments went to countries in Latin America during this period, while 18 per cent was invested in Asia. Four per cent of Norfund’s investments in renewable energy went to the core countries in the period 2000–2013. This percentage is 2 per cent in 2007–2013. 55 The invest- ments primarily include support for two hydropower plants, Bugoye in Uganda and Khimti in Nepal. In Uganda, Norfund and TrønderEnergi, through its subsidiary TronderPower Limited, have invested in the 13 MW Bugoye hydropower plant. Bugoye became operational in October 2009. In the period up to December 2012 the power plant accounted for 2.9 per cent of Uganda’s total power supply. 56 In 2011, the power plant produced 82 GWh according to Norad. Norfund has calculated that based 54 Norad’s Norwegian Aid Statistics database. 55 Norad’s Norwegian Aid Statistics database. 2000–2013: NOK 188.5 million. 2007–2013: NOK 83.6 million. 56 Overseas Development Institute 2013 Job creation impact study: Bugoye Hydropower Plant Uganda, p. 1.